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Zbiory rozmyte w ekologii roślin [Fuzzy set theory application in plant ecology]
Zbigniew R. Borysławski
Fuzzy set theory was developed as an extension of classical set theory. A fuzzy set is a class of objects with continuum of grades of membership. ranging from zero for non-membership to one for full membership. This paper presents basic concepts of fuzzy sets in an ecological context. Examples show how the fuzzy set theory can be applied to plant ecology as a useful complement to currently used methods.
Słowa kluczowe: Fuzzy set. community. ordination. classification. system analysis
Strony: 3-15
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Rośliny w zmieniającym się klimacie – efekt szklarniowy [Plants in changing climate. The greenhouse effect]
Paweł Sowiński, Eugeniusz Parys, Edward Dembiński, Jacek Falfus, Elżbieta Romanowska, Jan Śląski
One of the most important ecological threats of the neaarest future is “greenhouse” effect. The biochemical, physiological, ecological, genetical and evolutionary aspects of relationships between plants and possible environmental changes are discussed.
Słowa kluczowe: CO2, “greenhouse” gases, lower plants, higher plants, photosynthetical types, Rubisco, photosynthesis, photorespiration, sugar metabolism, respiration, assimilate transport, mineral nutrition, mutants, gene manipulations
Strony: 17-34
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Specyficzny mechanizm oddychania beztlenowego makrohydrofitów jako wyraz przystosowania do warunków środowiska [Specific mechanism of anaerobic respiration of macrohydrophytes as an expression of adaptation to habitat conditions]
Bogumiła Prędota
Various ecotypes show a different efficiency of root respiration in anaerobiosis. Helophytes generally show a remarkable molecular oxygen diffusion from shoots to roots within the intercellular system. So even temporary anaerobiosis in the rhizosphere, an anaerobic metabolism maintains. Besides anatomical and morphological adaptations to long-time stress to avoid anaerobic conditions in root tissues, all plants which tolerate oxygen deficiency show adaptative changes in catabolic metabolism of the root. Oxygen-deficiency resistant species exert an enhanced carboxylation of phosphoenolopyruvate to oxalacetate and transformation of the latter to intoxic malate. But malate is also dehydrated and decarboxylated to pyruvate by the malic enzyme. In the helophytic plants, activity of this enzyme is retarded, while it is stimulated in mesophytes. Malate accumulation as adaptation to hypoxia is always associated with low alcoholic fermentation rate. Quantitative ratio of malate to succinate can be used as a good diagnostical factor in determination species belonging to helophytes.
Słowa kluczowe: root respiration, oxygen deficiency, catabolic metabolism, alcoholic fermentation, resistant species, helophyte, mesophyte, anatomical and morphological adaptation, malic enzyme, malate, succinate
Strony: 35-42
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Wykorzystanie kultur in vitro do badania mechanizmów odporności i otrzymywania roślin odpornych na choroby grzybowe [The use of in vitro cultures to study mechanisms of resistance and to obtain plants resistant to fungal diseases]
Urszula Małolepsza, Elżbieta Kuźniak-Gębarowska
Strony: 43-54
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Ruchy heliotropowe liści i ich wpływ na produktywność roślin [Heliotropic plant organ movements and their influence on plant productivity]
Jan Białczyk, Zbigniew Lechowski
In natural conditions of the environment leaves of numerous plant species respond to the action of vectorial light by the specific ability of rapidly changing their spatial orientation. In general. reactions of this kind are identified as heliotropic (solar tracking). Periodical rapid changes in the position of the leaf blade in relation to the stem and the horizontal plane are associated with the directed action of blue light. the movement itself is brought about by changes of turgor in motor cells of pulvini (Fabaceae) or specialized cells in certain parts of the petiole and the adjacent leaf blade (Malvaceae). Changes in the spatial orientation of the leaf blade and its movement are correctly described by the value of cosinus of the angle between the direction of incidence of solar radiation and the vector perpendicular to the leaf blade (cos i). Basing on this criterion. two kinds of this type of movement reaction were differentiated: diaheliotropism and paraheliotropism. Leaves of plants with the diaheliotropic orientation preserve a constant value of about 1. In morning hours an advancement occurs in the spatial orientation of leaves while in afternoon hours a slight lagging appears in relation to the angle of incidence of solar radiation (about 12°-15″). Leaves of the paraheliotropic type of the spatial orientation demonstrate the ability of modifying the cos i value within the range from 0 to 1. In this case the decisive role is played by the resultant of the action of ambient environmental factors while the momentary spatial orientation of leaf blades permits the maximum absorption of solar energy by plants. or its considerable limitation. Rapid movements of leaves make it possible to respond to changes of such factors of the environment as light intensity. temperature. or accessibility of water. Changes in the orientation of leaves periodically modify the intensity of both. the photosynthetical processes and the transpiration. and hence. in longer time intervals affect the productivity of plants. Experimental data suggest that plants of diaheliotropic orientation of leaves can increase the absorption of solar energy by 3Q-40% compared with plants of a fortuitous angle of leaf orientation. The paraheliotropic movements constitute an important mechanism of adaptation of plants to life in habitats of periodically unfavourable conditions (protection against strong solar irradiation and. in consequence. against the destruction of the photosynthetic apparatus. excessive transpiration. and overheating of leaves). These two types of movement affect the productivity of plants. the more so as in numerous plant species they may appear alternatively in different hours of the day. On the basis of rather insufficient information available SO far. the article also contains current hypotheses concerning the mechanism of the movement. means of percepting the light signal. and its transmission and transduction. which account for changes in the turgor of cells responsible for the spatial orientation of leaf blades.
