EDITORS: ARKADIUSZ NOWAK & MARCIN NOBIS

### *Illustrated* **FLORA OF TAJIKISTAN**  *and adjacent areas*

**WARSAW • CRACOW • OPOLE**

### *Illustrated* **FLORA OF TAJIKISTAN**  *and adjacent areas*

### *Illustrated* **FLORA OF TAJIKISTAN**  *and adjacent areas*

*EDITORS:* **ARKADIUSZ NOWAK & MARCIN NOBIS** 

*To all Tajiks who supported us during the expeditions*

**WARSAW - CRACOW - OPOLE 2020**

*Editors:* **Arkadiusz Nowak & Marcin Nobis** 

#### *Authors:*

**Arkadiusz Nowak, Marcin Nobis, Sylwia Nowak, Agnieszka Nobis, Anna Wróbel, Sebastian Świerszcz, Ewelina Klichowska, Iwona Dembicz & Grzegorz Kusza**

#### *Publishers:*

**Polish Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden Center for Biological Diversity Conservation**

ISBN 978-83-938900-5-7 (print), 978-83-938900-6-4 (on-line)

and

**Polish Botanical Society Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland http://pbsociety.org.pl**

ISBN 978-83-954123-6-3 (print), 978-83-954123-5-6 (online)

© The Editors and Authors 2020. This publication is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 international license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

The publication was subsidized by the Polish Academy of Sciences (DUN – dissemination and promotion of scientifc results fund) and the Polish Botanical Society.

Financial support for the feld studies came from the National Science Center, Poland (grant no. 2018/29/B/NZ9/00313).

#### *Editing*

LogoScript Sp. z o.o. www.logoscript.pl

*Print* OPOLGRAF S.A. www.opolgraf.com.pl

#### **Reviewers: Prof. dr Georgy A. Lazkov Prof. dr hab. Bogdan Zemanek**

#### **Authors' addresses:**

Arkadiusz Nowak: Polish Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden – Center for Biodiversity Conservation, Prawdziwka St. 2, 02-973 Warszawa; Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska St. 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0001-8638-0208; anowak@uni.opole.pl

Marcin Nobis: Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa St. 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0002-1594-2418; m.nobis@uj.edu.pl

Sylwia Nowak: Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska St. 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2867-9839; snowak@uni.opole.pl

Agnieszka Nobis: Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa St. 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8318-8816; agnieszka.nobis@uj.edu.pl

Anna Wróbel: Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa St. 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0002-6713-7867; anna.wrobel@doctoral.uj.edu.pl

Sebastian Świerszcz: Polish Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden – Center for Biodiversity Conservation, Prawdziwka St. 2, 02-973 Warszawa, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2035-0035, seb.swierszcz@gmail.com

Ewelina Klichowska: Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa St. 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9641-5750; ewelina.klichowska@uj.edu.pl

Iwona Dembicz: Polish Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden – Center for Biodiversity Conservation, Prawdziwka St. 2, 02-973 Warszawa, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2035-0035; i.dembicz@gmail.com

Grzegorz Kusza: Department of Land Protection, University of Opole, Oleska St. 22, 45-052 Opole, Poland; ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4329-8700; kuszag@uni.opole.pl

Photographs of plants, plant communities and landscapes are by Arkadiusz Nowak and Marcin Nobis.

Pictures of *Didymophysa fedtschenkoana* and *Lindelophia olgae* are by Maciej Kozak; *Epipactis helleborine* by Ewelina Klichowska and *Pedicularis uliginosa* by Elena Baiandina.

Drawings of plants by Ewa Marczyk.

Recently, the Polish Academy of Sciences has been actively supporting the botanical research in Middle Asia, with the main focus on Tajikistan. I'm very glad that during this period, the effective and valuable studies on endemic species, taxonomy, vegetation diversity, ecology and conservation, were conducted by the Polish botanists with an excellent support of Tajik academicians and scholars. I'm particularly proud that after many years of political turbulences the Polish researchers support the development

of plant and vegetation sciences in Tajikistan and substantially contribute to better knowledge on distribution patterns, endangerment, vegetation typology and within palaeobotanic studies. Particularly, the f rst compilation of steppe, scree, forest, f eld, riparian, pasture, forb and rock vegetation as well as taxonomic studies on grasses are of special value. Discovery of a number of new species and novel vegetation types and their comprehensive description is of the highest importance in the time of climate change and growing impact on Nature caused by human population. I'm fully aware that the plant diversity contributes to the intrinsic national identity of Tajik people and may serve as a bridge between different political, social and ethnic groups and the platform of cooperation with various approaches. That is why I found the book about the richness of Tajiks f ora a milestone in protecting one of the most crucial treasure of this beautiful country and as substantial help with raising the awareness about the worth of plants among local people, students and researchers.

It was just a year ago I visited Tajikistan. I vividly recall how much I was impressed by the charming attitude of the people, hospitality and openness of our Tajik friends. I found that our meeting and the establishment of the off cial scientif c relations has its f rst result in the presented book. Hopefully, this is only the f rst outcome of the common work of scientist from the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan. I remember the extraordinary richness of the f ora of Tajikistan and the beauty of the mountainous landscape of the Pamir-Alai Mts. I still recognize the outstanding history of the Tajik nation being sure, that Poles and Tajiks are born to cooperate within the scope of not only biology, but in general science. Surely, infrastructure and overall capacity are crucial for the research advancement, but the most important are people who want to share experience, knowledge and competences. I'm very happy that the Polish Academy of Sciences can support this cooperation without which such achievements would not be possible. I appreciate the initiative by the researchers of the PAS Botanical Garden and wish them many successful f ndings.

Professor Jerzy Duszyński

President of the Polish Academy of Sciences

#### ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Prof. dr hab. Jerzy Duszyński, the President of the Polish Academy of Sciences and prof. Farhod Rahimi, the President of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, after the celebratory signature of the agreement on cooperation in Dushanbe, September 2019 (on the left).

Prof. dr hab. Szczepan Biliński, Vice-Rector of the Jagiellonian University and prof. Nuriddin Saidov, Rector of the Tajik National University, after signing the agreement on cooperation in Dushanbe, September 2010 (in the middle).

Dr Arkadiusz Nowak and dr Grzegorz Kusza (University of Opole) with prof. Odinaev Saidmuhammad Odinaevich (Rector of the Tajik National University) and Prof. A. Kadyrov (Head of the Department of Zoology) after signing the cooperation agreement in Dushanbe, October 2006 (on the right).

During last ffteen years different institutions supported our research program aimed at investigating plant diversity of Middle Asia. We want to thank all our supervisors and heads of our departments for their substantial support. Particularly, we want to express our gratitude to prof. Jerzy Duszyński (President of the Polish Academy of Sciences), prof. Szczepan Biliński (Vice Rector of the Jagiellonian University), prof. Adam Zając (Director of the Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University), prof. Jerzy Lis (Head of the Department of Biosystematics of the University of Opole), prof. Czesława Rosik-Dulewska (Head of the Department of Land Protection of the Opole University) and dr Paweł Kojs (Director of PAS Botanical Garden – Center for Biodiversity Conservation in Powsin) for signing foundation documents of Polish-Tajik scientifc cooperation that enable our research.

We are grateful to our colleagues from the Nature Protection Team Dushanbe, Firuza Abdurahimova, Sipar Yuldashev and Dilshoda Yakubova for their help in organising expeditions in Tajikistan.

We want also to thank prof. Hikmat Hisorev (former Director of the Institute of Botany of the Tajik Academy of Sciences), prof. I. Kudratov (Head of the Botany Department of Tajik State University), prof. G. Lazkov (Institute of Botany, St. Petersburg; Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences in Bishkek), prof. Marina Olonova (Tomsk State University), prof. Aleksandr L. Ebel (Tomsk State University), dr Polina D. Gudkova (Tomsk State University), prof. Jerzy Zieliński (Polish Academy of Sciences in Kórnik), prof. Beata Paszko (Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow), prof. Renata Piwowarczyk (Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce), dr Ivan Tatanov (Russian Academy of Sciences in St.-Petersburg), prof. Marina Mikhailova (Russian Academy of Sciences in St.-Petersburg), prof. Aleksander Sukhorukov (Moscow State University), prof. Adam Zając (Jagiellonian University in Kraków), prof. Joanna Zalewska-Gałosz (Jagiellonian University in Kraków), for their signifcant help in species identifcation.

Special thanks goes also to our friends and colleagues: prof. Zygmunt Kącki, dr Maciej Kozak, Paweł Nowak, dr Grzegorz Swacha, prof. Vitězslav Plášek, mgr Małgorzata Raduła, mgr Krystyna Waindzoch, dr Tomasz Kowalczyk, prof. Joanna Zalewska-Gałosz, dr Polina D. Gudkova, prof. Furkhat Khassanov, prof. Komiljon Tojibaev, prof. Georgy A. Lazkov, dr hab. Izabela Czerniawska-Kusza, dr Małgorzata Gębala and dr hab. Tomasz Ciesielczuk who accompanied and help us in feld studies, during expeditions to different regions of the Pamir-Alai and Tian-Shan Mountains.

#### FOREWORD

Middle Asia, including Tajikistan and its adjacent territories, is home to one of the world's richest fora. Only Tajikistan harbours ca. 4,300 vascular plant species. Our book is focused on the most common and showy plants, including ca. 700 endemics. Using our 15-year research experience in Tajikistan and adjacent countries, we also want to unpack various aspects of the magnifcent fora of this mountainous region and present the Tajik fora with addition of ca. 250 species that we spotted in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan (Western & Central Tian-Shan, Western Pamir-Alai). Our photographic guide includes vivid photographs of 1,864 species, as well as their distribution maps, systematic position, biological and ecological features. This edition of the illustrated fora of Tajikistan is substantially enlarged compared to previous ones (Nobis, Nowak, et al., 2011; Nowak et al., 2008; Nowak, Nobis, et al., 2011), updated with new maps and current taxonomy. As the fora of Tajikistan still remains underinvestigated, it is hardly possible to fnd photographs of the presented species in similar publications or on websites. The users of this book should be aware, that it covers only less than 50% of the total fora of Tajikistan and Middle Asian Mountains, and many of rare and inconspicous plants are not included here, although they can be found in this extraoriginal area. However, most of the more conspicous, common or useful plants can be idenifed by using presented photographs, short descriptions and other information on vertical and horizontal distribution of particular species. This book can also be a useful tool for practical courses, excursions and feld works, lectures and research. It is assigned for biologists, botanists, students, plant lovers, tourists visiting Middle Asia, and all other amateurs wanting to broaden their knowledge on the extraordinary and beautiful fora of this region.

Similarly as the other 'Field Guides' or 'Floras' published recently for other countries or their regions (e.g. Breckle & Rafqpoor, 2010; Eisenman et al., 2013; Grey-Wilson & Cribb, 2011; Holubec & Horák, 2018; Jongbloed et al., 2003; Lazkov, 2015; Nobis, Nowak, et al., 2011; Nowak et al., 2008; Nowak, Nobis, et al., 2011; Stepantsova, 2013) this book can also be the starting point for a future database of the fora, which should be amended and enlarged in time and which could be excellent addition to further studies of the fora of both, Tajikistan and Mountains of Central Asia.

Determination of presented vascular plants has been carried according to the Flora of Tajik SSR (1957– 1991), Flora of SSSR (1934–1964), Opredelitel rastenii Srednei Azii (1968–1993), Flora Iranica (1963–2010), Flora of Pakistan (1970–1998), Flora of Pakistan (http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan) and Flora of China (http://www.eforas.org/). The species nomenclature follows mainly The Plant List (http://www. theplantlist.org/) with the exception of the species from the Caryophyllaceae family, which are named after Lazkov (2006). Despite accepting The Plant List as a general concept and order in the book, we also include several recent amendments, taxonomic reviews (e.g. Kaplan, 2008; Mikhailova & Sochivko, 2011; Nobis et al., 2020; Nobis, Gudkova, et al., 2019; Sukhorukov et al., 2019; Tojibaev et al., 2018; Tzvelev, 1976), and available databases such as International Plant Names Index (https://www.ipni.org/) or Flora of China (http://www.eforas.org/). In the description of the species distribution, the geobotanical division proposed by Gontscharov (1937) was used. The chorological data were taken from bibliographic sources (Chukavina, 1984; Kinzikaeva, 1988; Kochkareva, 1986; Nobis et al., 2010; Nobis, Kowalczyk, et al., 2011; Nobis, 2013; Nobis, Ebel, et al., 2014; Nobis et al., 2015; Nobis, Nowak, et al., 2016; Nobis et al., 2017; Nobis, Klichowska, et al., 2019; Nobis & Nowak, 2008, 2011a, 2011b; Nowak & Nobis, 2010; Ovchinnikov, 1957, 1963, 1968, 1975, 1978, 1981; Rasulova, 1991), our own feldworks (2006–2019) and herbarium records from plants preserved at AA, BISH, KHOR, KRA, LE, MW, OPUN, TAD, TASH (herbarium codes after Thires 2020).

We believe, that this *Illustated fora of Tajikistan and adjacent areas* will inspire many readers to learn more on vascular plant fora, nature and contribute to their conservation and extending the knowledge on this unique biodiversity of Middle Asian Mountains, known also as the World biodiversity hotspot.

*Editors*

#### INTRODUCTION<sup>1</sup>

Tajikistan is a mountainous, landlocked country with an extremely diverse climate, landscape and habitat conditions. Located between the continental Asian deserts in the west and south, and the great mountain ranges of Tian-Shan, Kunlun, Hindu-Kush and Karakorum in the north, east and south-east, having all vertical belts from hot to permafrost deserts it offers an outstanding range of biotopes for plants and vegetation. With one of the largest altitudinal amplitude in the world, extreme precipitation and temperature fuctuations, considerable glacier cover and diverse geology, the country promotes a great number of plant species and their communities. This has resulted in speciation of many altitudinal and ecological vicariants that occur in many cases in single, isolated valley or mountain ridge (e.g. *Scutellaria* or *Nepeta* genera). It is also important that Pamir-Alai is located within the borderland between two important geographic regions: the Central Asian (with considerable boreal and continental infuences) and the Western Asian subregions (with stronger similarities to Mediterranean climate). This division is refected to some extent by the phytogeographical division of the Irano-Turanian Province that is divided according to Grubov (2010) and Takhtajan (1986) into the Western Asian Subregion (with the Turkestan Province encompassing western and central Tajikistan) and the Central Asian Subregion (with the Tibetan Province encompassing eastern Pamir-Alai) (Figure 1). Additionally, it is worth noting that Pamir-Alai in the territory of Tajikistan is straddled across three important climatic regions: the Central Asian in the east and the Irano-Turanian in the west, with some infuences of Indian and Saharo-Sindian from the south (Djamali et al., 2012).

This extraordinary complexity of climatic infuences, phytogeographical divisions and diverse land geomorphology affect the foristic composition and richness of plant species of Tajikistan and its adjacent areas. Despite that the territory of Tajikistan is still far from being suffciently investigated one can assess that the vascular fora of Tajikistan consists of ca. 4,300 species assigned to 116 families, of which the richest are: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae and Apiaceae. A high species richness has been noted for some of the 994 known genera, e.g. *Astragalus* (276 species), *Cousinia* (121), *Allium* (100), *Taraxacum* (60) and *Oxytropis* (58). The number of vascular plants of the region is still not fnal as recently some new species from Tajikistan have been published (e.g. Nobis et al., 2013; Nobis, Klichowska, et al., 2016; Nobis, Nobis, et al., 2014; Nobis & Nowak, 2011b). They belong to feathergrasses (e.g. *Stipa ×brevicallosa, S. ×fallax, S. ×tadzhikistanica*, *S*. *zeravshanica*), garlics (e.g. *Allium intradarvazicum*, *A*. *khozratense*, *A*. *oreotadzhikorum*, *A*. *vallivanchense*) and sainfoins (e.g. *Onobrychis dushanbensis*). There is also a number of alien species that were found in this country very recently. They include *Amorpha fruticosa*, *Acalypha australis* and Middle Asian, native plants known from neighbouring areas such as *Nanorrhinum ramosissimum*, *Gypsophila foribunda* and *Zygophyllum miniatum*. The degree of endemism in the fora of this area is a measure of its uniqueness and therefore should be used in the assessment for foral diversity conservation. Approximately 30% of vascular plants species known from Pamir-Alai are generally accepted endemics. About 1,400 plants meet the criteria for being a national endemic of Tajikistan, and a further 300 may be regarded as subendemics that occupy also the adjacent areas but not outside the borderland (e.g. mountain ranges or valleys). Many of these species have very limited areas of occupancy (e.g. *Anemone zeravshanica*, *Sergia regelii* and *Scutellaria juzepczukii*).

