25 lat działalności Ogrodu Botanicznego Leśnego Parku Kultury i Wypoczynku w Bydgoszczy [25 years of activity of the Botanical Garden of the Forest Park of Culture and Recreation in Bydgoszcz]
Karol Dąbrowski, Jerzy Puchalski
The Botanical Garden of the Forest Park of Culture and Recreation in Bydgoszcz celebrated on September 12–13, 2005 its 25th anniversary. Nowadays the garden is located on the northern edge of the City of Bydgoszcz and covers the area 56.3 hectares. It is the youngest one among three botanical gardens in Bydgoszcz. The first botanical garden in this city was organized in 1930 as a small School Botanical Garden (7100 m2) in city center. In the years 1951–1977 the garden was extended to 2.5 ha and was run by the Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization. Actually the garden belongs to the Kazimierz Wielki University. The botanical garden of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute was moved into new location in 1977 – in the suburb area of Bydgoszcz – Myślęcinek. Actually this garden is located on 5.5 hectares with 1600 taxa of plants including the outstanding collections of forage and ornamental grasses. For the new, big and modern botanical garden the City of Bydgoszcz has chosen very interesting area covering the forests and meadows of the slopes and valleys of Myślęcinek Hills. Botanical Garden is a part of the Forest Park Myślęcinek – a big 830 hectares area for culture and recreation. The main designers of the garden were Professor Edward Bartman and Dr. Aleksander Pietrzak. They decided to create a biotopic botanical garden with an idea to preserve, develop and exhibit the floral communities that occur in Poland. The main parts of botanical garden are: Polish plant communities (dry – ground forest, beech wood, sycamore wood, brushwood, coniferous forest, marshy meadow and dry meadow, sward, water plants and rushes), arboretum, rock garden, agrobotanical garden, generic collections (spirea, thuja, dogwood) and thematic expositions. Totally the plant collections of the garden comprise 550 different taxa. The spontaneous flora of the garden includes 428 species that belong to 71 families.
Strony [Pages]: 3–8
Natural potential of the Silesian Botanical Garden in conservation of wild plant and crop plant diversity [Przyrodniczy potencjał Śląskiego Ogrodu Botanicznego w ochronie różnorodności dzikich i uprawnych roślin]
Waldemar Szendera, Wiesław Włoch, Paweł Kojs, Joanna Jura, Anna Wilczek
Through conservation of the Silesian wild plant resources, Silesian Botanical Garden will enhance economic and cultural opportunities for future generations. The existence of The Vascular Plant Red List for Upper Silesia, the Nature Protection Act and other legislation provides a clear indication of public support for strong efforts to conserve wild plant resources. This effort will enable the preservation of plant biodiversity by balancing the utilization of natural resources with the management of protected species. Recovering species, and avoiding the further decline of others, will contribute to the overall health of land ecosystems. Improved science in the field of ex situ conservation will lead to better long-term conservation and management strategies. The experiences gained during the research on the generative reproduction of endangered plants and the natural potential of Silesian Botanical Garden allow for conducting the revitalization and renaturization of areas degraded as a result of human activity towards the potential flora.
Strony [Pages]: 9–18
Działalność edukacyjna polskich ogrodów botanicznych [Educational activity of Polish botanical gardens]
Piotr Banaszczak
A questionnaire survey among Polish botanical garden concerning their educational activity was made in 2004–2005. The survey covered 29 gardens belonging to Botanical Garden Council. A large diversity of methods and forms used and problems raised as well as approaches to education among gardens was shown. A particular type of a garden and a type of superior institution have proved to be the most important factor influencing the extent and approach to education. The most active in this subject were the universal urban botanical gardens with large staff, rich equipment, numerous thematic collections, and high visitors attendance. A big part of arboreta are equally active. They often possess or cooperate with environmental education centers. Their activity is often oriented on active education methods in high degree. The problems of sustainable forestry are very often taken into account. Less than a half of the gardens are less active in education. On the one side there are typical scientific institution without an extensive educational facility and oriented on didactic within the university which they belong to. The second option represent gardens that have no strictly scientific nature, own a modest facility and staff, have low attendance and often just develop.
