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Rośliny w skażonym metalami ciężkimi środowisku poprzemysłowym. Część II. Mechanizmy detoksyfikacji i strategie przystosowania roślin do wysokich stężeń metali ciężkich [Plants in postindustrial site, contaminated with heavy metals. Part II. Mechanisms of detoxification and strategies of plant adaptation to heavy metals]
Monika Siwek
On naturally enriched with heavy metals soil as well as on anthropogenic-made habitats such as mine dumps, taillings, spoil heaps, vicinity of smelters, extremely difficult conditions exist, affecting fl ora composition. On such sites metal tolerant populations have evolved. Specific adaptations for survival rely on two opposite strategies: metal avoidance and tolerance. Mechanisms of stress avoidance (true exclusion) are based on the limitation of metal’s uptake (root level): by modifications in rhizosphere pH, increased release of metal chelators, mucilage or callose and mycorrhizal symbiosis. The strategy of metal tolerance consists in metal detoxifi cation in symplast: (1) enhanced synthesis of phytochelatins, metallothioneins, organic acids, histidines that bound free toxic ions in cytosol, (2) vacuolar compartmentation (3) deposition of metals in cell walls, in senescent leaves, (4) activation of the antyoxidative system. The plant populations from metalliferous sites can uptake and accumulate metals in roots, with the restriction of transport to shoots (shoot excluders) or in shoots (accumulators). Hyperaccumulators are plants accumulating huge amount of metals in shoots. The most known hyperaccumulators are Berkheya coddii, Thlaspi caerulescens or Cardaminopsis halleri (Arabidopsis halleri).
Słowa kluczowe: detoxification mechanisms, heavy metals in environment, plant adaptation, tolerance
Strony: 7-23
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Banki nasion w lasach liściastych strefy umiarkowanej – ewolucyjne i ekologiczne aspekty badań [The soil seed banks in temperate deciduous forest – evolutionary and ecological aspect of studies]
Małgorzata Jankowska-Błaszczuk
There are two complementary trends in soil seed bank ecology. The first one describes seed banks as that part of biocenosis that maximizes the potential for successful seedling establishment in environment subjected to unpredictable disturbance of high intensity. The second, ecological aspect, concerns mainly diversity in densities and species composition of seed banks and its relationship with vegetation cover in stable plant communities as well as in those subjected to dynamic processes. In forest ecology, plants are divided into ‘pioneers’ that need canopy gaps for establishment, and ‘non-pioneers’ that are able to establish in shade. It was also widely believed that seed bank species are ‘pioneers’ and need (a) light, and (b) a high red: far-red (R:FR) ratio for germination, and that some need marked fluctuation in temperature. Moreover, it was widely accepted that small size and round shape coevolved with persistence in soil. I review these issues and put special emphasis on my studies in natural stands in the Białowieża old-growth forest in Poland. For many years seed soil banks in mature woodlands were described as unimportant, small and containing species absent from forest community. There is emerging evidence that, in fact, the density of seed banks in rich in species natural forests are lower than those in open habitats, nevertheless, they contain substantial number of shade tolerant species deriving from existing vegetation. The pattern of the relationship between seed bank structure and light requirements of species depends on light conditions prevailing at the forest floor. In shady deciduous forest seed bank contributes similar number of moderate and high light requiring species. Seed banks of forest species differ in terms of their longevity in soil as well as light requirement for germination. There are species benefiting from small gaps in the tree canopy as well as species which utilize gaps in the canopy of the herb layer. Generally, with increasing seed mass, germination is less dependent on the light and the seed bank persistence decreases. Moreover, among the photoblastic forest herbs species, smaller-seeded species require higher quality light (R:FR) for germination.
Słowa kluczowe: deciduous forest, disturbance, light requirement, old-growth, seed bank ecology, seed mass
Strony: 25-41
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Neurotoksyny syntetyzowane przez sinice [Neurotoxins synthesized by cyanobacteria]
Jan Białczyk, Zbigniew Lechowski, Beata Bober
Cyanobacterial neurotoxins constitute one of the most toxic substances synthesized by living organisms. They are characterised by an unusually quick action that brings about the death of humans or animals within seconds or a few minutes of their consumption without the possibility of administering an antidote. The mechanism by which they act involves disturbance of the process of Na+ ions transportation in the neuromuscular systems. The neurotoxins contain nitrogen in their composition and are mostly alkaloids. They are synthesized by cyanobacteria living at all ecological niches. Certain species of free-living cyanobacteria (for example, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Scytonema sp.) or those entering into symbiosis with plants (for example Nostoc sp.) produce β-methylaminoalanine. This non-protein amino acid may act as a ‘slow toxin’ inducing neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism, dementia complex). The article discusses the classifi cation and chemical composition of cyanobacterial neurotoxins, the mechanism of their action as well as the environmental threats that arise with the appearance of cyanobacterial blooms.