Because of its foristic richness, Tajikistan as a core area of the Mountains of Central Asia is recognised by Conservation International as a hotspot of biodiversity and one of the eleven most important focal points of future plant diversity studies and conservation (Giam et al., 2010; Mittermeier et al., 2011). Simultaneously, the country is regarded as the country most sensitive in the world to climate change and biodiversity loss, but still only twelve species from this country are listed as globally endangered (e.g. Darvaz dogwood *Swida darvasica* and wild apple *Malus sieversii*). Additionally, Middle Asian mountainous temperate forests and steppes are regarded as a vulnerable ecoregion of the world (Olson & Dinerstein, 1998).

Recent analysis of the degree of the endangerment of Tajik's fora shows considerable threats to its

<sup>1</sup> elaborated on the basis of Nowak et al., 2020. The Pamir-Alai Mountains (Middle Asia: Tajikistan). In: J. Naroozi (ed.), Plant Biogeography and Vegetation of High Mountains of Central and South-West Asia. Plant and Vegetation 17. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45212-4\_1

richness (Nowak et al., 2020). The study reveals that from 4,269 native species occurring in Tajikistan, 1,627 taxa (38.11%) are threatened and 23 extinct (0.54%).

#### GEOLOGY AND SOILS

The mountain systems in Tajikistan, mainly Pamir-Alai (Figure 2) were upheaved during the Cenozoic Era and are part of the long orogenic belt of Asia along the western section of the Himalayas, Karakorum and Hindukush line. The sedimentary deposits of ca. 20–25 km thickness have been shifted northwards by ca. 300 km. This massive crustal displacement is surely of continental collision origin. Still, the Indian subcontinent brings on the 20 mm northward slide of the Pamir Plateau over the Alai fault per year (Lohr, 2001).

The Pamir is characterised by a thick continental crust of about 70 km (Holt & Wallace, 1990). Geophysical observations show an oblique subduction zone submerging to the SSE beneath the Pamir (Billington et al., 1977). This subduction zone indicates a large Mesozoic thrust fault at the Trans-Alai range.

The geological profle of Pamir-Alai is extremely complex and sophisticated in interpretation. Between the Tajik and Tarim basins many faults, suture and subduction zones as well as sedimentation areas occur. As a result, the geological structure of the study area is very complex, with outcrops of rocks formed from the Precambrian to the present age. The rocks that are composing the territory of the country are very diverse in age, composition and structure. Only a few geological surveys have been published for Tajikistan so far (cf. Lohr, 2001; Nedzvedskiy, 1968). The northern part of the area (the Trans-Alai and Alai ranges) are built mainly by Carboniferous igneous and sedimentary rocks of an oceanic origin; these are dominantly mafc rocks and tholeiitic basalts covered by limestone, siltstone and sandstone (Budanov & Pashkov, 1988; Leven, 1981). In the south-western parts of the system – in the Darvaz Range – serpentine melange crops out accompanied by basalts, conglomerates and limestones (Pospelov, 1987). The montane and alpine zones of the Hissar Mts. are largely composed of extrusive rocks, mainly granite, granitoid and syenite. The ranges of the Peter

**Figure 1.** Phytogeographical division of the Central Asia according to Grubov (2010) and Takhtajan (1986) (black dashed lines); WA1 – Mesopotamian Province, WA2 – Central Anatolian Province, WA3 – Armeno-Iranian Province, WA4 – Hyrcanian Province, WA5 – Turanian Province, WA6 – Turkestanian Province, WA7 – Northern Baluchistanian Province, WA8 – Western Himalayan Province, CA1 – Central Tian-Shan Province, CA2 – Dzhungar-Tian-Shan Province, CA3 – Mongolian Province, CA4 – Tibetan Province. Bioclimatic regionalisation follows the Djamali et al. approach (2002; red lines). Explanations: SS – Saharo-Sindian Region, IT – Irano-Turanian Region (with four subregions (IT1-IT4), CA – Central Asian Region, ES – Eurosiberian Region, I – Indian Region.

the First and Hazratishoh Mts. contain deformed and metamorphosed Precambrian and Paleozoic deposits of sandstone, limestone and marl. In the Rushan-Pshart zone, a Perm-Trias alternation of marine sediments, predominantly limestone and radiolarites is represented. Additionally, outcrops of magmatic origin like pillow-basalt, andesite, tuffs and also lenses of ultramafc rocks have been reported.

The southern ranges of the Pamir-Alai system are composed of metamorphic Precambrian rocks and Mesozoic and Paleogene granites (Pashkov & Budanov, 1990). The oldest rocks such as late Carboniferous to early Permian sandstone, siltstone, clay and limestone are overlaid by Triassic limestone, radiolarite and siltstone with intrusions of basaltic lava and tuff.

Moving to the south-west, the Pamir-Alai ranges submerge into the Tajik Sedimentary Basin. In the Early Cretaceous, marine sediments of limestone, marl and clay were deposited in this area. The thickness of the sedimentation layer is rich up to 1,400 meters and it contains sandstone, gypsum, clay, limestone and conglomerates (Lohr, 2001). In the outer Pamir, along the Zeravshanian and Turkestanian ranges, Cambrian and Silurian sediments predominate. The rocks here are generally limestone (micritic, bitumic, marly and dolomitic coral limestone), marble, dolomite, dolomitic shale, clay shale, phyllitic schist and argillaceous slates.

The soil cover of the Pamir-Alai mountains is considerably affected by the relief (30% of the territory has slope inclinations of about 20 degrees or more) and geological history of the particular site. In addition, the precipitation and related vegetation cover infuence the soil type signifcantly. Soils are mostly constituted of debris materials, ranging from sand to coarse gravel and rocks in the mountains. Only in the depressions and valley bottoms does the fne material (mainly loess and silt) support the fne-particles substrates. The typical soils of the montane and subalpine belts of the Pamir-Alai are kastanozems, with a considerable content of organic matter allowing the development of steppe communities. In the more extreme climatic conditions – in the lower foothills and the highest altitudes of the eastern Pamir – burozems and grey soils prevail, which have a thinner topsoil layer and higher content of rock debris or sand deposits. These kinds of soil support so-called deserted or cryophilous steppes and alpine swards. Topsoils are poor in organic matter and rich in minerals, refecting the aridity. In sandy regions of the Fergana Basin and Tajik depression, as well as the eastern Pamir mountain semi-deserts, arenosols and even poor sandy dunes may develop. Leontieva (1968) distinguished within Tajikistan four main soil zones: the grey soils of the uplands and montane areas (mainly brown calcareous), soils of moderately high mountains (generally brown acidophilous), soils

of alpine mountain belts with steppes and glaciers (weakly developed leptosols), and the underdeveloped soils of high mountain deserts. In the lowest depressions and in some parts of highly elevated plateaus the climatic conditions, low precipitation and high evapotranspiration result in formation of spatially restricted solonchaks and solonetz soils.

#### CLIMATE

According to the bioclimatic classifcation, which mainly takes into account precipitation (P) and temperature (T) values, the study area can be classifed within the Mediterranean type of macrobioclimate (Rivas-Martínez et al., 2011). This type of climate is characterised by a summer drought lasting for at least two consecutive months in which P < 2T. Moreover, other bioclimatic features of the study area support its classifcation within the Mediterranean macrobioclimate. The average annual temperature is below 25 °C (ca. 2 °C) and the Compensated Thermicity Index is below 580 (ca. 80). The Continentality Index is ca. 31, thus our research area fts the continental type (eucontinental subtype) known to be suitable for treeless steppe vegetation. The Ombrotype Index (ca. 14) confnes the study area within the upper, humid horizon (with the exception of the eastern Pamir-Alai with fairly arid conditions). Recent research on the SW and Central Asia bioclimate suggests that the Irano-Turanian bioclimatic zone should be distinguished by higher continentalism, lower precipitation (particularly during winter), a longer dry season and lower winter temperature minima from the Mediterranean one. It is also distinct if compared to the Central Asian climate because of lower and unequal precipitation (with an apparent spring peak), a drier summer season and lower continentalism (Djamali et al., 2012). The area has generally a high level of solar insolation (2,090–3,160 sunshine hours), a low percentage of cloud cover, high-amplitude of annual temperatures as well as moderate humidity and precipitation, with the exception of the spring period when there is a considerable amount of rainfall. In the alpine belt of the high mountains, the climate is harsher, with average temperatures in July between 9.7°C and 13.5°C. Annual precipitation ranges in the western Pamir-Alai from ca. 350 mm (Zeravshan Mts.) to ca. 600 mm in the Hissar Range (in some **Figure 2.** The main mountain ranges of Tajikistan. locations up to 2,000 mm). In the western part of the country, the lower limit of permanent snow is at an altitude of 3,500–3,600 m a.s.l.; and at 5,800 m a.s.l. – in its eastern regions (Latipova, 1968; I. K. Narzikulov & Stanyukovich, 1968; Safarov, 2003).

#### FLORA AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

The geographical location of Tajikistan is favourable to high foristic diversity. Positioned between the continental Asian deserts (Takla-Makan) in the east and vast warm lowlands in the west, linked with the Himalayas through the Karakorum ridge in the south-east, Kunlun in the east and Tian-Shan in the north-east, with other connection via Hindukush and Kopet-dagh in the south-west and west – all having vertical belts from hot to permafrost deserts – it offers an outstanding range of biotopes for plants. With one of the largest altitudinal amplitude in the world, extreme precipitation and temperature fuctuations, a considerable glacier cover and diverse geology, the country promotes a great number of plant species including many altitudinal and ecological vicariants that occur in many cases in a single, isolated valley or mountain ridge (e.g. the *Scutellaria*, *Nepeta*, *Allium* and *Cousinia* genera). It is also important that the Pamir-Alai mountains are located within the borderland between two important biogeographic regions: Central Asia (with considerable boreal infuences) and Middle Asia (typical Irano-Turanian area with Mediterranean-like climate). The historical foundation for the country's plant richness is also related to the climate aridisation, fall of average temperatures and mountain orogenesis that occurred during last 2–5 million years (late Neogene and Quaternary). The Middle Asian mountains have been recognised by Conservation International to be amongst thirty-six so-called hotspots of biodiversity (CEPF.net – The Biodiversity Hotspots 2019; Mittermeier et al., 2011) and as one of the eleven most important focal points of future plant diversity studies and conservation (Giam et al., 2010).

The uniqueness of the Tajik fora has attracted many famous botanists, e.g. A. Leman, A.P. Fedtschenko, O.A. Fedtschenko, A.E. Regel, W.L. Komarov, S. I. Korzhinskii, V.I. Lipskii, B. A. Fedtschenko, O.E. Knorring-Neustrueva, M.G. Popov, O. Paulsen or J. Bornmüller, conducting here their pioneering botanical research at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The second half of the 19th century was also the time of Leon Barszczewski's exploration in Middle Asia (mainly Bukhara Province). Barszczewski was the Polish offcer in the Russian army who discovered Pamir-Alai for further research (Strojecki, 2016; Photo 1). He attracted many famous botanists, particularly Vladimir Lipskii, who assisted Barszczewski in two expeditions. They collected a number of species, two of which – namely *Onosma barsczewski* and *Allium barsczewski* – are named after the Polish explorer.

The frst half of the twentieth century was very advantageous and fruitful in terms of synthetic monographs, e.g. regarding plant taxonomy, phytogeography and vegetation research (Chukavina,

**Photo 1.** Leon Barszczewski - Polish ethnographer, geologist and naturalist in his offce in Samarkanda in the uniform of Russian Army with inforescence of *Allium barsczewskii* and *Onosma barsczewskii* - species growing in steppes and screes of Zeravshan Mts.


**Table 1.** Taxonomic richness and uniqueness of particular families of Tajikistan (after Nowak, Nowak, et al., 2011; Nowak & Nobis, 2010, supplemented).

1984; A. P. Fedtschenko & Fedtschenko, 1905, 1906–1916; B. A. Fedtschenko, 1915, 1925; Grigorev, 1944; Kaletkina, 1971; Kinzikaeva, 1988; Kochkareva, 1986; Konnov, 1974; Lipskii, 1902– 1905, 1904; Ovchinnikov, 1948, 1957, 1963, 1968, 1975, 1978, 1981; Pisyaukova, 1951; Rasulova, 1991; Stanyukovich, 1948). Nevertheless, there is still no comprehensive and reliable data on the number of species and their distribution for Tajikistan. According to various researchers, the fora of this country consists of ca. 4,500–5,000 vascular plant species (Ovchinnikov, 1957; Rasulova, 1991; Stanyukovich, 1982) but still a comprehensive checklist is lacking and our examinations suggest that the fnal number of spontaneously occurring species is lower (Table 1).

Recent detailed studies conducted in the country have brought some new fndings, but at the same time eliminated several taxa reported only from cultivation or having a doubtful status in this territory. Many species included in the Tajiks 10-volume fora were reported only from surrounding areas and not confrmed within the country. Thus currently, the fora of Tajikistan consists of 4,288 taxa (including 47 subspecies), which are not evenly distributed across geobotanical subregions (see Figure 3) – with the richest being Zeravshanian B (1,499 taxa), Hissaro-Darvasian A (1,440), South-Tajikistanian B (1,407) and South-Tajikistanian A (1,324; Figure 4).

The distribution pattern of the species richness is somehow different if we relate species number to the area of a particular geobotanical subregion. Then, the small regions of the Mogoltausian Mts., the eastern Turkestan range and the southern outskirts of the Darvaz range take precedence. To the contrary, the large subregions with harsh climatic conditions reveal the species poverty with the Eastern Pamir as being the poorest one (Figure 5)

**Figure 3.** The phytogeographical division of Tajikistan: 1 – Kuraminian; 2 – Mogoltausian; 3 – Prisyrdarian; 4a – Turkestanian A, 4b – Turkestanian B; 5a – Zeravshanian A, 5b – Zeravshanian B, 5c – Zeravshanian C; 6a – Hissaro-Darvasian A, 6b – Hissaro-Darvasian B, 6c – Hissaro-Darvasian C, 6d – Hissaro-Darvasian D, 6e – Hissaro-Darvasian E, 6f – Hissaro-Darvasian F; 7a – South Tajikistanian A, 7b – South Tajikistanian B, 7c – South Tajikistanian C, 7d – South Tajikistanian D; 8a – East Tajikistanian A, 8b – East Tajikistanian B, 8c – East Tajikistanian C; 9a – West Pamirian A, 9b – West Pamirian B, 9c – West Pamirian C; 10 – East Pamirian; 11 – Alaian.

**Figure 4.** The foristic richness of the phytogeographic subregions of Tajikistan – number of vascular plant species in each subregion.

**Figure 5.** Relative foristic richness calculated based on the number of species and the size of particular phytogeographic subregions distinguished within Tajikistan.

**Figure 6.** Richness of alien plant species established in Tajikistan across the geobotanical subregions distinguished within the country.

 The majority of species are native, spontaneously settled plants in the area of the country. However, the long human presence in Tajikistan causes some changes in the composition of the fora. In the country, 159 species of alien origin (3.7% of the total fora) have been reported (Figure 5). They include 10 suspected archaeophytes, 84 neophytes, and 65 ephemerophytes The most widely distributed neophytes are e.g.: *Amaranthus retrofexus*, *Aster salignus*, *Bidens frondosa*, *Cannabis ruderalis*, *Cuscuta campestris*, *Datura stramonium*, *Galinsoga ciliata*, *Isatis tinctoria*, *Medicago romanica*, *Rubus praecox*, *Rudbeckia laciniata*, *Salix babylonica* and *Ulmus pumila*. They represent species of mainly American and Mediterranean origin and prefer agroecosystems (arable felds, fallow lands, intensively used pastures), road verges, city centers and other disturbed habitats. Only a few species are of Australian (e.g. *Acalypha australis*) or African (e.g. *Sorghum sudanense*) origin. Neophytes are spread across the country, however, they are considerably more frequent in lowland and foothill zones where agricultural and ruderal habitats occupy the highest proportion of the territory (Figure 6). Among the species that were probably introduced before 1500 A.D. and defned as archaeophytes, *Adonis aestivalis*, *Agrostemma githago*, *Armoracia rusticana*, *Chrysanthemum segetum*, *Lathyrus sativus* and *Sorghum halepense* occur in Tajikistan. They have a strong affnity to segetal plant communities, however, in the territory of Tajikistan many of them also occupy ruderal sites.