Słowa kluczowe: heliotropism, leaf movement. plant productivity
Strony: 55-69
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Portrety botaników polskich [Portraits of polish botanists]
Strony: 71-72
Bohdan Chwastowski
Anna Stengl
Jan Walas
Alicja Zemanek
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Rozstania [Obituaries]
Strony: 73-76
Tadeusz Winiarski (1923-1990)
Stanisław Cieśliński
Wanda Koperowa (1913-1990)
Kazimiera Mamakowa
Mason Ellsworth Hale Jr (1928-1990)
Krystyna Czyżewska
Prof. dr Silvester Prát (1895-1990)
Stefan Gumiński
Dr Mieczysław Tokarski (1926-1989)
Maria Gracz-Nalepka, Jerzy Hrynkiewicz-Sudnik
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Rocznice, jubileusze [Anniversaries, jubilees]
Strony: 76-81
90-lecie urodzin prof. S. Tołpy [90th anniversary of birth of prof. S. Tołpa]
Jerzy Fabiszewski
45 lat działalności Katedry i Zakładu Botaniki Farmaceutycznej Akademii Medycznej w Gdańsku [45 years of activity of the Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical Academy, Gdańsk]
Helena Tokarz
Pro memoria (J. E. Gilibert, A. Baraniecki, W. Boberski, W. Kulesza, T. Augustynowicz, Z. Wóycicki, J. Trzebiński, I. A. Król)
Zbigniew Mirek
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Sprawozdania ze spotkań naukowych [Scientific meeting reports]
Strony: 81-86
Robocza konferencja na temat ekonomiki metabolizmu węglowego owoców (Bonn-Röttgen, RFN, 15-17 sierpień 1990) [Workshop on economics of carbon metabolism in fruits (Bonn-Röttgen, RFN, 15-17 August 1990)]
Zofia Starck
Konferencja nt. transportu floemowego (Cognac, Francja, 19-24 sierpień 1990) [“Phloem transport and assimilate compartmentation” – conference in Cognac (France, 19-24 August 1990)]
Zofia Starck
Sympozjum “Ekologia i biogeografia obszarów alpejskich” (La Thuile Włochy, 1-6 września 1990) [Alpine ecology and biogeography, a symposium at La Thuile (Italy, 1-6 September 1990)]
Bogdan Zemanek
Sympozjum z okazji 40-lecia Ogrodu Botanicznego Uniwersytetu im. P. J. Šafárika w Koszycach (Słowacja, 17-18 październik 1990 [Symposium on 40th anniversary of the Botanic Garden of the P. J. Šafárik University in Kosice (Slovakia, 17-18 September 1990)]
Bogdan Zemanek
I Warsztaty Archeobotaniczne (Igołomia, 8-10.V.1990) [I Archaeobotanical Workshop (Igołomia, 8-10 May 1990)]
Maria Lityńska-Zając
Powstanie Grupy Roboczej do Badań Lasów Naturalnych [Formation of Working Group for Natural Forest Studies]
Józef Mitka
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Botanika za granicą [Botany abroad]
Strony: 87-88
Europejska Federacja Ekologiczna [European Ecological Federation]
Krystyna Grodzińska
Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation [Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation]
Piotr Köhler
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Varia
Strony: 89-95
Prof. dr Krystyna Urbańska – nowym członkiem zagranicznym Polskiej Akademii Nauk [Prof. dr Krystyna Urbańska – new member of the Polish Academy of Sciences]
Kazimierz Zarzycki
Prof. dr Leon Stuchlik – członkiem korespondentem PAU [Prof. dr Leon Stuchlik – a corresponding member of PAU]
R. W.-B.
Zielnik prof. dr Józefa Mądalskiego [The herbarium of Professor Józef Mądalski]
Andrzej Chlebicki
Komisja Historii Nauk Przyrodniczych Komitetu Historii Nauki i Techniki PAN [Board of the History of Natural Sciences within the Committee of the History of Science and Technology]
Tomasz Majewski
Wystawa prac Małgorzaty Guzikowej [Exhibition of Małgorzata Guzikowa’s paintings]
R. W.-B.
Botanik-szachista [Botanist – chess-player]
Ludwik Frey
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Nowe periodyki i serie [New periodicals and series]
Strony: 95-95
Plant Species Biology
Zbigniew Mirek
Functional Ecology
Zbigniew Mirek
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Muzea, archiwalia, zbiory [Museums, archives, collections]
Strony: 96-99
Dziewiętnastowieczne pomoce naukowe w zbiorach Muzeum Ogrodu Botanicznego Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego [The 19th century educational appliances m the Museum of the Jagiellonian University Botanic Garden]
Piotr Köhler
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Ogrody botaniczne i arboreta [Botanic gardens and arboreta]
Strony: 99-102
Najstarsze ogrody botaniczne Wrocławia [The oldest botanic gardens in Wrocław]
D. Nespiak:
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Recenzje [Book reviews]
Strony: 103-111
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Nadchodzące spotkania [Forthcoming meetings]
Strony: 112-113