Słowa kluczowe: cyanobacterial blooms, secondary metabolites, toxins
Strony: 43-53
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Spotkanie na szlakach sygnałowych – czy poliaminy indukują syntezę tlenku azotu i modyfikują poziom nadtlenku wodoru u roślin? [Polyamines signal, meeting on the pathways: does PA induce nitric oxide synthesis and modify hydrogen peroxide level?]
Jan Kubiś
Polyamines are ubiquitous polycationic compounds that are produced by almost all living organisms, including plants, animals, fungi and bacteria. These multifunctional compounds are able to interact with polyanionic biomolecules such as DNA, phospholipids or proteins e.g. enzymes. The precise mode of polyamines action still remained unknown. Plants do not seem to have specifi c receptors for polyamines, it is particularly interesting to investigate how polyamines perform diverse function in plant cells. Authors recently reported a possible linkage between polyamine-dependent signal transduction and nitric oxide (NO) another signalling molecule. The other results suggest that PAs can also act directly as stress-protecting compounds. They are able to moderate the activities of reactive oxygen species synthesis and scavenging system enzymes and thus influence the ROS level. These molecules could be components of the repertoire of signals, which lately – in contrast to the negative connotation of the term ‘oxidative stress’ – are more usefully described as ‘oxidative signalling’, by which plant cells sense the environment and in this way appropriately adjust gene expression, metabolism and physiology to stress conditions.
Słowa kluczowe: nitrate reductase, nitric oxide, NO-synthase, oxidative stress, polyamine, reactive oxygen species, scavenging system
Strony: 55-62
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Glony glebowe terenow pogorniczych skażonych metalami ciężkimi [Soil algae in post-mining areas contaminated with heavy metals]
Renata Kalinowska, Magdalena Trzcińska, Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska
Soil algae are important pioneer colonizers in various terrestrial environments. However, this group of microorganisms was less studied than aquatic algae, especially in habitats extremely contaminated with heavy metals. Low taxa numbers, abundance and diversity were observed in algal communities inhabiting such environments if compared to unpolluted sites. Green algae (Chlorophyta) with the highest species richness dominated in heavy metal polluted soils. The second most frequent group were blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria), whereas only several taxa of Bacillariophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Eustigmatophyceae occurred. Cyanobacteria have never been reported in acidic soils contaminated with heavy metals. Algal abundance in metal polluted sites (e.g. Zn/Pb mining dumps) was 102–105 times lower than in areas disturbed by coal mining activities. Such low abundance may be a consequence of strong impact of high heavy metal concentrations as well as shortage of nutrients. The algae isolated from the heavy metal polluted soils revealed resistance, co-resistance or tolerance to metals present in their habitats. Two groups of metal resistant green algae were found: (1) the Zn/Pb resistant, but sensitive to copper and (2) the Cu-resistant and co-resistant to Zn or Pb. Resistance of soil algae to excessive internal concentrations of trace metals may rely on biochemical mechanisms like metal complexation, lower metal uptake and/or increased antioxidant enzymatic activities. Algae are suggested as bioindicators of metal and chemical contaminations as well as important organisms effective in soil bioremediation.
Słowa kluczowe: biodiversity, extreme environment, heavy metals, resistance/tolerance, soil algae, toxicity
Strony: 63-79
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Portrety botaników polskich [Portraits of Polish botanists]
Strony: 81-82
Maria Białobrzeska (1921-2004)
Piotr Köhler
Kazimierz Wasylik (1925-2000)
Piotr Köhler
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Rozstania [Obituaries]
Strony: 83-106
Wspomnienie o profesorze Hansie Joachimie Schweitzerze [Obituary for Professor Hans Joachim Schweitzer]
Krzysztof Rostański
Dr Maria Elżbieta Pautsch 29 VI 1923-16 II 2008
Ewa Zastawniak
Profesor Ryszard Wiktor Schramm (1920-2007). Życie i Dzieło [Professor Ryszard Wiktor Schramm (1920-2007). Life and work]
Andrzej Lesicki, Barbara Tomaszewska
Profesor Alina Skirgiełło (1911-2007) [Professor Alina Skirgiełło (1911-2007)]
Maria Ławrynowicz
Pożegnanie śp. Profesor Aliny Skirgiełło w dniu 19 października 2007 roku na Powązkach w Warszawie [Professor Alina Skirgiełło’s funeral address given by Maria Ławrynowicz, Warsaw, Powązki Cemetery, October 19th, 2007]
Maria Ławrynowicz