#### *Phytogeographic composition of the Tajik fora*

The fora of Tajikistan is clearly distinguished by a domination of the Irano-Turanian species. This group includes ca. 65% of the total species number. Additionally, the Central Asian species (the group of Irano-Turanian element with the eastern occupational area in continental and highly elevated Central Asia) brings a further 5.3%. Altogether, the Irano-Turanian element strongly predominate, with more that 70% of the total number of plant species. Beside ca. 1,400 endemic taxa in the fora of Tajikistan, there are a range of plants that are restricted to the area between the south-western part of Tajikistan and the Iranian uplands. These are, for example, *Allium praemixtum*, *Allochrusa paniculata*, *Amberboa bucharica*, *Amygdalus bucharica*, *Artemisia turanica*, *Eleocharis mitracarpa*, *Euphorbia granulata*, *Ferula bucharica*, *Frankenia*  *bucharica*, *Iris halophila* var*. sogdiana*, *Kochia iranica*, *Koelpinia turanica*, *Malva bucharica*, *Meristotropis bucharica*, *Microcephala turcomanica*, *Nonea turcomanica*, *Phlomis bucharica*, *Piptatherum sogdianum*, *Prangos bucharica*, *Pyrus korshinskyi*, *Veronica bucharica* and others.

The group of the eastern Irano-Turanian species that have occupational ranges within the mountains, steppes and high plateaus of Central Asia, includes: *Acantholimon diapensioides*, *Ajania tibetica*, *Aphragmus oxycarpus*, *Artemisia pamirica*, *Astragalus falconeri*, *Carex pamirensis*, *Christolea crassifolia* var. *pamirica*, *Cousinia auriculata*, *Crepidifolium tenuifolium, Dilophia salsa*, *Elymus nutans*, *Ephedra intermedia*, *Leiospora eriocalyx*, *Leontopodium nanum*, *Lonicera pamirica*, *Oxytropis gorbunovii*, *Pedicularis semenowii*, *Ranunculus badachschanicus*, *Saussurea leucophylla*, *Seriphidium skorniakovii*, *Stipa glareosa* and *S. subsessilifora*.

About 10% of species in the Tajik fora represent the group with the main distributional range in the Mediterranean area (Figure 7). It is related to the similarities in climatic conditions and the origin of the Irano-Turanian foras (see Kamelin, 2017). The species prefer the lower alpine, montane and submontane zones of the western sections within the Pamir-Alai ranges. Examples of typically Mediterranean taxa include: *Althaea ludwigii*, *Avena fatua*, *Brassica rapa*, *Centaurium spicatum*, *Crambe orientalis*, *Cressa cretica*, *Cynoglossum creticum*, *Hordeum spontaneum*, *Jasminum offcinale, Lallemantia iberica*, *Papaver orientale*, *Parietaria lusitanica* subsp. *serbica*, *Phleum himalaicum*, *Rochelia disperma* subsp*. retorta*, *Salix aegyptiaca* and *Sclerochloa woronowii*.

**Figure 7.** Phytogeographical composition of the fora of Tajikistan.

The next group of the Tajik fora includes species with the core occupation area in the temperate EuroSiberian zone. They reach the southernmost limits of their range in the northern Pamir-Alai and Tian-Shan Mts, often inhabit relatively cold subalpine and alpine belts. This group of taxa is represented by *Allium ramosum, Asparagus offcinalis, Carex diandra, Potentilla crantzii, Rumex thyrsiforus, Salix pentandra, S. triandra, Stipa capillata* and *Trifolium repens.*

Pluriregional species are not numerous. They constitute 3.5% of the total fora and are distributed across the whole Old World, particularly in Euro-Siberia, the Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian, Eastern Asian, Indo-Chinese, North African and sometimes Circumboreal provinces. The group includes: *Alliaria petiolata*, *Arabidopsis thaliana*, *Artemisia vulgaris*, *Bromus sterilis*, *Catabrosa aquatica, Centaurium pulchellum*, *Chenopodium hybridum*, *Cuscuta epithymum*, *Echium vulgare*, *Erodium cicutarium*, *Geranium pusillum*, *Holosteum umbellatum*, *Hypericum perforatum*, *Lepidium latifolium*, *Medicago sativa*, *Myosotis alpestris*, *Oxyria digyna*, *Plantago major*, *Potamogeton friesii*, *Prunella vulgaris*, *Rubus caesius*, *Solanum nigrum, Symphyotrichum graminifolium* and *Vicia angustifolia*.

The cosmopolitan species i.e. species with worldwide distribution are not numerous in the fora of Tajikistan. They are often related to anthropogenic habitats such as felds, road verges or ruderal places in human settlements. The group includes also many aquatic or littoral species. The most common are *Achillea millefolium*, *Alisma plantago-aquatica*, *Anagallis arvensis*, *Artemisia annua*, *Brachiaria eruciformis*, *Calystegia sepium*, *Capsella bursa-pastoris*, *Cichorium intybus*, *Cynodon dactylon*, *Cyperus difformis*, *Digitaria sanguinalis*, *Eragrostis pilosa*, *Ipomoea purpurea*, *Malva neglecta*, *Najas marina*, *Potamogeton crispus*, *Ricinus communis* and *Sigesbeckia orientalis*.

An interesting addition to the fora of Tajikistan are species representing the East Asian element (Oriental), including *Eucommia ulmoides*, *Morus alba*, *Muhlenbergia huegelii*, *Persicaria nepalensis*, *P. orientalis*, *Pyrus ussuriensis*, and reported from the rice felds – *Sagittaria trifolia*. Also, *Ulmus pumila*, that was probably planted, then escaped and established in many sites, is of East Asian origin.

Rice felds and other crops are the main habitat for species of Indo- and Indo-Chinese origin. The most common are weedy taxa of paddy felds such as: *Ammannia auriculata*, *A*. *multifora*, *Dopatrium junceum*, *Eriocaulon cinereum*, *Fimbristylis quinquangularis*, *Gastrocotyle hispida*, *Physalis hermanni*, *Rotala indica*, *Schoenoplectiella juncoides*, *Schoenoplectus littoralis*, *Sphenoclea zeylanica* and *Strigosella brevipes*. Some examples of this group, originating from Southeast Asia, are now distributed across Tropical and Subtropical zones in man-made habitats, e.g. *Ammannia baccifera*, *Eleusine indica*, *Najas graminea* and *Ludwigia perennis*.

The south-western outskirts of the Pamir-Alai ranges, e.g. the Hazratishoh or Babatag Mts. provide suitable habitats for Saharo-Sindian taxa that have core distribution areas far to the west in southern Iraq, Egypt and other deserted lands of northern Africa. Examples are *Crepis kotschyana*, *Gossypium herbaceum*, *Heliotropium supinum*, *Nanorrhinum ramosissimum* and *Sorghum ×drummondii*.

Other geographical groups are poorly represented. The Arctic-alpine species are represented by *Braya humilis, Carex microglochin*, *Chamaerion latifolium*, *Lloydia serotina*, *Luzula spicata*, *Ranunculus kamchaticus*, *Saxifraga hirculus*, *Sagina saginoides*, *Saxifraga oppositifolia*, *Silene uralensis* subsp*. apetala* and *Trichophorum pumilum*. These plants grow in the highest elevations in chionophilous grasslands or fens of Eastern Pamir and are sometimes restricted only to the mountain summits. Another group of species preferring the highest altitudes are plants with the range along the Himalayan Mts. Examples are: *Aconitum rotundifolium*, *Alopecurus himalaicus*, *Bergenia stracheyi*, *Oberna wallichiana, Rumex nepalensis*, *Saxifraga stenophylla*, *Sedum ewersii* and *Sibbaldia tetrandra*.

The Pamiro-Alaian fora has a transitional character as the mountain system is located between vast, desert areas towards the south-east and highly elevated ranges and plateaus towards the west and north-west. This phytogeographic knot is hardly resolvable at the fner scale as the borderlands of phytogeographic units are located in a mountainous area with an extraordinary complicated relief with bending valley bottoms at 500–800 m and summits higher than 7,000 m a.s.l. Additionally, the vegetation of Tajikistan underwent long-lasting human pressure, with grazing as the most infuential over the centuries.

Traditional grazing of livestock has a crucial meaning when analysing the ecological arrangement of the Tajik fora. The human interest to enlarge pasturelands causes a tremendous habitat change, seriously diminished forested lands and increased grassland. This brings about the domination of steppe plants in the fora of Tajikistan (Table 2). Examples of prominent genera that evolve effective defence strategies against ungulates and contribute to steppe vegetation are *Stipa* spp., *Bromus* spp., *Avena* spp., *Elymus* spp., *Elytrigia* spp. and *Agropyron* spp. At higher elevations – particularly in Eastern Pamir and the alpine belt in west Pamir-Alai ranges – *Kobresia*  spp*.* and *Poa* spp*.* take advantage and dominate the summer pastures.

The mountainous landscape of Tajikistan is dominated by rocks, screes and landslides that occupy more than 30% of the territory. Chasmophytic habitats are very important hotspots of plant diversity, harbouring together ca. 1,500 species. This group comprises a huge number of endemics representing *Achoriphragma*, *Asperula*, *Campanula*, *Dionysia*, *Leiospora, Parrya*, *Rosularia, Scutellaria* and *Tanacetopsis* genera on rock faces and *Acanthophyllum*, *Chesneya*, *Cousinia*, *Nepeta*, *Onosma*, *Piptatherum*, *Scrophularia* and *Trigonella* genera on screes. A kind of species trap are riverbeds with different gravel and sandy debris. These habitats are inhabited by plants originating from different neighbouring vegetation such as screes, rocks, riverside forests and anthropogenic habitats. Among the most frequent are: *Launaea procumbens*, *Pleioneura griffthiana*, *Trifolium fragiferum*, *Tripleurospermum disciforme* and *Verbascum songaricum*.

One of the most valuable and iconic plant groups related to Tajikistan are bulbiferous geophytes. Almost thirty species of tulips (*Tulipa* spp.) originated from this country, with 90% of them being endemic. They make up the spring aspect of meadow, steppe and forb vegetation, mainly in colline, montane and subalpine zones. The genus *Gagea* is more diverse. It is represented by 33 species, and 13 of them have the status of national endemics, with *Gagea exilis*, *G. fliformis, G. gymnopoda*, *G*. *holochiton* and *G. incrustata* as the most narrowly distributed. Another ornamental group of geophyte species are foxtail lilies (*Eremurus* spp.). Tajikistan is a centre of occurrence of 29 *Eremurus* taxa, half of them are endemic to Tajikistan. There are several other decorative bulbs with a blooming period in early spring that attract amateur and professional botanists to conduct feld excursions in March and April. Among them are *Juno* (13 species), *Ungernia* (3 species), *Fritillaria* (9 species) as being the most prominent. During summer the showiest is the genus *Allium* with more than 130 species. It is one of the most renowned group of taxa that has the centre of its geographical distribution in Middle Asia. Many of its representatives, e.g. *Allium* 


**Table 2.** The species pool of a particular habitat type in Tajikistan expressed by the species percentage of the total fora.

*brevidens*, *A. darwasicum* or *A*. *komarowii* are endemic to the country.

When speaking about the foristic richness, it should be also mentioned that Tajikistan is a homeland of many cultivated species and plants of considerable economic value. Globally important are: *Hordeum bulbosum, Fritillaria regelii, Tulipa subquinquefolia, Punica granatum, Ficus carica* and others. Commonly known wild fruits originating from Tajikistan include e.g. the wild apple *Malus sieversii*, walnut *Juglans regia*, pistachio *Pistacia* spp., plum *Prunus* spp. and almond *Amygdalus* spp.

#### MAJOR VEGETATION TYPES

The vegetation of Tajikistan is fairly diverse and can be divided into 20 main types: mesophilous deciduous forests (so-called Chernolesya), riverside forests (Belolesya), riverbed forests (Thugay),

xerothermophilous shrubs (Shiblyak), alpine con i ferous forests (Artschevniki), riverbed shrubs, meadows and pastures, segetal vegetation, alpine meadows and swards, steppes and socalled semisavannas, xerothermophilous swards, xerothermophilous dwarf bushes, desert and semi-desert vegetation, fen-spring vegetation (sazy), tall-herb vegetation, rush vegetation, aquatic vegetation, scree and slide-rock vegetation, rock vegetation (petriphyton) and salt marsh vegetation. Within this vegetation types ca. 200 plant associations can be distinguished. However, there are still many underinvestigated areas both in the mountains and in the lowlands, which makes the list of plant communities still incomplete. In particular, a huge areas of pasturelands, rock vegetation of nival and alpine zones and the eastern Pamir semi-deserts and cryophilous steppes need to be examined in detail. Furthermore, forbs, mesic xerothermophilous shrubs and dry xeric scrubs should be assigned to a priority list of indispensable research.

#### FORESTS

#### *Mesophilous deciduous forests*

Forests in Tajikistan are typically broad-leaved, riparian or gallery woods covering mainly the lowland, colline, montane and subalpine zones on the northern slopes in several mountain ranges and river valleys. It was found that only among deciduous woods ten associations in the Pamir-Alai ranges can be distinguished. They are assigned to four alliances refecting gradient of fertility, salinity and altitude.

The frst group comprises typical mesophilous stands assigned to *Acero turkestanici-Juglandion regiae.* They are deciduous, mesophilous woods on moist habitats, on fertile and deep brown soils. The most common is a zonal forest dominated by *Juglans regia* (*Juglandetum regiae*) growing on northern slopes mainly in the Hissar-Darvaz ranges, preferably on northern slopes in colline and montane belt (Nowak et al., 2017; Photo 2).

**Photo 2.** *Juglans regia* stand in the Takob River Valley (Hissar Mts.).

The most frequent and diagnostic taxa for this community are *Brachypodium sylvaticum*, *Cardamine impatiens*, *Carex cuprina*, *Impatiens parvifora*, *Juglans regia*, *Milium effusum* and *Poa nemoralis.* The walnut forests are an important refugee for relict plants since the valley bottoms of the Hissar and Darvaz ranges were not glaciated during the last glaciation. Among others, a range of endemic plants including *Astomaea galiocarpa*, *Asyneuma argutum* subsp*. baldshuanicum*, *Cornus darvasica*, *Exochorda racemosa*, *Ligularia altissima*, *Ostrowskia magnifca*, *Oxytropis mumynabadensis*, *Pyrus lindleyi* and *Viola fedtschenkoana* inhabit the walnut stands.

Within the same altitudinal belt, on slightly higher elevations and on shallower, lithomorphic soils with considerable gravel or rock ingredient develop stands with *Acer platanoides* subsp*. turkestanicum*. The community is reported from the whole area of Tajikistan except the eastern Pamir. Due to considerable human impact it often has the form of sparse groves with underdeveloped canopy layer. Apart from Turkestan maple, the most constant species that contribute to this community are *Allium rosenbachianum*, *Asparagus neglectus*, *Cicerbita zeravschanica*, *Dictamnus albus*, *Galium aparine, G. vassilczenkoi*, *Impatiens parvifora*, *Ligularia thomsonii, Poa nemoralis* and *Vicia tenuifolia.*

On the northern slopes of the Darvaz range, on deep, humid and slightly alkaline soils, stands with a domination of white poplar were described as *Violo suavis-Populetum albae* (Photo 3)*.*

**Photo 3.** Forest representing *Violo suavis-Populetum albae* association on the northern slopes of Darvaz range near Tavildara.

It harbours a lot of tall-herb species that build their own communities in forest gaps, clearings or form the undergrowth. The most frequent include: *Astragalus eupeplus, Crepis sibirica, Eremurus aitchisonii, Leonurus turkestanicus, Ligularia thomsonii*, *Lindelofa stylosa, Picris nuristanica, Prunus ulmifolia, Rhamnus dolichophylla* and *Viola suavis*.

The most fertile and deep soils are occupied by the stands of *Platanus orientalis* (Photo 4). This association – defned as *Swido darvasicae-Platanetum orientalis –* is recorded in the warmest, mostly wet habitats in the river valleys of southern Tajikistan. Besides river valleys, it grows along slope brooks and around springs. The dense canopy is clearly dominated by *Platanus orientalis* and supplemented by *Populus alba*. The lower tree layer consists of *Diospyros lotus* or *Celtis sinensis*. In the shrub layer, the most abundant are *Rosa canina*, *Cornus darvasica* and *Cotoneaster multiforus*. The undergrowth consists of *Brachypodium sylvaticum*, *Clinopodium integerrimum, Epipactis royleana, Geum urbanum, Impatiens parvifora*, *Melissa offcinalis, Ophioglossum bucharicum, Poa nemoralis*, *P. pratensis*, *Scrophularia nodosa, Stellaria neglecta* and *Viola suavis* (Nowak et al., 2017; Zapryagaeva, 1976).