Strony [Pages]: 19–30
Rescue of threatened grass species in the Czech Republic [Ochrona zagrożonych gatunków traw w Republice Czeskiej]
Magdalena Ševčiková, Vojtěch Holubec
The seed or vegetative samples of 33 accessions of 20 threatened grass species were collected at 26 localities in the Czech Republic in 1995–2000. Viable accessions were grown as spaced plants, characterised for morphology and phenology and studied for reproductive cycle and seed productivity in the Grassland Research Station at Zubří during 2001–2002. Only 9 accessions had high enough seed productivity to store their multiplied seed in the gene bank. Re-introduction of some species or enlarging of populations is proposed in the original native locations.
Strony: 31–34
Ochrona ex situ zagrożonych gatunków paproci z rodzaju Asplenium przy wykorzystaniu kultur in vitro [Ex situ protection of endangered Asplenium ferns species using in vitro culture]
Jowita Marszał-Jagacka, Krystyna Kromer, Krzysztof Świerkosz
Asplenium adulterinum Milde and A. cuneifolium Viv. recorded in Poland exclusively in Dolny Śląsk Region. This rare and endangered species grow in crevices of poorly lime and molybdenum-yielding, high chromium, magnezium, cobalt and nickel serpentinite rocks and scree. The sites normally receive considerable direct sunshine. This evergreen ferns grow exclusively in a restricted serpentine area and therefore the distribution of the populations is patchy and the populations are isolated one from other. Conservation biology usually deals with rare or endangered species, but it should also deals species becoming endangered soon or having a heavily fragmented distribution range. The isolated populations may disappear sooner or later because renewal may no longer be possible. In order to protect these populations it would be very important to preclude any change of habitat and removal of individuals. The environmental conditions permitting the presence of the species have to be maintained. It is also possible to use of in vitro method for the propagation of rare and endangered plant species and it becomes a major technique for their protection. The usefullness of in vitro culture methods of spore planting and prothallium storage of rare, threatened and protected fern species were been tested. In vitro method gives posibility to consider the special characteristics of life cycle and breeding system of fern species. It is possible to collect fern spores from natural habitats and use them to obtain populations, which are intended to conserve fern cultivation in the Botanical Garden of the Wrocław University in Wrocław. It is also possible to create a “gene bank” from prothallium storage of threatened ferns.
Strony [Pages]: 35–42
Current trends in the structural investigations of the vascular cambium [Współczesne trendy w badaniach strukturalnych kambium]
Joanna Jura, Wiesław Włoch, Paweł Kojs, Anna Wilczak, Waldemar Szendera
The study of the structure of the vascular cambium is of fundamental importance to deepening knowledge of the secondary growth of woody plants. Since it helps to understand the influence of internal and external environmental factors of tree growth on the quality of wood, it has also a practical value. Structural investigations of the vascular cambium can be divided into three main groups a) descriptive, b) developmental and c) applied. This short review points out problems connected with the research of the structure of cambium bring up in contemporary literature.
Strony [Pages]: 43–47
The significance of the field shrubs and hedges in biodiversity conservation. The old field shrubs and hedges of Silesian Botanical Garden [Czyżnie i ich znaczenie w ochronie różnorodności biologicznej. Stare czyżnie w Śląskim Ogrodzie Botanicznym]
Anna Wilczek, Joanna Jura, Wiesław Włoch, Paweł Kojs, Waldemar Szendera
One of the undertakings of Silesian Botanical Garden is the preservation of biodiversity of natural associations occurring on its area. The most characteristic associations are field shrubs and hedges (Rhamno-Prunutea Rivas Goday et. Garb. 1961). They play an important role in agriculture, by increasing the amount of yields, soil prevention against degradation and erosion, improving the humus level and the availability of nutrient components. The presence of field shrubs and hedges improve the natural resistance of agrocenosis by increasing their biodiversity and creating suitable conditions for living, breeding and nestling of many species of animals and it is also a suitable environment for wild plants. This allows for significance reduction of used pesticides and other substances of chemical protection. That is why the field shrubs and trees are important factors influencing on agricultural environment. Besides that, field shrubs and hedges are correlated with the water management, decreasing the evaporation of water from the soil and improving the availability of water and nutrient components for the plants. The filed shrubs and hedges increase also the recreational and educational value of the region.