Wybitny uczony, dobry Człowiek – wspomnienie o prof. dr hab. Romanie Czapik (2611929-21II2008) [A remembrance of Professor Romana Czapik (26 I 1929 – 21 II 2008)]
Maria Kościńska-Pająk
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Rocznice, jubileusze [Anniversaries, jubilees]
Strony: 107-108
Pro memoria (A. Środoń, J. Wiśniewski, E. (Glinka-) Janczewski, Z. Tobolewski)
Alicja Zemanek
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Leksykon botaników polskich [Dictionary of Polish botanists]
Strony: 108-116
Kazimierz Kostrakiewicz
Piotr Köhler
Wilhelmina Stec-Rouppertowa
Piotr Köhler
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Sprawozdania ze spotkań naukowych [Scientific meeting reports]
Strony: 117-133
III Polska Konferencja Paleobotaniki Czwartorzędu (Szklarska Poręba, Karkonosze, 19-22 czerwca 2007) [III Polish Conference of Palaeobotany of Quaternary (Szklarska Poręba, Karkonosze Mountains, 19-22 June 2007)]
Renata Stachowicz-Rybka
Ogólnopolskie Seminarium nt. “Biologia i ekologia populacji roślin: skąd przychodzimy – dokąd zmierzamy?” (Zwierzyniec, 23-26 czerwca 2008) [The Seminar ‘Biology and ecology of plant populations: where do we come from – where are we going?’ (Zwierzyniec, 23-26 June 2008)]
Magdalena Franczak
XXVII Międzynarodowa Konferencja Fykologiczna (Łódź – Spała, 12-15 czerwca 2008) [XXVII International Phycological Conference (Łódź – Spała, 12-15 June 2008)]
Beata Messyasz, Elżbieta Wilk-Woźniak
4. Międzynarodowe Spotkanie Antrakologiczne (Bruksela, Belgia, 8-13 września 2008) [4th International Meeting of Anthracology (Brussels, Belgium, 8-13 September 2008)]
Katarzyna Cywa
Dwudzieste międzynarodowe warsztaty poświęcone badaniom śluzowców przyśnieżnych (Méribel, Alpy Sabaudzkie, Francja, 27 kwietnia-1 maja 2008) [20-èmes Journées internationales de recherche et d’étude des myxomycetes nivales, Méribel, Alpes de Savoie, France, 27 April-1 May 2008]
Anna Ronikier, Michał Ronikier
Międzynarodowa konferencja “Windfall Research in Tatra National Park” (Stara Leśna, Słowacja, 20-21 listopada 2008) [International Workshop ‘Windfall Research in Tatra National Park’ (Stara Leśna, Slovakia, 20-21 November 2008).]
Tomasz Zielonka
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Z życia PTB [Polish Botanical Society news]
Strony: 133-145
Zebranie Sekcji Historii Botaniki PTB (Kraków, 11 kwietnia 2008) [Meeting of the Section of History of Botany of the Polish Botanical Society (Kraków, Poland, 11 April 2008)]
Izabela Krzeptowska-Moszkowicz
Obrady w Sekcji Mikologicznej podczas 54. Zjazdu Polskiego Towarzystwa Botanicznego (Szczecin, 3-8 września 2007) [Proceedings in the Mycological Section during 54th Congress of the Polish Botanical Society (Szczecin, 3-8 September 2007)]
Ewa Połeć, Barbara Grzesiak
Terenowe warsztaty Sekcji Briologicznej PTB “Zróżnicowanie brioflory borów i torfowisk Puszczy Noteckiej” (Mierzyn, 1-4 maja 2008) [Field workshop of the Bryological Section of the Polish Botanical Society ‘Bryophyte species diversity of pine forests and fens in the Puszcza Notecka forest’ (Mierzyn, Poland, 1-4 May 2008)]
Ewa Fudali
II Konferencja Sekcji Pteridologicznej Polskiego Towarzystwa Botanicznego “Zasoby paprotników w Polsce i możliwości ich ochrony” (Wrocław, 17-19 września 2008) [Second Conference of Pteridological Section of the Polish Botanical Society ‘Richness of pteridophytes in Poland and possibilities of their conservation’ (Wrocław, 17-19 September 2008)]
Elżbieta Zenkteler, Ewa Szczęśniak
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Varia
Strony: 145-151
Selen – pierwiastek ważny dla zdrowia, fascynujący dla badacza [Selenium – the element important for health, fascinating for explorer]
Jan Borkowski, Barbara Dyk
Ośrodek Kultury Leśnej w Gołuchowie [Forest Culture Centre in Gołuchów]
Ewa Zastawniak
Janina Oleszak (3 XI 1932-16 X 2005) – biogram [Janina Oleszak (3 Xl 1932-16 X 2005) – a biographical note]
Magdalena Nowak
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Poezje botaników [Poetry of botanists]
Strony: 151-151
Bądź; Przemijasz
Tomasz Załuski
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W krzywym zwierciadle [Skewed perspective]
Strony: 152-153
O bioróżnorodności, ewolucji, symbiozie, indeksie cytowań i perspektywie końca świata [On biodiversity, evolution, symbiosis, citation index and a perspective of the end of the world]
RWB
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Botanika na wesoło [Fun botany]
Strony: 153-155
Na Asarum; Gajowiec i panna; Saxifraga
RWB
(Para)militaria
Lidia Nowak
Feniks dyplomowanej florystki
RWB
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Nowe periodyki i serie [New periodicals and series]
Strony: 155-156
Plant Ecology & Diversity
Michał Ronikier
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Recenzje [Book reviews]
Strony: 156-182
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Nadchodzące spotkania [Forthcoming meetings]
Strony: 182-183
Jan j. Wójcicki