It is worth mentioning that within the broad-leaved mesophilous forests, the community of *Malus sieversii* is distinguished by some authors (Sidorenko, 1971; Stanyukovich, 1982), a very important fruit tree for the human economy.

**Photo 4.** A stand of *Platanus orientalis* in the Panj River Valley near Qualaykhum.

#### *River carr forests of montane stream valleys*

This type of wood vegetation is distinguished as the *Populion afghanicae* alliance and has the elevational centre of occurrence in the montane up to subalpine belts. The phytocoenoses occupy valley bottoms of streams and mountainous brooks, sometimes also on gentle slopes with water outfows. Typical species for this vegetation are *Equisetum arvense, Populus afghanica*, *Armeniaca vulgaris, Euonymus koopmanii* and *Berberis integerrima.*

In the Pamir-Alai between 1,000 and 2,000 m a.s.l., particularly in the Hissar, Darvaz, Karateginian, Vakhsh and Peter the First mountains, stands of *Fraxinus sogdiana* were noted (Chukavina, 1984; Zapryagaeva, 1976). *Fraxinetum sogdianae* grows in deeply eroded, narrow river valleys close to the water courses (Photo 5).

**Photo 5.** A patchy stand of *Fraxinetum sogdianae* in the deep valley of Kshtut in the Zeravshan Mts.

The stands prefer fertile, relatively deep and alkaline soils with a considerable content of organic matter. The most constant species include: *Arctium lappa*, *Asperuginoides axillaris*, *Galium aparine*, *Impatiens parvifora, Lonicera korolkowii*, *Fraxinus sogdiana* and *Poa pratensis.*

Similar to sogdian ash carrs are the stands with domination of *Betula turkestanica* and *B. tianschanica* (Photo 6).

They occupy slightly higher locations in the bottoms of the V-shaped mountain valleys in montane and subalpine zones with fairly welldeveloped soil profle. This type of *belolesya* is one of the most widespread riparian forests across Pamir-Alai. It is probably linked to European boreosubarctic and orotemperate birch woods on nutrient-

20

**Photo 6.** Riverside birch wood with domination of *Betula turkestanica* and *B. tianschanica* in the Arch Valley in the Zeravshan Mts.

poor podzolic soils known from the Alps and Pyrenees (*Vaccinio myrtilli-Betuletalia pubescentis*; Mucina et al., 2016). Within the community, species typical for the montane and even colline belts dominate in the herbaceous layer (e.g. *Ranunculus distans*, *Dactylis glomerata*) as opposed to the communities of *Populion talassicae.* Other frequent taxa include *Aquilegia atrovinosa*, *Carex decaulescens*, *Galium turkestanicum*, *Iris halophila* var*. sogdiana*, *Polygonatum roseum*, *Rubus caesius*, *Solidago kuhistanica* and *Vinca erecta.*

#### *River carr forests of subalpine stream valleys*

This group includes poplar and birch forest communities developing in the higher montane and subalpine elevations along rivers with high discharge or in the estuary areas of mountainous lakes of the Pamir-Alai Mountains. They often stretch up to tree line at elevations higher than 3,000 m a.s.l.

The highest locations occupy stands with *Populus pamirica*. It is a typical subalpine forest community, developing close to the river beds, sometimes almost on pure gravel deposits. It was found in the Eastern Pamir, more rarely in western Pamir and the Darvaz Mts. (Nowak, Nobis, et al., 2015; Zapryagaeva, 1976; Photo 7). The most typical species that contribute to this wood are *Agrostis gigantea*, *Calamagrostis pseudophragmites*, *Carex stenophylla* subsp*. stenophylloides*, *Hippophaë rhamnoides, Lactuca tatarica, Populus pamirica* and *Rosa huntica.*

A wider altitudinal amplitude has the shrubby *Salicetum turanico-pycnostachyae*, that occurs closer to the river gravel beds. The soil profle is poorly developed here and the vegetation is under strong grazing pressure by ungulates. Stands look like dense, hard to access thickets made up of small trees or large shrubs. The shrub layer consists mainly of *Lonicera stenantha*, *Hippophaë rhamnoides* and *Rosa huntica.* Additionally, in the undergrowth *Agrostis canina, Astragalus tibetanus*, *Hordeum brevisubulatum*, *Poa pratensis, Salix blakii* and *Taraxacum offcinale* occur.

Along the shoreline of Iskander-kul Lake in the Zeravshan Mts., endemic stands of *Populus talassica* are reported (Photo 8). The *Populetum talassicae* prefers a subalpine landscape and has a number of typically alpine species that frequently contribute to the association (e.g. *Trifolium seravschanicum*, *Pedicularis olgae*  and *Gentianopsis stricta*; Nowak & Nobis, 2013). The most important species that frequently contribute to the association are *Carex capillaris*, *Neottia camtschatea, Pedicularis dolichorrhiza*, *Polygonatum roseum* and *Vicia tenuifolia.*

**Photo 7.** *Populetum pamiricae* along the Ghunt River north to Khorogh.

#### *Gallery forests in lowland river valleys*

In south-western Tajikistan, in the confuence area of the big Pamir-Alai rivers such as Panj or Wakhsh, the association with domination of *Populus pruinosa* develops on wet, marshy and frequently inundated

**Photo 8.** *Populetum talassicae* neighbouring the Iskander-kul Lake in the Zeravshan Mts.

areas with increased salinity. This association was formerly reported as a part of the so-called 'thugay' vegetation – the riverbed shrubs and forests (Photo 9). In a recent revision of the Tajik forest communities (Nowak et al., 2017), this type of thermophilous woods reveals the close relation to gallery stands of the Mediterranean. The plots of this sparse *Populus pruinosa* stands are composed of *Arundo donax*, *Elaeagnus angustifolia*, *Glycyrrhiza glabra*, *Karelinia caspia*,

**Photo 9.** The gallery forests of *Populus pruinosa* in the confuence area of Panj or Wakhsh Rivers near Tigrovaya Balka National Park.

*Limonium reniforme*, *Saccharum ravennae*, *Saussurea kabadiana, Tamarix ramosissima* and *Zygophyllum oxianum.*  They occupy low river terraces with a shallow ground water table and numerous oxbow lakes, ditches and marshlands.

#### RIVERBED SCRUB VEGETATION

Riverbed vegetation is sometimes called 'thugay' (Nowak et al., 2017). However, the difference is considerable between the gallery forest located at ca. 500 m a.s.l. and alpine river thickets at 3,500 m. They are completely distinct in terms of species composition, climate and habitat requirements. The lowland thermophilous woods are related to mediterranean *Nerio-Tamaricetea* (with considerable cover of *Tamarix* spp.), and the dense thickets of *Hippophaë rhamnoides* within gravel deposits of alpine streams should be excluded from this class. This kind of vegetation is similar to the plant communities noted along river beds in the Karakorum Mts. (northern Pakistan; Eberhardt, 2004). Despite the alliance is being assigned to rather different habitats that river beds, considering the occupational areas in Pamir-Alai, in our opinion it is a typical river bed thicket vegetation that can be compared to alpine *Salicion elaeagno-daphnoidis* in Europe. The range of river bed shrubs is restricted between 1,000–4,000 m a.s.l. The phytocoenoses consist mainly of *Hippophaë rhamnoides*, *Equisetum ramosissimum*, *Calamagrostis pseudophragmites*, *Lonicera asperifolia*, *L*. *korolkowii*, *L*. *pamirica*, *L. spinosa*, *L*. *stenantha*, *Paracynoglossum geometricum*, *Salix blakii*, *S. capusii*, *S. iliensis*, *S. pycnostachya* and *S. wilhelmsiana*  (Photo 10). It is worth mentioning that river bed vegetation – due to its openness – traps a very large number of species from surrounding habitats, mainly screes and felds (almost 700).

Another type of river bed vegetation is *Myricaria* scrub. In Tajikistan two associations of *Myricaria squamosa* and *M. bracteata* being a vicariant of European *M*. *germanica* community are distinguished (Photo 11). In the alpine belt, communities of *Clematis tangutica* or *Chamaenerion latifolium* developing on gravel beds of Eastern Pamir rivers and streams were found (Photo 12).

In Western Pamir, along the Panj River, a community of *Berberis nummularia* at altitudes of ca. 1,600–2,000 m a.s.l. was observed on the gravel

**Photo 10.** The dense thicket of *Salix capusii* and *Hippophaë rhamnoides* in the Zeravshan Mts.

**Photo 11.** A shrubby community of *Myricaria bracteata* shrubs in the wide valley of Zeravshan River near Sudzhina.

terraces. The most fresh deposits of gravel and sand, close to the river current, are covered by sparse vegetation dominated by *Calamagrostis pseudophragmites* or *Glycyrrhiza glabra*. Moreover, communities of *Incarvillea olgae* and *Datisca cannabina* have been spotted on fresh gravel deposits as side tributaries cones or in gravelly river banks.

There are also thermophilous river bed shrubs of *Tamarix* spp. in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya River Valleys (*T*. *ramosissima*, *T*. *smyrnensis*, *T. forida*, *T*. *arceuthoides*) as well as *Halimodendron halodendron* community in salty places or *Vitex agnus-castus* (Photo 13). They occupy the warmest sites at altitudes of 300– 750 m a.s.l. and form the shrubby successional stage previous to gallery forest of *Populus pruinosa*. They

**Photo 12.** Community of *Chamaenerion latifolium* developed on gravel debris along a tributary of the Ghunt River (Eastern Pamir).

were included by some authors in so-called savannoid vegetation with a short winter dormancy period as a relict of warmer periods (Stanyukovich, 1982). They include communities of *Saccharum ravennae*, *S. spontaneum* and *Imperata cylindrica* with contribution of *Alhagi canescens*, *Arundo donax*, *Calamagrostis dubia*, *Elaeagnus angustifolia*, *E. orientalis*, *Glycyrrhiza glabra*, *Phragmites australis*, *Suaeda paradoxa*, *Typha angustifolia* and *Trachomitum scabrum* Photo 14).

#### THERMOPHILOUS ORCHARDS AND SHRUBS

This type of vegetation, so-called 'shiblyak', is known from colline and montane belts of the Hissaro-Darvasian, Kuraminian, Zeravshanian,

**Photo 13.** Community with *Tamarix ramosissima* in the Zeravshan Valley near Sudzhina.

landscape dominant at lower and mid-elevations. A characteristic feature is the leaf fall during the hot summer in several shrub species and drying up of the herbaceous layer. They became green again in late autumn (Zapryagaeva, 1964). Shiblyak is dominated by small trees or shrubs such as *Amygdalus bucharica, Pistacia vera*, *Acer pentapomicum*, *Rhus coriaria*, *Ziziphus jujuba*, *Ficus carica*, *Punica granatum*, *Calophaca grandifora*, *Paliurus spina-christi*, *Celtis australis* subsp*. caucasica* and *Cercis griffthii* (Photo 15, 16). In the undergrowth the most frequent taxa are *Artemisia baldshuanica*, *Poa bulbosa*, *Elytrigia trichophora*, *Hordeum bulbosum*, *Bromus oxyodon*, *Aegilops triuncialis*, *Bromus tectorum* and many other steppe, semi-savanna and forb plants. They can thrive in shiblyak as the density of canopy is very sparse, ranging between 10 to 20% on average. The fnal assignment and classifcation of this type of vegetation in Tajikistan requires further detailed study.

**Photo 14.** Community with *Saccharum spontaneum* in the Panj River Valley near Dashtijum National Park.

Karatau, Aktau and Babatag ranges, as well as the southern slopes of Western Pamir. It is related to thermophilous fringe and shiblyak communities of the eastern and south-eastern Mediterranean areas of Europe, probably thermophilous scrub or small trees communities on deep soils reported from Crimea as e.g. *Asparago verticillati-Crataegion tauricae* and *Elytrigio nodosae-Rhuion coriariae* (Mucina et al., 2016). In southwestern Pamir-Alai, this formation is an important

**Photo 15.** A sparsy stands of *Pistacia vera* and *Cercis griffthii* in Darvaz Range near Nurek.

**Photo 16.** Spring aspect of the community of *Cercis griffthii* in the Vaksh River Valley near Bidardak.

#### XEROPHILOUS SHRUBS OF MONTANE AND SUBALPINE BELT

In Russian botanical literature this type of vegetation is called 'rosaria', as the *Rosa* species often dominate in these communities. In our opinion this kind of deciduous shrub with typical seasonality of development for temperate zones should be divided into two groups: mesophilous, growing on well developed brown or grey soils, and dry, typical for arid places with scarce and underdeveloped soil profle.

In Tajikistan, the frst group is distinguished by abundant contribution of *Rosa kokanica*, *R*. *beggeriana*, *R. ecae, R. fedtschenkoana* and *R. maracandica* (Photo 17). They are accompanied by other shrub or forb plants including *Berberis heteropoda* or *B. integerrima*, *Cotoneaster hissaricus*, *C*. *insignis*, *C*. *nummularius*, *Ferula jaeschkeana*, *Prangos pabularia*, *Polygonum coriarium, Prunus spinosissima*  and *Wikstroemia alberti*. The species occupy slopes of different exposition at altitudes of 1,500–2,500 m a.s.l. on moderately humid substrates with fairly welldeveloped and fertile soils.

**Photo 17.** Xeric shrubs with *Rosa ovczinnikovii* on slopes of the Peter the First Range.

In arid habitats of dry screes or rock ledges, the communities of *Ephedra* spp. create a dominant type of vegetation. The most prominent are phytocoenoses of *Ephedra intermedia*, *E. glauca* and *E. equisetina* accompanied by shrubs of *Atraphaxis pyrifolia*, *A*. *seravschanica* and *Sageretia laetevirens* (Photo 18). Probably stands of *Juniperus shugnanica* spotted on rocky shelves and screes in Western Pamir (currently the only stands known from the Rushan Valley) belong to the same type of vegetation.

**Photo 18.** Xeric shrubs with fruiting *Ephedra equisetina* near Iskander-kul in Zeravshan Mts.

#### JUNIPER WOODS AND SCRUBS

These orotemperate, fairly dry and evergreen stands make a dominant zonal formation in subalpine belts at altitudes of 1,000 to 3,500 m a.s.l. They are composed of sparse, small juniper tree stands in the subalpine belt (so-called 'archevniki'). The community is closely related to the relict oromediterranean or orotemperate dry juniper-pine woods of south-eastern Europe or south-western Asia *Jasmino-Juniperion excelsae* reported from the Crimea or *Berberido creticae-Juniperion foetidissimae* known from Lebanon or Anatolia (Mucina et al., 2016).

In Tajikistan this type of vegetation can be divided into three altitudinal vicariants.

The *thermophilous juniper woods* are dominated mainly by *Juniperus polycarpos* var*. seravschanica* which is an endemic tree to Middle Asia (Photo 19). The most dense and extensive stands of seravshan juniper are noted in the Turkestan, Zeravshan, Hissar and Darvaz ranges in western Pamir-Alai at an elevation of ca. 1,000–2,500 m a.s.l. The scrub and herbaceous layers vary to a great extent depending on canopy density and habitat conditions. Among the most frequent plants contributing to this layers are cryophilous steppe and forb species such as: *Elytrigia trichophora*, *Festuca rupicola*, *Prangos pabularia*, *Dianthus baldshuanicus* and *Polygonum paronychioides*.

**Photo 19.** Stands of *Juniperus polycarpos* var*. seravschanica* surrounding the Allowdin Lakes in Pastrud-daria River Valley in the Zeravshan Mts.

*Cryophilous juniper woods*. They consist of *Juniperus turkestanica* and *J*. *semiglobosa* and occupy higher altitudes. In Western Pamir-Alai they form a distinct zonal belt on northern slopes at elevations of ca. 2,200–3,000 m a.s.l. A range of subassociations of Turkestan juniper wood have been defned depending on different undergrowth composition. The most frequent species contributing to herbaceous layer are *Ziziphora pamiroalaica*, *Acantholimon velutinum*, *Cousinia outichaschensis*, *Geranium regelii*, *Eremogone griffthii*, *Dracocephalum komarovii*, *Poa pratensis* and *P. nemoralis*  (Zapryagaeva, 1976; Photo 20).