Strony [Pages]: 49–54
Gatunki funkii (Hosta Tratt.) notowane w polskich kolekcjach [Species of Hosta Tratt. noted in Polish collections]
Jacek Marcinkowski
Hostas are planted very often in modern gardens. Taxons introduced to Europe in the XIX century are still the most popular also in collections and nurseries. The systematics of genus Hosta was modified much in the past and is complicated due to presence of cultigens considered as species. The scientific names are misused rather often. Presented key could be useful in clarifying the nomenclature, but it covers only Hosta species noted in Polish collections. Using this key it will be possible to correct misapplied names, but not always to identify observed plants, especially that the spontaneous hybridization can occur.
Strony [Pages]: 55–66
Kolekcja męczennicy w szklarniach w Ogrodzie Botanicznym Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Powsinie [Collection of passion flowers in greenhouse in the Botanical Garden of the Polish Academy of Sciences]
Katarzyna Goller
Passion flowers are known all over the world. The first passion flowers were introduced into Europe in the eighteenth century. Passion flowers are found wild in North and South America. South America is the true home for 95 per cent of all passion flowers. In their natural habitats plants grow as climb with tendrils or small trees or climbing shrubs. Most are vigorous and rapid climbers suitable for growing over arbors or pergolas in Mediterranean-type climates, where they provide much needed shade and give colour and fragrance all year round. Passion flowers are perennials or very rarely annuals. There are now between 455 and 465 recognised species of Passiflora. Genus Passiflora has very exotic, colourful and spectacular flowers and many of them are very fragrant. The edible and aromatic fruits of several species are well known, such as the granadila, P. edulis and P. incarnata. The Botanical Garden has the biggest and most prominent collection of passion flowers in Poland. Collection consists of 37 species and varieties. Plants grow in the greenhouse directly in the soil on pergolas and in the pots. Among this group of plants we have P. quadrangularis, which has the biggest, edible fruits. The most attractive species is P. vitifolia with bright red flowers. Some species have very small flowers but ornamental leaves.
Strony [Pages]: 67–73
Ocena przydatności do uprawy wybranych mało znanych gatunków roślin warzywnych [The opinion of usefulness for growing some selected, less known species of vegetable plants]
Magdalena Świąder
The subject of study, which was continued during 3 years, were vegetable plants with edible leaves and stems unknown up till now in Poland. They were named as oriental vegetables, because they come from Orient. They were characterize with short vegetative stage it is an important meaning for cultivation in Polish conditions and they were easy to cultivate. The cultivars of two species of Brassica juncea and Brassica rapa and two cultivars of Chrysanthemum coronarium were taken to experiment. All of them were 10 cultivars during 2003–2004. There was observed growth of them and next was estimated yield. The second year of study confirmed the results was obtained in 2003. There was obtained answer which cultivars were yielded the highest and which method of cultivation was the most beneficial for plants. In the third year of experiment (2005) there were conducted study on first term only, for the best six cultivars which were chosen after two years experiment They were cultivated on black folia from seedling and from sowing the seeds directly to the ground. Finally of three years of experiment it is possible to ascertain that the chosen cultivars could be introduce to production by small farms and by owner of plots.
Strony [Pages]: 75–84
Propozycja zmiany metodyki pomiarów niektórych elementów meteorologicznych w ogrodach botanicznych [Proposition of change meteorological measurement methodology in botanical gardens]
Szymon Łukasiewicz
The article presents temperature and humidity differentiation in the botanical garden of Adam Mickiewicz University (UAM) in Poznań in comparison to a professional meteorological station, which is 3.5 km away in the straight line. The conclusions make us change the methodology of taking measurements in park-and-forest areas, which are botanical gardens, in comparison to standard climatic stations. The changes of atmosphere parameters caused by plants rely on: 1. The active surface, i.e. the surface on which light radiation is converted into thermal energy is the upper layer of tree and bush heads. This means shading under the heads and reducing the flow of solar energy to the ground surface. As a result, maximum temperatures are lowered at daytime (the largest amounts of heat are trapped in their heads), whereas at night, recorded minimum temperatures are higher in comparison to open areas: the foliage partially reflects long-wave radiation of the Earth. This effect mitigates daily temperature amplitudes in solid plant complexes. 2. Increased water supply from evapotranspiration processes, i.e. evaporation from the surface of the soil, watercourses, ponds, and its transpiration by plants result in higher air humidity. A larger amount of water vapor means a lower shortage of atmosphere humidity. This slows down unproductive plant evaporation in favor of productive transpiration. 3. Filling the space with trees, bushes, climbing plants, cover plants, etc. is a considerable obstacle for the wind, thus decreasing its strength. As a result, instead of a free air flow taking moisture particles, natural obstacles decrease wind velocity within the plant complex and force its turbulence. This results in a longer stay of the humid air mass in the area of the garden, and therefore, lower sucking force of the atmosphere depending on wind velocity, in respect to humidity. 4. While raining, the moistened surface is unproportionally larger (up to over 10 times) than the area; this is the leaf surface of subsequent plant floors. After raining, evaporation from such a large surface results in higher air humidity, in comparison to the area without trees. Simultaneously, due to decreasing wind power, water vapor saturation of air after rains is maintained longer in comparison to observations in other areas, including the climatic station of the Meteorological Institute (IMGW).