*Chionophilous juniper shrubs*. A low and sparse shrubby vegetation in the upper alpine belt built by small species of *Juniperus communis* var*. saxatilis* with

**Photo 20.** Stands of *Juniperus pseudosabina* on the northern slopes of Turkestan Range near Buragen.

inconsiderable admixture of *Juniperus pseudosabina* and *J*. *semiglobosa*. The main range of this community is in the upper alpine belt of the Eastern Tajikistanian, Western Pamirian and Turkestanian geobotanical regions.

#### DESERTS AND SEMI-DESERTS

#### *Herbaceous and dwarf-shrub vegetation*

The desert zone in Tajikistan includes the lowlands of the Fergana Basin, the south-western parts of Tajikistan and the cold, dry plateaus of Eastern Pamir. Geographically these areas are signifcantly distinct which results in vegetation variety and their species composition. However, the common feature of deserted vegetation in Pamir-Alai is its seasonality with the blooming period shifted to late summer or autumn, with short geophytic aspect in early spring. In the hottest areas in Prisyrdarian and South

Tajikistanian geobotanical subregions, the semi-desert vegetation consists of herbs and dwarf-shrubs such as: *Anabasis salsa*, *Calligonum elegans*, *C. ×calcareum*, *C. leucocladum*, *C. ×paletzkianum*, *Carex physodes*, *C. subphysodes*, *Convolvulus divaricatus*, *Corispermum lehmannianum*, *Cutandia memphitica*, *Dorema sabulosum*, *Kochia iranica*, *Lagochilus gypsaceus*, *Peganum harmala*, *Psilurus incurvus*, *Stipagrostis karelini*, *Salsola aperta*, *S. forcipitata*, *S*. *leptoclada*, *S. sclerantha*, *Schismus arabicus*  and *Zygophyllum ferganense* that are resistant to high temperature and drought. This vegetation develops on gentle slopes or river terraces on sandy or gravelly, alkaline substrates (Photo 21).

**Photo 21.** Semi-desert with *Zygophyllum ferganense*, *Anabasis salsa* and *Echinops nanus* near Asht in Fergana Basin. **Photo 22.** Sandy semi-desert with *Astragalus dignus* and *Corispermum* 

In the mid-elevational zones, between 1,300 and 2,600 m a.s.l. a kind of deserted steppes, with occasionally lower than 30% total plant cover and contribution of salt-resistant species occur. Depending on the phytogeographical region, the phytocoenoses with domination of *Artemisia cina*, *A*. *sogdiana* (Kuraminian range), *A*. *tenuisecta*, *Ptilagrostis caragana*  (Zeravshanian and Turkestanian ranges) and others with *Kochia prostrata*, *K. scoparia*, *Nanophyton erinaceus*, *Salsola baranovii*, *S. drobovii*, *Zygophyllum miniatum* and *Z. oxianum* have been reported.

The highest locations in East Pamir harbour a range of cryoxerophytic semi-deserts; they occupy gentle slopes, sand deposits and occasionally screes at 3,500– 5,000 m a.s.l. The most abundant and frequent taxa of this type of sparse vegetation are *Ajania tibetica*, *Chamaerhodos sabulosa*, *Corispermum gelidum*, *C. hilariae*, *C. pamiricum*, *C. tibeticum*, *Crepis fexuosa*, *Dracocephalum*  *paulseni*, *Ermania crassifolia*, *E. fabellata*, *E. pamirica*, *Erodium tibetanum*, *Eurotia ceratoides*, *Krascheninnikovia ceratoides*, *Lepidium cordatum*, *Salsola oreophila*, *Saussurea faminziniana*, *Zygophyllum obliquum*, *Z. rosovii*, *Braya brachycarpa*, *B. pamirica*, *Elymus alaicus* and *E. dasystachys* (Stanyukovich, 1982; Photo 22). Sometimes the arid, high-altitude steppes with *Stipa glareosa*, *S. orientalis*, *Artemisia lehmanniana* and *A. rhodantha* are included into semi-deserts.

*hilariae* in high Plateau of Eastern Pamir near Kara-kul Lake.

#### *Semi-desert shrub vegetation*

So-called 'dzhangal' is a semi-desert scrub vegetation with sclerophytic plants on sandy, deserted lands. They are dominated by species with reduced or rudimental leaves with bi-seasonal activity – in spring and autumn. The most important species that form these communities in south-western Tajikistan and in the Fergana Basin are *Haloxylon ammodendron*, *H. persicum*, *Calligonum griseum*, *C*. *przewalskii*., *C*. *microcarpum*, *C*. *setosum*, *C*. *junceum*, *Carex physodes*, *Bromus tectorum*, *Salsola richteri*, *S. dendroides* and *S*. *orientalis* (Sidorenko, 1953; Photo 23). In some vegetation plots *Lycium ruthenicum*, *Calligonum elatum* and *Ammodendron karelinii*  also attain high cover. This type of vegetation needs to be thoroughly investigated and its relation to *Ephedra* dominated communities as well as to dry, arid steppes should be examined.

**Photo 23.** Shrubby 'dzhangal' vegetation with *Zygophyllum gontscharovii*, *Echinops knorringianus* and *Carex physodes* in Mogol-Tau Range near Samgar.

#### SALT MARSHES AND SHRUBS

The salt marsh vegetation occupies small, distinctive areas in lake shores in high altitudes in Eastern Pamir as well as in colline and foothill belts along rivers, springs and artifcial leakages.

In south-western Tajikistan, the salt vegetation inhabits shallow ponds and wetlands on clayey and silty soils in valley bottoms or in the apron zone of screes and rock faces. It develops as ephemeral spring community, but often has also a second blooming time in autumn, similar to desert plant communities. This type of vegetation is closely related to the east Mediterranean salt marshes and can be included in the *Fankenietalia pulverulentae* order. The diagnostic taxa that occur in southern Tajikistan and in the Fergana Valley include: *Aeluropus lagopoides*, *A. littoralis*, *Bassia eriophora*, *Bolboschoenus maritimus* subsp*. affni*, *Bunium bourgaei*, *Centaurium pulchellum*, *C. spicatum*, *Climacoptera bucharica*, *C. olgae*, *Cressa cretica*, *Crypsis schoenoides*, *Frankenia bucharica*, *F. bucharica* subsp*. vvedenskyi*, *F*. *pulverulenta*, *Gamanthus gamocarpus*, *Girgensohnia diptera*, *Halimocnemis mollissima*, *Halocharis hispida*, *Halocnemum strobilaceum*, *Halothamnus auriculus*, *Henrardia persica*, *Hornungia procumbens*, *Psylliostachys leptostachya*, *P. myosuroides*. *P. suworowii*, *Samolus valerandi*, *Sclerochloa woronowii*, *Sophora lehmanni*, *Spergularia marina*, *Sphenopus divaricatus*, *Tetracme bucharica*, *Tetradiclis tenella* and a number of *Suaeda* species (Photo 24).

**Photo 24.** The community with domination of *Psylliostachys leptostachya* and *P. suworowii* on salt marshes near Vose in southern Tajikistan.

As a result of succession changes these herbaceous communities became a shrubby vegetation with *Anabasis eriopoda*, *A. aphylla*, *A. truncata*, *A. turkestanica*, *Halostachys belangeriana, Haloxylon persicum*, *Kalidium caspicum*, *K. schrenkianum*, *Limonium reniforme*, *Salsola orientalis, S. richteri* and *Seidlitzia rosmarinus*. They develop within the same geobotanical regions in a mosaic of semi-deserts (Photo 25) and are also in close contact with riverbed shrubs with *Tamarix* spp. domination.

**Photo 25.** The shrubs on saline soils with *Zygophyllum ferganense* and *Ephedra strobilacea* near Asht in Fergana Valley.

Signifcantly distinct are salt marshes at high altitudes in Eastern Pamir. Species poor, with low vegetation cover they inhabit a shoreline of alpine ponds and lakes as well as along rivers. They consist of species adapted to extremely harsh environment – for example *Limbarda salsoloides*, *Artemisia macrocephala*, *Dilophia salsa*, *Polygonum sibiricum* var*. thomsonii*, *Puccinellia gigantea*, *P. humilis*, *P. pamirica*, *Suaeda olufsenii*, *Taraxacum atrans* and others (Photo 26).

Additionally, the salt marsh vegetation of Pamir-Alai is completed by salt meadows and mats with *Lysimachia maritima* or *Halerpestes sarmentosa*.

**Photo 26.** High altitude salt marshes with *Puccinellia* spp. in the Eastern Pamir.

#### CUSHION-TRAGACANTHIC SCRUBS

This type of vegetation reveals a strong altitudinal distinction. In the arid land of Eastern Pamir, the cushion-tragacanthic communities inhabit a gentle slopes with underdeveloped soil, often almost on barelands, screes or crests. They can be compared to *Carici-Genistetalia lobelii* occurring in the Mediterranean mountains, in the area of Sardinia or Corsica (Mucina et al., 2016). The communities are composed of sclerophyllous dwarf shrubs and cushion scleromorphic perennials, often accessorised with thorns. They are resistant to strong wind exposition, long winters with extremely low temperatures minima (up to -50 ºC) and are able to thrive during short growing period on alkaline bedrocks with very scarce organic matter content. They can reach up to 4,500 m a.s.l. (communities with *Acantholimon korolkovii*, *A*. *pamiricum* or *Eremogone griffthii*, *Gypsophila herniarioides*; Photo 27). In lower elevations (ca. 1,600–2,800 m a.s.l.) the *Onobrychis cornuta* community fnds its suitable habitat.

Although this type of cushion sparse vegetation reaches its optimum in the highest alpine belt, it

**Photo 27.** Slopes with *Gypsophila herniarioides* community near Murghab in the Eastern Pamir (ca. 4,500 m a.s.l.).

can also be found in montane and subalpine belts of Pamir-Alai. Here, communities of *Acantholimon tataricum*, *Astragalus lasiosemius*, *Onobrychis cornuta*, *O*. *echidna*, *Acantholimon diapensioides*, *A*. *hedinii*, *Cousinia pannosa*, *C*. *franchetii* and *Astracantha* spp. are the most widespread phytocoenoses (Photo 28).

The cushion-tragacanthic vegetation often has patchy physiognomy and occurs in a mosaic with cryophytic grasslands formed by *Stipa orientalis*, *S*. *glareosa*, *S*. *caucasica* and *S*. *turkestanica*.

In the colline belt several anthropogenic plant communities of thorny, sclerophytic species have been defned. They differ considerably in terms of species composition and phenology, having the blooming phase in late spring and summer. The most frequent and abundant species assigned to this type of sclerophytic vegetation are *Cousinia fedtschenkoana*, *C*. *sarawschanica*, *C*. *splendida*, *C*. *stephanophora*, *C*. *verticillaris*, *C*. *bonvalotii*, *C*. *franchetii* and others.

The vegetation of sclerophytic cushion plants is still being investigated and little is known about its diversity and distributional patterns.

**Photo 28.** Community with *Cousinia pannosa* on the slope of Darvaz Range above the Khoburobod Pass (ca. 3,650 m a.s.l.).

#### TALL FORBS

This type of thermophilous fringe and tall-herb vegetation seems to be one of the most important and distinct vegetation in the Middle Asia and Pamir-Alai. Despite the fact that plant communities on mesic habitats dominated by species representing Apiaceae family are known from other territories of the Irano-Turanian province, or even from southeastern Europe (compare *Dictamno albi-Ferulagion galbaniferae* from the Illyrian and Balkan regions), in montane and subalpine belts of Pamir-Alai so-called 'umbelipherniki' (plants of the Apiaceae family) are at their optimum and most diverse (Korovin, 1961, 1962; Stanyukovich, 1982). They manifest some similarities to mesic scree-pebble vegetation in lower elevations, but are more species rich and need more fertile substrates.

The phytosociological work on this vegetation is still not completed in Tajikistan, however, it is possible to mention several most prominent plant communities.

In the montane belt the lush and species rich tall forbs with *Inula verticillaris*, *Amberboa turanica*, *Astragalus retamocarpus*, *A. sieversianus*, *Asyneuma argutum*  subsp*. baldshuanicum*, *Cousinia leptacantha*, *C. macilenta*, *C. ulchella*, *Eremurus candidus*, *Ferula clematidifolia*, *F. vicaria*, *Ligusticum discolor*, *Paulita ovczinnikovii*, *Stubendorffa aptera* and *S. orientalis* are widely distributed (Photo 29). They inhabit the slopes typical

**Photo 29.** The feshy tall forbs with *Inula grandifora* in the Darvaz Range near Dashtijum National Park.

for 'shiblyak' and deciduous forest zone, mainly in the Hissar, Darvaz and Peter the First ranges.

Higher altitudes between 1,500 and 2,500 m a.s.l. offer suitable conditions for communities with *Asyneuma grandifora*, *Dictamnus albus*, *D. tadshikorum*, *Eremurus aitchisonii*, *E*. *comosus*, *E*. *robustus*, *Exochorda racemosa*, *Ferula karategina*, *F. kokanica*, *F*. *linczevskii*, *F. ovina*, *F. samarcandica*, *Fritillaria eduardii*, *F. olgae*, *F. regelii*, *Galatella hissarica*, *Geranium regelii*, *Iris hoogiana*, *Lathyrus mulkak*, *Ligularia thomsonii*, *Lophanthus ouroumitanensis*, *Megacarpaea gigantea*, *Paeonia intermedia*, *Phlomoides lehmanniana*, *Prangos pabularia*, *Rumex pamiricus*, *R. paulsenianus*, *Senecio olgae, Vicia tenuifolia*  and *Wikstroemia alberti* (Photo 30).

**Photo 30.** The spectacular tall forbs with *Eremurus robustus* in Darvaz Range near Khost.

In the Eastern Pamir and at the highest elevations of the Western Pamir-Alai ranges, mostly above 3000m, the cryophytic tall forbs are dominated by *Aconogonon hissaricum, A. zaravschanicum Delphinium oreophilum*, *Doronicum turkestanicum*, *Euphorbia monocyathium*, *Geranium himalayense*, *Megacarpaea gracilis*, *Polygonum coriarium*, *P. songaricum* and *Rumex nepalensis* (Photo 31).

**Photo 31.** The tall forbs with *Delphinium oreophilum*, *Lindelofa stylosa* and *Hedysarum ferganense* var*. poncinsii* in high elevation of Eastern Pamir near Alichur.

There are also azonal tall herb vegetation along rivers and streams in Tajikistan. A showy example is the community with *Heracleum lehmannianum* that creates a lush vegetation in the Hissar and Zeravshan

**Photo 32.** Community of *Caragana jubata* in the Alai Range.

ranges. A very distinct tall forb community is coined by the stands of *Caragana jubata* (Photo 32). Its relation to scrub or scree vegetation of the alpine belt is still unresolved but, due to its physiognomy, species richness, plant cover and biomass, it seems that this community should be included in forb vegetation.

#### *Steppe vegetation*

Steppes form one of the most prominent biomes in the Middle Asia thanks to the continental climate with warm and dry summers and severe, cold winters that do not support tree growth. Environmental conditions with a long pastoral tradition have brought about the extensive area in montane, subalpine and even alpine belts covered by vast steppes (Nowak et al., 2018; Werger & van Staalduinen, 2012). The steppes of Tajikistan can be divided into three main types depending on soil profle and altitude.

#### *High-altitude arid steppes*

These sparse grassy phytocoenoses occupy the highest and driest sites, at altitudes ranging from ca. 1,700–4,100 m a.s.l. The vegetation has patchy physiognomy forming loose stands dominated by graminoids and develops on vast, fat areas of cold semi-deserts. In the eastern Pamir-Alai community of *Serratula procumbens-Stipa caucasica* subsp. *desertorum* (fat sandy and gravely substrates with *Serratula procumbens*  and *Eremopyrum distans*) and association of *Astragalo chomutowii-Stipetum subsessiliforae* (with *Ephedra regeliana*, *Acantholimon hedinii*, *Euphorbia tranzschelii*, *Androsace dasyphylla*) were distinguished (Nowak et al., 2018). Both steppe types are species poor (mean species number per plot is ca. 9) with herb cover reaching 40%, and develop on sites with low organic matter content (Photo 33).

In western Tajikistan – mainly in the Zeravshan and Turkestan ranges – the association of *Stipetum drobovii* was reported (Nowak, Nowak, et al., 2016a). The species grows at altitudes from 1,350 to 2,250 m and forms a low, sparse steppe closely related to alpine scree phytocoenoses and semi-deserts. Apart from the dominant *Stipa drobovii* var. *drobovii*, also other alpine species contribute to the communities. They include: *Artemisia porrecta, A. persica, Stipa drobovii*  var*. iskanderkulica*, *Elaeosticta hirtula*, *Ferula foetidissima*, *Phlomoides speciosa*, *Piptatherum songaricum* and *Veronica intercedens* (Photo 34)*.*

**Photo 33.** The sparsy stands of *Stipa glareosa* and *S. orientalis* on gravely substrates in Eastern Pamir near Alichur.

**Photo 34.** *Stipetum drobovii* on the slope of the Fann Mts. near Iskander-kul Lake.

#### *Dry, thermophilous steppes of montane and subalpine belt*

This type of steppe vegetation develops on slopes in colline and montane belts at altitudes between 600 and 1,800 m a.s.l. They can have typical graminoid physiognomy or consist mainly of dwarf shrubs. On the southern slopes in the Fergana Valley and northern gentle slopes of the Alai range, the association of *Convolvuletum spiniferi* was found. This patchy, dwarfshrub steppe also includes herbaceous plants such as: *Alyssum dasycarpum*, *Artemisia persica*, *Bromus lanceolatus*, *Eremurus sogdianus*, *Taeniatherum caput-medusae* subsp*. crinitum*, *Stipa drobovii* var. *iskanderkulica*, *Erysimum diffusum*, *Sanguisorba alpina* and *Lomelosia olivieri.* It develops on gravelly substrates and has a total herb cover of about 30–70%.

A typical graminoid steppe is the community of *Elytrigia trichophora-Linum corymbulosum.* It is a thermophilous vegetation growing on gentle slopes at altitudes of 1,600-2,500 m a.s.l. preferring substrates with a well-developed organic soil layer and scarce amount of gravel debris. The most important species of this steppe are *Achillea arabica*, *Alyssum dasycarpum*, *Bromus oxyodon*, *Bothriochloa ischaemum*, *Centaurea besseriana*, *Diarthron vesiculosum*, *Elaeosticta hirtula*, *Eremurus tianschanicus*, *Velezia rigida* and *Ziziphora interrupta*.

At the same altitudes the association of *Stipo magnifcae-Otostegietum olgae* grows on hillsides and escarpments with considerable inclination of ca. 20– 50º (Photo 35). The substrate is loamy, deep, often of a reddish colour with scarce content of organic matter. Despite the diagnostic species, the most prominent contributors of this association are *Aegilops triuncialis*, *A. cylindrica*, *Artemisia kochiiformis*, *Bromus danthoniae*, *Carthamus lanatus, Elymus cognatus*, *Haplophyllum ferganicum*, *Silene brahuica, Stipa hohenackerana*, *S. arabica* and *Ziziphora tenuior.* This is one of the riches steppe community in Pamir-Alai, sometimes having more than 35 species in a particular plot.

On northern and western slopes of the Hissar, Zeravshan and Turkestan Mts. (western Pamir-Alai), the association of *Stipetum lipskyi* was noted at elevations of ca. 1,100–1,650 m a.s.l. (Photo 36). It consists of *Aphanopleura capillifolia*, *Artemisia persica*, *Boissiera squarrosa*, *Chardinia orientalis*, *Eremopyrum bonaepartis*, *Poa bulbosa, Stipa hohenackeriana, Taeniatherum caput-medusae* subsp*. crinitum, Vulpia persica, Ziziphora tenuior* and develops on slopes with a considerable

**Photo 35.** *Stipo magnifcae-Otostegietum olgae* growing on hillsides in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley.

amount of organic soil content with very insignifcant gravel debris amount (Nowak, Nowak, et al., 2016a).

#### *Mountain steppes of semi-arid areas*

This type of steppe vegetation occupies fat and wide valleys located at high altitudes in northern Pamir-Alai. In the alpine belt of the Alai Valley, the association of *Littledaleo alaicae-Stipetum trichoidis* inhabits vast

**Photo 36.** *Stipetum lipskyi* on northern slopes of the Zeravshan Mts. near Veshan.

terraces of rivers. It has a typical physiognomy of 'grassy' steppe with total cover of 60–90% and is built mainly by *Artemisia sieversiana*, *Astragalus kokandensis*, *Carex turkestanica*, *Festuca rupicola*, *Galium tianschanicum*, *Leymus secalinus*, *Seriphidium skorniakovii*, *Stipa arabica*, *S. glareosa*, *S. krylovii* and *Stipa turkestanica* subsp. *trichoides* (Photo 37).

**Photo 37.** The association of *Littledaleo alaicae-Stipetum trichoidis* in the Alai Valley.

Another steppe association able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions is *Helictotricho fedtschenkoi-Stipetum kirghisori.* It occupies slightly more fertile sites and reaches higher total plant cover. The association plots were found at slightly lower altitudes of 2,300–3,500 m a.s.l. in the eastern Alai Mts. The plots of *Helictotricho fedtschenkoi-Stipetum kirghisori* are moderately rich in species with alpine and scree plants including *Artemisia rutifolia*, *Astragalus nivalis*, *Dracocephalum komarovii*, *Potentilla bifurca* var*. humilior*, *P. hololeuca*, *Stipa caucasica* and *Poa relaxa* as the most frequent.

In western Pamir-Alai, in high montane and alpine belts of the Zeravshan Mts., phytocoenoses of *Stipetum jagnobicae* occupy the gentle slopes with frm, stable surfaces at altitudes between 1,730 and 2,450 m a.s.l. *Stipetum jagnobicae* has the total cover of the herb layer between 50 and 85% and is moderately species rich (ca. 20 taxa per plot). The most important are *Astragalus sarytavicus*, *Ceratocephala testiculata* and *Rochelia cardiosepala*.

*Stipetum margellanicae* known from the Peter the First, Turkestan and Ak-tau Mts., is a plant association closely related to tall-herb vegetation. This steppe develops on gentle slopes of wide valleys on stable ground fully covered by organic soil layer at altitudes from 2,000 to 2,260 m a.s.l. It is formed by *Allium barsczewskii*, *Astragalus krauseanus*, *A. mucidus*, *Carex stenophylla* subsp*. stenophylloides, C*. *turkestanica*, *Centaurea besseriana*, *Crepis trichocephala*, *Erysimum diffusum*, *Poa bulbosa* and *S. capillata.*

Additionally, in the Pamir-Alai a number of steppe communities with domination of *Artemisia* species occur. They considerably differ depending on altitude, geographical range and organic matter content in the soil profle. The preliminary studies of mugwort steppes reveal distinct communities of *Artemisia baldshuanica*, *A. ferganensis* and *A. turanica* in the colline belt, *Artemisia glanduligera* and *A. prolixa* in the montane belt and *Artemisia korovinii*, *Seriphidium korshinskyi* and *S. skorniakovii* in the high alpine belt (Photo 38).

Russian authors (e.g. Ovchinnikov, 1957; Stanyukovich, 1982) defne a distinct type of vegetation named 'timianniki'. It includes plant communities dominated by representatives of the Lamiaceae family (e.g. *Hyssopus seravschanicus*, *Moluccella* spp., *Origanum tyttanthum, Perovskia* spp., *Salvia* spp., *Ziziphora* spp.). In our opinion it is a kind of thermophilous or montane genuine steppe. Probably they are closer to similar steppe meadows of *Galietalia veri* known from the forest-steppe zone of southern Siberia (Mirkin & Naumova, 2012).

#### PSEUDOSTEPPES

#### *Colline and lowland pseudosteppes*

This type of vegetation was recently defned in Tajikistan as thermo-mesomediterranean secondary perennial pseudosteppes on deep calcareous soils of colline and montane belts in mediterraneanlike climates (including Irano-Turanian) with a long dry summer period (Świerszcz et al., 2020). They extend mainly in south-western Pamir-Alai and in the northern slopes of the Fergana Valley. They are characterised by high total plant cover (ca. 80–90%) and have a blooming peak early in spring (April–May; Photo 39). Then, they almost disappear during the

**Photo 38.** Mugwort steppe dominated by *Artemisia ferganensis* in the colline belt of Fergana Range.

**Photo 39.** Meadow with *Koelpinia macrantha* near Panj in southern Tajikistan.

very hot summer and are subsequently grazed again in autumn – almost to the bare ground in some years. These vegetation grows mainly on loessic or organic, fertile soil with calcareous bedrock, where the terminal stage of vegetation is shrubland. In the Middle Asia it occurs in the western foothills of Pamir-Alai, the Fergana Valley and the western slopes of the Tian-Shan Mts. The most prominent species that has formed this type of grasslands are *Hordeum bulbosum*, *Cynodon dactylon*, *Taeniatherum caput-medusae* subsp*. crinitum*, *Avena sterilis* subsp*. ludoviciana* , *Carex pachystylis*, *Vulpia persica*, *Poa bulbosa*, *Brachypodium distachyon*, *Aegilops tauschii*, *Bromus sterilis*, *Lolium persicum*, *Dactylis glomerata*, *Plantago lanceolata*, *Bothriochloa ischaemum* and *Astragalus retamocarpus*.

In some patches *Medicago* species (e.g. *Medicago rigidula*, *M*. *minima*), or *Aphanopleura capillifolia*, *Eremurus bucharicus*, *E. suworowii* and *Bunium persicum* dominate. To date, a number of pseudostepe types have been distinguished, among others *Eremuretum bucharicae*, *Hordeo bulbosi-Astragaletum retamocarpi*, *Potentillo orientalis-Eremuretum fuscae*, *Achnathero caraganae-Delphinietum semibarbati* and *Eremuro tianschanicae-Delphinietum biternatae* (Świerszcz et al., 2020; Photos 40-43). The species richness of these communities can be high, reaching on average ca. 40 species per plot. In the northern and north-eastern slopes of the Fergana Valley, the species richness of pseudosteppe phytocoenoses is slightly smaller. The dominant

**Photo 41.** Pseudosteppe with *Eremurus suworowii* on slopes of Ak-Tau Range in southern Tajikistan.

**Photo 40.** Pseudosteppe with *Eremurus albertii* near Vose in southern Tajikistan.

**Photo 42.** The community of *Eremurus korshinskyi* in the Western Pamir near Khuf.

**Photo 43.** The *Eremuro tianschanicae-Delphinietum biternatae* on the southern slopes of Kyrgyz range near Toktogul.

species are more or less the same, however, the species composition reveals the dryer and more continental conditions as the more frequent plants include: *Arenaria serpyllifolia*, *Festuca valesiaca*, *Carex turkestanica*, *Galium pamiroalaicum*, *Centaurea pulchella*, *Erigeron petroiketes*, *Festuca pratensis* and *Kalimeris altaica*.

Additionally, another type of pseudosteppe was distinguished for more disturbed habitats. It is called Circum-Mediterranean calciphilous annual and ephemeroid grassland with a considerable contribution of annuals. In Tajikistan it is represented by *Cryptosporo falcatae-Brachypodietum distachyi*. This association occupies the warmest habitats in Tajikistan, however at a slightly higher elevation, mainly in montane belt. Since it occurs on steep slopes, the plant cover is low, and the bare land can be easily inhabited by annuals. The main contributors to the vegetation patches are *Aphanopleura capillifolia*, *Aristida adscensionis*, *Arnebia coerulea*, *Bromus lanceolatus*, *Bromus oxyodon*, *B. tectorum*, *Cryptospora falcata*, *Galium nupercreatum*, *Hypogomphia bucharica*, *Koelpinia linearis*, *Vulpia persica* and many others. This community is used as moderately grazed pasture for sheep and goats (Photo 44).

**Photo 44.** *Cryptosporo falcatae-Brachypodietum distachyi* on the slopes of Babatag Mts. near Obi-kiik.

Pseudosteppes are an important habitat for decorative tulips such as: *Tulipa hissarica*, *T. kaufmanniana*, *T. linifolia*, *T. maximowiczii*, *T. praestans*, *T*. *subpraestans* and others.

#### MEADOWS AND PASTURES

The mesophilous grasslands are one of the most prominent vegetation type in Tajikistan, extending along all the ranges and creating a distinct phytocoenoses from colline to alpine belt. They are still being investigated and require further detailed studies to uncover their diversity and distribution patterns. However, preliminary studies on meadowlike phytocoenoses in south-western Tajikistan reveal their extreme richness in species composition (up to 80 species per plot); this is due to a large species pool and extensive management with mixed pastoralmowing scheme. At the other site, in Eastern Pamir, the highly elevated matts and swards reveal extremely species poor composition.

#### *Alpine swards and pastures*

The alpine belt stretching approximately between 2,700 and 4,000 m a.s.l. offers a suitable condition for grassland formation as the precipitation amount is suitably distributed across the year and relatively high (ca. 600–1,000 mm annually). It is diffcult to distinguish the main meadow and pasture types of this zone without a detailed study. Inevitably they occur as a complex patchy mosaic and depend on microhabitat patterns and temporary change of management conducted by local people (Afanasjev, 1956; Sidorenko, 1971).

The alpine swards consists of a number of species, including *Achillea bucharica*, *Aconitum rotundifolium*, *Agrostis canina*, *Anemone narcissifora* subsp*. protracta*, *Aster alpinus* var*. serpentimontanus*, *Calamagrostis alajica*, *Eritrichium villosum*, *Gagea jaeschkei*, *G. leucantha*, *G. olgae*, *G. setifolia*, *Hedysarum cisdarvasicum*, *Lagotis ikonnikovii*, *Linum olgae*, *Lloydia serotina*, *Myosotis alpestris*, *Paeonia intermedia*, *Pedicularis sarawschanica*, *Pedicularis verae*, *Polygala comosa*, *Pulsatilla campanella, Silene uralensis*  subsp*. petala* and *Tulipa turkestanica* (Photos 45, 46).

**Photo 45.** The alpine sward with *Gentiana algida* in the Eastern Pamir near Kara-kul Lake.

**Photo 46.** The alpine pasture with *Crocus korolkowii* in Varzob River Valley in Hissar Mts.

In the Hissar-Darvaz Mts. a very distinct phytocoenosis is built by *Potentilla fabellata* and *P. crantzii*. Patches of this phytocoenosis are sporadically mown or grazed. As far as life spectrum and species composition is considered, some of these patches resemble the species-rich alpine rarely mown and extensively grazed swards from *Onobrychido-Seslerietalia* order that is known from southern Europe.

The typical alpine pastures in Pamir-Alai are dominated by *Adonis turkestanica*, *Alopecurus mucronatus*, *Carex borii*, *Cerastium falcatum*, *Cirsium acaule*, *Crepis multicaulis*, *C. oreades*, *Deschampsia koelerioides*, *Gagea minutissima*, *Geum kokanicum*, *Inula rhizocephala*, *Lagotis korolkowii*, *Ligularia alpigena*, *L. heterophylla*, *L. narynensis*, *Lindelofa olgae*, *Persicaria vivipara*, *Poa albertii* subsp*. albertii*, *P. alpina*, *P. tianschanica*, *P. tibetica*, *Polygonum turkestanicum*, *Sibbaldianthe bifurca* subsp*. orientalis*, *Taraxacum atrans, T. badachschanicum*, *T. behzudicum*, *T. brevirostre*, *T. karakoricum*, *T. leucanthum*, *T. luridum*, *T. minutilobum*, *T. schugnanicum*, *Tripleurospermum disciforme* and *Viola tianschanica*. They are grazed in the summer period with different intensity depending on the distance from the human settlements and altitude (Photos 47-51).

**Photo 47.** Pastures with *Ranunculus alajensis* in the alpine belt of the Hissar Mts.

At high altitudes, there are also a distinct and species poor mats with domination of *Kobresia capillifolia*, *K*. *humilis*, *K. royleana* and *K. schoenoides*, representing in the subnival and alpine belt of Pamir-Alai windexposed low grasslands on base-rich substrates

**Photo 48.** Alpine pasture with *Ligularia heterophylla* in the Pastrud River Valley (in the Zeravshan Mts).

**Photo 51.** The alpine pasture with *Lagotis korolkowii* in Takob Valley in Hissar Mts.

**Photo 49.** Alpine pasture with domination of *Adonis turkestanica* in Fann Mts. near Sarytog.

**Photo 50.** The pasture with *Carum carvi* in the Zeravshan Mts.

**Photo 52.** *Kobresia capillifolia* – component of heavily grazed pastures in high elevations of the Eastern Pamir.

(Photos 52, 53). They are similar to those representing *Oxytropido-Elynetalia* order and the most closely related to *Kobresion capilliformis* reported from the Caucasus (a chionophobous summit graminoid mountain tundra of the highest altitudes). In Tajikistan, the extensively grazed *Kobresia* mats occur in Eastern Pamir but also in the highest, subnival zones of Western Pamir-Alai.

Additionally, in lower elevations of the Turkestan and Hissar Mts. one can distinguish some boggy meadows that share numerous species with fens and tall-herb vegetation. Their plots are often dominated by *Thermopsis dolichocarpa* or *Geranium collinum*.