Strony [Pages]: 85–92
Ważniejsze choroby grzybowe występujące na drzewach i krzewach w Ogrodzie Botanicznym w Łodzi [Main fungal diseases occuring in trees and shrubs in the Botanical Garden in Łódź]
Jacek Lesisz
Etiology, symptoms and control of fungal diseases occuring on trees and shrubs in the Botanical Garden in a vegetative period 2005 were described. The following diseases belong to this group: Microspaera spp., Discula quercina, Apiognomonia errabunda, Rhytisma acerinum, Venturia spp., Gymnosporangium cornutum, Phytophthora spp., Lophodermium piceae, Sphaeropsis sapinea, Cycloneusoma minus, Lophodermium pinastri, Sclerophoma pythiophyla.
Strony [Pages]: 93–100
Żądłówki (Hymenoptera, Acuelata) Ogrodu Botanicznego w Łodzi [Aculeata (Hymenoptera) of the Botanical Garden in Łódź]
Jan Krzysztof Kowalczyk, Tadeusz Kurzac
In 1986–2004 the occurrence of 269 species of Aculeata were recorded in the Botanical Garden in Łódź. They constitute 26.2% of the Polish fauna of this group of insects and 67% of Aculeata determined in the area of Łódź. In the collected material 15 species covered by legal protection, and 41 (15.2%) occurring in the “Red list of threatened animals in Poland”, were observed. Twenty two of the threatened species are known in the area of Łódź only from the Botanical Garden. Taxes of the highest status of threat are Sphecodes marginatus (EX) and Polistes gallicus (CR). The threatened Aculeata occur most abundantly in the below mentioned divisions of the garden: production administration section of the garden (14 species), medical plants (13 species) and in the Polish flora (11 species). The presented results indicate that the Botanical Garden in Łódź is an important refuge of Aculeata, including numerous threatened and protected species.
Strony [Pages]: 101–113
Orobanche lucorum zawleczona do Ogrodu Botanicznego UW [Orobanche lucorum introduced in the Botanical Garden of the Warsaw University]
Adam T. Halamski
Orobanche lucorum A. Braun, occurring in its wild state in the eastern Alps, has been accidentally (or possibly, in part, purposefully) introduced in numerous botanic gardens throughout Europe. Since 1997 it has been observed in the Botanical Garden of Warsaw University with Berberis vulgaris L. and B. candidula Schneid. as hosts. The population increases year by year, and experienced no harm during the harsh 2002/03 winter. This is the first report of this species in Poland.
Strony [Pages]: 115–117
Kwietniki dywanowe w Ogrodzie Botanicznym Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego [Carpet bed plants in Warsaw University Botanic Garden]
Ewa Figat
For many years in Warsaw University Botanic Garden has extended a collection of carpet bed plants. The cultivation of such plants spread among the gardeners in the 19th century, when the most fashionable gardens consisted of carpet and arabesque beds, and flower baskets. According to old tradition and based on old 19th century plans, every year a new carpet bed is designed in our Garden. All the created carpet beds are regular and symmetrical with a very fine and elaborate details. The beds are planted with specially selected, low-growing, bushy plants tolerant to pruning, with abundant foliage of a interesting shape, colour and texture. Our collection is continuously enriched with new species and varieties. New plants are carefully tested for a bushy growth form and tolerance for pruning, length of the production cycle, and growing requirements.
Strony Pages]: 119–122