**Photo 53.** Overgrazed pastures in the northern Alai foothills.

#### SUBNIVAL VEGETATION

The cryophytic vegetation of the harshest environments (so-called 'pustosha' and cryophyton) climb up to the highest summits of the Eastern Pamir up to 5,600 m a.s.l. The environmental conditions here are very unsuitable for vegetation; however, more than 250 vascular plants species (e.g. *Aphragmus oxycarpus* or *Nepeta longibracteata*), have been reported from the subnival belt that ranges between 4,400 to 5,600 m a.s.l. These unfamiliar habitats are characterised not only by extremely high temperature amplitudes and lowest minimum temperature in winter up to -60 ºC, but also by high solar radiation – and particularly UV-B radiation – that can be more than 100% more intense than in the valleys (see Leuschner & Ellenberg, 2017). Moreover, the daily frost even in summer, the scarce soils and nutrient availability combined with solifuction, longlasting and deep snow cover, slabs, avalanches in some land formation and strong winds make this area one of the most unfavourable for plant life.

One of the most distinctive vegetation types of the highest elevations in Tajikistan are the snow-bed mats and patchy alpine swards that can be compared to *Hyalopoion ponticae* known from the Caucasus (the *Salicetea herbaceae* class). There is no detailed division into calcicole and calcifuge communities for Pamir Mts., however, inevitably several types of subnival patchy swards or mats were found. The most important components of this vegetation are *Astragalus heterodontus*, *Dracocephalum paulsenii*, *Erigeron heterochaeta*, *Lagotis decumbens*, *L. globosa*, *Leontopodium fedtschenkoanum*, *L. nanum*, *Oxytropis humifusa*, *O. immersa*, *O. leucocyanea*, *O. michelsonii*, *O. savellanica*, *Pedicularis amoenifora*, *P. dubia*, *Saussurea caprifolia*, *S. gilesii Scrophularia incisa* and *Smelowskia calycina* (Photo 54).

**Photo 54.** The alpine meadows with *Nepeta pamirensis* and *Oxytropis savellanica* in the upper sections of the Ghunt Valley near Jelandi.

They develop on slopes or mountain tops with some organic matter cover, fairly humid soil profle and snow cover that persists for several months.

In more arid places with no or very short snow cover, gravelly or even scree substrate communities of chionophobus habitats develop. They are species poor with a short blooming period, as is also the

**Photo 55.** Community of *Nepeta longibracteata* and *Erigeron* sp. in Akbaytal Pass in the Eastern Pamir (ca. 4,700 m a.s.l.).

whole vegetation season lasting from late June to early September. The most prominent species of these communities are *Acantholimon diapensioides*, *Astragalus alitschuri*, *A. djilgensis*, *A. nivalis*, *A. pamirensis*, *Chorispora songarica*, *Hedysarum ferganense* var*. poncinsii*, *Oxytropis immersa*, *O. trichosphaera*, *O. vermicularis*, *Saussurea kuschakewiczii* and *Sisymbriopsis mollipila*.

There is also typical snow-bed and moraine vegetation that develops in unstable, often destroyed sites close to glacier fringes or on the northern exposition with snow cover lasting for almost the whole year. They are extremely species poor with 2–5 taxa per plot. The most frequent contributors of this vegetation are *Saussurea glacialis, S. gnaphalodes*, *Desideria himalayensis* and *D. pamirica*.

Under the rock faces, in wide rock ledges or crevices with some soil content, the rudimental subnival communities typical of rupiculous habitats are noted. They consist of plants such as: *Nepeta longibracteata*, *Euphorbia kanaorica*, *Acantholimon tianschanicum*, *Corydalis inconspicua*, *Erigeron brachyspermus*, *Leiospora pamirica* and *Sibbaldia tetrandra*  (Photo 55).

#### FENS AND SPRINGS

#### *Fen communities*

The mountainous fens of Tajikistan are moderately rich in species and dominated by sedges, some grasses as well as dicots representing the *Dactylorhiza* spp., *Primula* spp., *Euphrasia* spp. and *Gentiana* spp. genera. The most widespread fen association in the studied area is *Eleocharido quinqueforae-Primuletum iljinski* found in the alpine and subalpine belts of western Pamir-Alai. The association has been recorded frequently in the Zeravshan, Darvaz, Funn, Peter the First, Hissar and Turkestan Mts. at altitudes from 1,500 to 3,100 m a.s.l. Diagnostic species of this vegetation are *Eleocharis quinquefora, Parnassia laxmannii* and *Primula iljinskii.* Additionally, frequent co-occurring plants are *Blysmus compressus*, *Carex orbicularis*, *Dactylorhiza umbrosa*, *Euphrasia pectinata*, *Geranium collinum*, *Palustriella decipiens* and *Trifolium repens.* The mosses are not abundant in the community. They have the average cover of ca. 15% per plot (Nowak, Nobis, et al., 2016; Photo 56).

Species poor acidophilous fens with *Allium fedtschenkoanum* have been reported from gentle slopes or from the fat areas at much higher

**Photo 56.** The *Eleocharido quinqueforae-Primuletum iljinskii* in the Fann Mts. near Sarytog.

elevations (i.e. in the alpine belt, ca. 2,500 to 3,200 m a.s.l.) in Zeravshan, Hissar and Darvaz ranges. The most frequent and abundant species that contribute to this community are also: *Blysmus compressus*, *Bryum pseudotriquetrum*, *Carex orbicularis*, *Kobresia humilis*, *Philonotis calcarea*, *Pedicularis peduncularis*, *Phleum alpinum*, *Ranunculus alajensis* and *Trifolium repens*  (Photo 57).

**Photo 57.** The community with domination of *Allium fedtschenkoanum* at Khoburobod Pass in Darvaz Range.

In the eastern Pamir-Alai, the most broadly distributed fen type is a low mat of *Carex pseudofoetida*  (Photo 58). It occupies the highest elevations in the Zeravshan, Hissar and Darvaz Mts. and fairly often occurs in Pamirian ranges within the altitude between 2,500 and 4,200 m a.s.l. *Caricetum pseudofoetidae* was found on fat fen lawns on neutral, peaty, thin substrate layer with a scarce amount of mosses. The diagnostic species are *Alopecurus pratensis*, *Cerastium pusillum*, *Juncus infexus* subsp*. brachytepalus*, *Leontopodium ochroleucum*, *Potentilla tephroleuca*, *P. pamiroalaica* and *P. crantzii.*

**Photo 58.** The community with domination of *Saxifraga hirculus* and *Carex pseudofoetida* in the mires of the Eastern Pamir near Alichur.

 The only shrubby fen association known from Pamir-Alai is *Salicetum schugnanicae*, which occurs in the alpine belt of western Pamir-Alai at altitudes between 2,500 and 2,900 m a.s.l (Photo 59). The association patches are comparable to vegetation with *Salix lapponum* in Europe. *Salicetum schugnanicae* grows in gently sloping fen vegetation with seeping ground water and peaty, neutral soils. The most abundant species of the association are *Brachythecium mildeanum*, *Calliergonella cuspidata*, *Carex orbicularis*, *Equisetum arvense*, *Dactylorhiza umbrosa* and *Swertia juzepczukii*.

Additionally, in the Eastern Pamir, a range of communities that still need a classifcation were reported. Examples are communities with *Allium atrosanguineum*, *Trollius dschungaricus*, *Primula nivalis* var*.* 

**Photo 59.** *Salicetum schugnanicae* in Dzhidzhikrut Valley in the Hissar Mts.

*farinosa, P. pamirica*, *Pedicularis rhinanthoides*, *Viola altaica*  and *Oxytropis lehmanni.* Moreover, shrubby fens of *Salix coesia* and *Aconitum leucostomum-Caragana aurantiaca*  were identifed (Photo 60).

**Photo 60.** The mire vegetation with *Primula pamirica* in the Eastern Pamir.

#### *Spring communities*

In the montane to alpine belts, the most frequent spring community that occurs in close contact with tall herb vegetation is *Codonopsideto clematidi-Cortusetum turkestanicae*. Its patches were noted at altitudes ranging from 2,100 to 3,400 m in the Zeravshan, Hissar and Turkestan ranges (Photo 61). It forms a fush vegetation on side water outfows, sometimes through the stony scree with cobble materials. The plots are dominated by vascular species that reach up to 85%. The most prominent plants of this association include *Aquilegia vicaria*, *Cardamine densifora*, *Epilobium hirsutum*, *Heracleum lehmannianum*, *Hygroamblystegium tenax*, *Mentha longifolia var. asiatica* and *Palustriella decipiens.*

**Photo 61.** The spring community with *Cortusa matthioli* subsp*. turkestanica* in the Kara-kum Valley in the Fann Mts.

Much richer in mosses is the association of *Epilobio tianschanici-Bryetum schleicheri*, occurring exclusively in crenic, alkaline waters, and sometimes runs down along the upper section of brooks and rivulets. The plots are characterised by a moderate herb cover (ca. 60% per plot). The typical species found in the community are: *Agrostis gigantea*, *Bryum pseudotriquetrum*, *Equisetum arvense*, *Festuca rubra*, *Mentha longifolia* var*. asiatica*, *Veronica beccabunga* and *Scrophularia umbrosa* (Nowak, Nobis, et al., 2016)*.*

A kind of a verge community along brooks and small rivulets in the alpine belt is *Clementsietum semenovii*. Regarding the spring vegetation in the eastern Pamir-Alai that were identifed recently, communities of *Trollius liliacinus-Schultzia crinita* and *Ranunculus kamchaticus* should be mentioned.

#### LITTORAL AND AQUATIC VEGETATION

The area of Tajikistan with its alpine orography, ridges and fast-fowing rivers is not particularly suitable for littoral communities. However, as human activity has created a number of artifcial dams, reservoirs and paddy felds in the valley bottoms, littoral vegetation is represented by a number of plant communities. In the last decade about 30 plant communities have been identifed in the foothills of Pamir-Alai, mainly within the Syr Darya, Pyandzh, Zeravshan, Kafrnighan, Khanaka and Surkhandaria River Valleys. Seven littoral plant association, i.e.: *Scirpetum hippolytii*, *Mentho asiaticae-Nasturtietum microphyllae*, *Juncetum brachytepali*, *Sparganietum stoloniferi*, *Eleocharitetum argyrolepis*, *Eleocharitetum mitracarpae*, *Caricetum songaricae* and *Rorippo palustris-Alismatetum graminei* are reported as unique from this area (Nowak, Nowak, & Nobis, 2014; Photo 62).

**Photo 62.** Low littoral stand with domination of *Nasturtium microphyllum* in Zeravshan River Valley near Sudzhina.

There is no comprehensive study on aquatic communities occurring at higher elevations of the Pamir-Alai. The association of *Stuckenia amblyphylla*  was described from the alpine belt of the Zeravshan Mts. (Nowak & Nobis, 2012). In the Alichur River (eastern Pamir), a community of *Stuckenia pamirica* was noted. Additionally, a number of aquatic communities were reported in rice paddy felds. The *Potametea* class is represented by *Najadetum graminae*, *Potametum pusilli*, *Parvopotamo-Zannichellietum pedicellatae*, *Zannichellietum palustris* and *Potametum denso-nodosi* associations. While *Lemno minoris-Salvinion natantis* alliance and *Ceratophyllo-Azolletum fliculoidis* association represent the *Lemnetea* class (Nowak S., et al., 2013a; Photos 63, 64).

**Photo 63.** The association of *Stuckenia amblyphylla* in the alpine brook in the Zeravshan Mts.

**Photo 64.** *Potametum graminei* in the alpine ponds of the Trans-Alai Range.

Of particular interest are the plant communities that almost exclusively inhabit muddy felds of rice; they are included in *Oryzetea sativae* vegetation. In Pamir-Alai, *Ammanietum auriculato-multiforae*, *Bolboschoenetum planiculmis*, *Typho angustifoliae-Scirpetum mucronati* and *Sagittarietum trifoliae* have been identifed (Nowak, Nowak, & Nobis, 2014; Photo 65).

**Photo 65.** The association of *Schoenoplectiella mucronata* in the paddy felds near Hissor.

Vegetation of summer therophytes develops in the surroundings of artifcial water bodies and also on paddy felds. To date, *Symphyotricho graminifolii-Chenopodietum rubri* and the community of *Bidens frondosa* are known.

#### CHASMOPHYTIC VEGETATION

With more than 1,500 plant species the vegetation of rocks and screes is the most diverse in Tajikistan. It is also the most unique one, as ca. 70% of all endemic species contribute to this type of vegetation (Nowak, Nowak, et al., 2011). The richness observed in the rock vegetation is related to habitat heterogeneity, particularly long altitudinal gradient, variable geological substrates and extremely diversifed orography and relief of Pamir-Alai and Tian-Shan Mts.

#### *Vegetation of solid rock faces and fssures*

The phytocoenoses found in tiny fssures and on solid faces in higher altitudes (alpine and subnival) inhabit different geological substrates, such as limestone, dolomite, marble, granite, syenite, schist and gneiss; sometimes they also develop on rock ledges, coarse cracks and friable rocks. Recently, several associations typical for this habitat have been distinguished, e.g. *Sergietum regelii*, *Scutellarietum megalodontae*, *Scutellarietum rubromaculatae*, *Scutellarietum orbicularis*, *Campanuletum lehmannianae*, *Violetum majchurensis*, *Achoriphragmetum darvazici*, *Achoriphragmetum turkestanici*, *Asperuletum fedtschenkoi*, *Andrachnetum fedtschenkoi*, *Eritrichietum turkestanici*, *Minuartio litwinowii-Phaeonychietum surculosi*, *Silenetum kuhistanicae* and *Silenetum samarcandensis* (Nowak, Nowak, Nobis, et al., 2014b; Photo 66). Additionally, the preliminary studies in eastern Tajikistan reveal further well-defned communities, e.g.: *Corydalis bucharica-Hippolytia schugnanica*, *Inula schmalhausenii-Inula schischkinii*, *Draba darwasica*, *Fumariola turkestanica-Nepeta subhastata* and *Psychrogeton andryaloides*.

In montane and colline belts, additional eight associations have been distinguished, i.e.: *Scutellarietum his saricae*, *Scutellarietum schugnanicae*, *Scutellarietum zaprjagaevii*, *Scutellarietum baldshuanicae*, *Tylospermetum lignosae*, *Dionysietum involucratae*, *Nanorrhinetum ramosissimi*, *Campanuletum albertii* and the community of *Scutellaria adenostegia* have been distinguished. Besides the diag -

**Photo 66.** A diverse chasmophytic vegetation with *Dionysia involucrata* (a), *Tylosperma lignosa* (b), *Inula glauca* (c), *Dracocephalum imberbe* (d), *Dasiphora dryadanthoides* (e), *Scutellaria zaprjagaevii* (f) and *S. megalodonta* (g) developed on rocks in the Hissar and Zeravshan Mts.

nostic species, numerous other chasmophytes contribute to these phytocoenoses. The most frequent include *Campanula incanescens*, *Carex koshewnikowii*, *Poa relaxa*, *Parietaria judaica*, *Galium verticillatum, Syntrichia ruralis*, *Grimmia pulvinata* and *Bryum argenteum*.

#### *Vegetation of rock clefts and ledges*

Rock ledges and coarse crevices have a considerable amount of soil sediment, thus the relatively high nutrient content. These trophic conditions differentiate this habitat from the more arid tiny fssures and solid faces. As a result of resent feld research, seven chasmophytic associations have been distinguished in western Tajikistan: *Achoriphragmetum pinnatifdi*, *Asperulo albiforae*-*Stipetum zeravshanicae*, *Inuletum glaucae*, *Paraquilegietum anemonoidis*, *Pentanemetum albertoregeliae*, *Rhinactinidietum popovii* and *Saussureaetum ovatae*  (Nowak, Nowak, Nobis, et al., 2014a). Communities of *Allium oschaninii*, *Cephalopodum badachshanicum*, *Dracocephalum imberbe*, *Crepidifolium tenuifolium* and *Rubia tibetica* have been documented on ledges or large clefts in the Pamir.

On rock ledges and shelves a chasmophytic dwarf-shrub vegetation was also found. The example communities include *Spiraeetum baldschuanicae, Rhamnetum coriaceae, Pentaphylloidetum parvifoliae* (western Pamir-Alai) and *Pentaphylloidetum dryadanthoidis* (eastern Pamir-Alai) associations. Additionally, the community of *Ephedra glauca* and community of *Rhamnus minuta* were identifed.

#### *Fern-dominated communities*

On permanently moist and often shadowed overhangings and in deep crevices, fern vegetation dominates. Recently, *Cryptogrammetum stelleri* and *Soncho transcaspici-Adiantetum capilli-veneris* were described (Photo 67). On dry rocks of western Pamir-Alai, another fern-dominated communities are recorded. These include: *Asplenio-Ceterachetum offcinarum*, *Asplenio-Cystopteridetum fragilis*, *Asplenietum trichomanorutae-murariae* and *Cheilanthetum persicae* (Nowak, Nowak, et al., 2015).

**Photo 67.** *Soncho transcaspici-Adiantetum capilli-veneris* in shadow and wet rock niche in western Pamir near Qualay-khum.

#### *Scree vegetation*

In high montane and alpine belts on gravel, pebble, cobble and rock block slides and screes, nine associations, i.e. *Anaphallidetum zeravschanicae*,

**Photo 68.** *Angelicetum ternatae* on screes in the Gorna Matcha Valley in the Zeravshan Mts.

*Angelicetum ternatae* (Photo 68), *Feruletum foetidissimae*, *Feruletum koso-polianskyi* (Photo 70), *Feruletum sumbuli*, *Feruletum tenuisectae*, *Hedysaretum favescentis*, *Stellarietum turkestanicae* and *Tetrataenietum olgae* (Photo 69), as well as one subassociation, *Feruletum foetidissimae mediasietosum macrophyllae* were distinguished (Nowak, Nowak, et al., 2016b).

**Photo 69.** *Tetrataenietum olgae* in Iskander Darya River Valley near Sarytog.

Fairly rich in species and diverse is also the scree vegetation of the montane and colline belts in the Pamir-Alai. Eight phytocoenoses i.e. *Cousinietum corymbosae*, *Eremostachyetum tadschikistanicae*, *Cousinietum refractae*, *Caccinietum dubiae*, *Eremuretum sogdiani*, *Feruletum kuhistanicae*, *Zygophylletum atriplicoidis* and *Corydalidetum kashgaricae* have been recently described*.*

The classifcation of chasmophytic vegetation requires further study. In the last few years a number of communities have been identifed in the eastern Pamir. The main contributors to these communities are *Parrya schugnana*, *P. turkestanica, Waldheimia glabra*, *Eritrichium subjacquemontii*, *Potentilla agrimonioides*, *Allium tianschanicum*, *Lonicera pamirica* and *Corydalis gortschakovii*.

46

**Photo 70.** A diverse scree vegetation with *Eremurus turkestanicus* (a), *Ferula koso-poljanskyi* (b) and *Ferula grigoriewii* (c).

#### barley, 5% rye, 3% oat, 3% maize and 1% sorghum (Statistical Committee, 2006).

Segetal vegetation is relatively rich in species. In one plot up to 60 species were noted in the colline belt. Depending on altitude and soil fertility, four segetal associations were distinguished: *Eremodauco lehmannii-Lagonychietum farcti* (the most thermophilous) *Vicietum hyrcanico-peregrinae* (with patches located within colline and montane belts), *Asperugo*-*Cannabietum ruderalis* (colline to alpine belts) and *Lathyretum sativi* (subalpine and alpine belts) (Nowak S., et. al., 2013b). The most frequent species that contribute to these phytocoenoses are *Convolvulus arvensis*, *Chenopodium album*, *Galium spurium*, *Polygonum aviculare*, *Capsella bursapastoris*, *Roemeria refracta*, *Vaccaria hispanica*, *Lamium amplexicaule*, *Lepyrodiclis holosteoides*, *Scandix pecten-veneris*, *Veronica arguteserrata* and *Turgenia latifolia* (Photo 71).

#### SEGETAL VEGETATION

Tajikistan is a highly agrarian country with its rural population at more than 70%. Because of the mountainous landscape, only 28% of Tajik territory (14.3 million ha) is agricultural land. Of that ca. 21% (4.1 million ha) is arable land, 3% is under perennial crops (orchards and vineyards), and 76% is pasture and hay meadows. Cotton and wheat are the two main cash crops in Tajikistan, cultivated on nearly 70% of the cropped area. Of this, 36% is under wheat, 12%

**Photo 71.** Extensively cultivated arable felds in the Pamir-Alai Mts.

 Root crops vegetation in Tajikistan is represented by seven associations: *Convolvulo arvensis-Cyperetum rotundi*, *Daturo stramonii-Hibiscetum trioni*, *Setario pumilae-Sorghetum halepensi*, *Galinsogo-Setarietum*, *Equiseto arvensi-Xanthietum italici*, *Portulacetum oleracei* and *Brassico campestris-Lamietum amplexicauli* (Nowak & Nowak, 2013).

#### THE ENDEMISM OF FLORA IN TAJIKISTAN

Tajikistan is located in the boundary zone of phytogeographical regions. It has exceptionally variable orography and land relief with a great range of altitudinal belts. All these promote a high rate of endemism. Out of ca. 4,300 vascular plants naturally occurring in Tajikistan, about 1,400 species (ca. 35% of the fora) are endemics (*sensu stricto* and subendemics) (Nowak, Nowak, et al., 2011; Nowak & Nobis, 2010). These numbers are comparable with data from the literature for mountainous areas with a Mediterranean climate Médail & Verlaque, 1997) as



well as other Middle Asian countries, e.g. Afghanistan (Breckle, 2007). The extraordinary species richness of the Pamir-Alai can be additionally explained by the fact that during the Quaternary glaciations, ice sheets did not estroy the valley vegetation with mesophilous forests, which have become a refuge for Tertiary foras (Safarov, 2003).

The Tajik endemics belong to 60 families, and the richest in endemic taxa are families: Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Liliaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Boraginaceae Amarylidaceae and Ranunculaceae (Table 3). In 17 families, there is only a single endemic species, while Betulaceae, Iridaceae, Santalaceae and Liliaceae families are those with the highest proportion of endemic taxa.

There are no endemic families in Tajikistan, but 12 endemic and 14 subendemic genera are considered to be unique to the country (Table 4). The subendemic genera include species that generally occur in Pamir-Alai, however, also have stations in the western sections of the Tian-Shan ranges in Kyrgyzstan. The richest in endemic species is the genus *Astragalus*, with 173 endemic species. This is the richest in species genus in the world, having its centre of occurrence in Middle and Southwest Asia. The genus *Astragalus* is an important element of mountainous and steppe habitats. Its exceptional richness probably is related to niche diversifcation in the middle to late Pleistocene when environmental conditions in the mountain regions of Southwest and Central Asia cycled repeatedly between dry and more humid conditions (Bagheri et al., 2017).

Many endemics were also recorded in the genera *Cousinia*, *Allium*, *Oxytropis*, *Silene* and *Scutellaria*. The largest group of endemics in Tajikistan are herbaceous perennials (1,184 species). Much less numerous are bushes and shrubs (121), annual plants (93) and biennial plants (52). The lowest number of endemics is found amongst trees (35).

#### *Distribution patterns of endemic plants in Tajikistan*

The number of endemic plants varies between the geobotanical regions in Tajikistan. The richest in the number of endemic species are two areas in northwestern Tajikistan, i.e. the Hissaro-Darvasian A and Zeravshanian B regions (Figure 8).

**Table 4.** Endemic and subendemic genera in the fora of Tajikistan (after Nowak, Nowak, et al., 2011, supple mented).


**Figure 8.** Richness of endemic vascular taxa in geobotanical regions.

In the east, the highest number of endemic plants is noted in the East Tajikistanian A and West Pamirian B regions. As the areas of the geobotanical regions are different in size, the richness of endemics was weighted per area – 100 km2 . As a result, we discovered a different pattern of endemism hotspot distribution, with Hissaro-Darvasian F, Mogoltausian, Zeravshanian A, Turkestanian B, Hissaro-Darvasian A and B as the richest (Figure 9). In terms of the number of exclusive endemics, south Tajikistanian C leads, where 54 endemics have been noted.

**Figure 9.** Weighted per 100 km2 richness of endemic plants in geobotanical regions of Tajikistan.

Most endemics in Tajikistan are narrowly distributed and inhabit only one or two geobotanical subregions. Only a few were noted in more than 5 or 6 subregions. The maximum distribution was noted for *Heracleum lehmannianum*, *Korshinskya olgae* and *Linaria popovii* (which occur in more than 20 subregions). To the group of endemics which are characterised by a relatively wide distribution belong also *Amygdalus bucharica*, *Artemisia porrecta*, *Astragalus xanthomeloides* and *Aulacospermum roseum* (18 subregions) and *Dianthus crinitus* subsp*. tetralepis* (19 subregions).

The range size of endemic varies from around 486 to 111,489 km2 . Subendemics are characterised by signifcantly wider distributions. The range size of subendemics varies between 11,830 and 349,473 km2 . In the whole group of endemics, species with small ranges predominate.

The regional inequality in the concentration of endemics is a result of very varied land relief in Tajikistan and signifcant differences in elevation. The hotspots of endemic plants are located in medium height mountains with warm to moderately warm microclimate and high rainfall reaching up to 2,000 mm per year within geographically isolated mountains (see Agakhanjanz & Breckle, 2002). In the case of the East Pamirian region, the uniqueness of the fora is related to the distinct and arid climate. This is one of the harshest, driest and certainly most elevated regions of Tajikistan, separated from other regions by very high ranges that reach up to 7,500 m a.s.l. Both the extremity of climate and habitats specifcity are the main factors that infuence the distinctiveness of this fora (Tribsch & Schönswetter, 2003).

#### *Habitat preferences and altitudinal amplitude*

Endemic species are generally confned to one particular type of biotope or plant community. Occasionally, these species are listed in two similar vegetation types. Only in a few cases endemics have been found in several different habitats. *Pedicularis krylovii* has been noted in eight, and *Senecio franchetii* and *Solidago kuhistanica* in nine different types of habitats.

The highest number of endemic species have been reported from rocks and screes, but also from steppes and semi-savannas, alpine juniper forests, thermophilous shrubs ('shiblyak'), alpine meadows and dwarf bushes (Table 5). For the 430 endemics occurring exclusively in one vegetation type, the most important biotopes are rock habitats, alpine swards as well as steppe.

Habitats that harbour the highest number of endemic taxa are characterised by a patchy character, low plant coverage and low productivity. This confrms the rule that endemics are taxa with low ecological fexibility (Kruckeberg & Rabinowitz,


**Table 5.** Distribution of Tajik endemic species across habitats (after Nowak, Nowak, et al., 2011, supplemented.

1985) and competitiveness (Wilson & Keddy, 1986), preferring areas of loose and patchy communities, in early stages of succession or extreme habitats.

In Tajikistan, with increasing elevation, the number of native species frst increases up to the subalpine belt, and then decreases. This hump-shaped relationship is repeated as far as the percentage of endemic species is concerned. However, slightly skewed to the higher elevation in the alpine belt (Figure 10). When not weighted by area, this relation is typically hump-shaped with the most numerous group of endemics associated with an altitude of about 1,800, 2,000 and 2,500 m a.s.l. More than 400 endemic species occur in the zone between 1,500 and 2,000 m and more than 300 between 1,000 and 3,000 m (Figure 10).

When we relate the number of endemic species to altitudinal belts, the peak of the endemism in Pamir-Alai occurs in subalpine belts and then – according to the Rappaports rule that explains the wider ranges of species typical for higher altitudes – is decreasing. The same pattern holds for the number of endemics as well as their share in relation to the total fora (Figure 11).

This pattern is generally similar to other mountainous regions of the world, with the highest number of stenochorous taxa on medium elevations of the subalpine zone (Agakhanjanz & Breckle, 2002; Essl et al., 2009; Van der Werff & Consiglio, 2004).

A decrease in the number and share of endemics is seen in the nival zone, where a more severe microclimate prevails and the history of vegetation is

**Figure 10.** Altitudinal distribution of endemic vascular plant taxa shown as a number of endemics occurring in 100 m altitudinal belt.

**Figure 11.** The endemism of Tajikistan in relation to altitudinal zonation (a) and total plant richness (b).

considerably shorter (Agakhanjanz & Breckle, 1995). However, the relationship needs to be thoroughly analysed, and should take into account glacier cover and the land area of particular elevational belt.

#### CONSERVATION

There is no credible information about the number of vascular plant species, especially endemics, that shoud be considered as threatened or legally protected in Tajikistan. The repeatedly issued Red Book of the country includes frst 209 and later 239 vascular plant species (Hisorev, 2015; Narzikulov, 1988). Sixteen plant species are extinct in the territory of Tajikistan (Safarov, 2003). However, the evaluation of species was based on uncertain criteria and not in accordance with the IUCN recommendations. The number of taxa assessed as threatened in surprisingly low, as the threats from urbanisation, agriculture and climate change in the area are the strongest when compared to other regions of Central Asia. The mountains of the Pamir-Alai are particularly sensitive to climate change due to the low adaptive capacity of its ecosystems, and has already been affected by glacier melting related to mean temperature increase (Makhmadaliev et al., 2003). As we only consider the three mostly threatened habitats (Nowak, Nowak, et al., 2011), i.e. riverside forests, broad-leaved forests and alpine juniper forest, the number of potentially threatened taxa is more than 750. This shows the defciencies in fora conservation.

In addition, the gallery forests are under considerable threat due to clear cuttings and unconstrained use by local people. Only the Tigrovaya Balka National Park effectively protects the stands of *Populus pruinosa*. Tajik's natural heritage is under severe threat from climate change as well as habitat fragmentation and degradation. Around 50% of forests have disappeared in the past 100 years, which results in massive soil erosion and increased risk of landslides. Several types of riverside forests, e.g. those with stands of *Fraxinus sogdiana*, *Populus pruinosa* and *Platanus orientalis* have almost entirely vanished. Uncontrolled medicinal plant harvest also poses a signifcant threat to many species with small population sizes. In the last few years the government of Tajikistan has also started several hydroelectric investments and road construction projects. The population of the country is still growing and unsustainable use of natural resources is an increasing factor as a third of the population lives below the poverty line.

Large protected areas have been established in recent decades in the Pamir-Alai that cover ca. 22% of the country territory (Safarov, 2003). Additionally, a number of programs and strategies have been developed to enhance biodiversity conservation and management of protected areas. However, in practice, they are insuffciently managed. The areas representing category Ia of IUCN conservation areas are Strict Nature Reserves, so-called zapovedniki, that are assigned with staff and headquarters that are committed with conservation responsibilities within the area. In Tajikistan, four Strict Nature Reserves were established.

Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve is located in south-western foothills of Pamir-Alai in the confuence area of the Amu Darya and Vakhsh Rivers. It is devoted to protect riparian habitats of subtropical climatic zone, the former habitat of the Caspian Tiger. The second nature reserve is called Romit, It was created in 1956 in the area of Hissar Mts. The aim of conservation efforts here are the preservation of mid-altitude mountain ecosystems with extremely rich fora and fauna. The third nature reserve is Dashtidjum, designed for the protection of one of the most precious and unique biocoenoses in the Middle Asia with fashy broad-leaved forests, riverbed thickets and slope tall-herbs and semisavanna. The share of endemic species is the highest here if compared to other regions of the Pamir-Alai. Zorkul is the fourth nature reserve. It is located in the eastern Pamir around the quake lake. The area includes well sustained steppe, semi-desert as well as high-altitude pastures and meadows. The Zorkul depression with its lakes, wetlands, and surrounding mountains offer suitable habitats for birds. In 2001, this protected area was added to the Ramsar list of wetlands. Besides, it is also on the proposal list for future world heritage nominations (Diment et al., 2012). This area was designated as early as 1972 as a nature sanctuary (*zakaznik*). In 2000 it was extended to an area of 877 km² and upgraded to a Strict Nature Reserve (zapovednik, IUCN Category Ia).

Additionally, nineteen species management areas were established on the territory of Tajikistan. Unfortunately, they are rather not particularly devoted to plant protection. An exception is Almasi Zakaznik that was created for *Ungernia victoris* preservation. Other areas are Saivotin, Childukhtaron, Kusavlisai and Dashtijum Zakaznik that were established partly for juniper woods protection, and Zeravshan Zakaznik with the goal to preserve riverbed vegetation.

With ca. 26,000 km², the Pamir National Park is the largest among the protected areas in Tajikistan. It was founded in 1992 and added to UNESCO world heritage in 2013. The area comprises predominantly unsettled, mountainous landscape, including the Fedtchenko Glacier, which with a length of 77 km it is the biggest glacier in the Pamir and one of the longest valley glaciers outside the polar regions (Haslinger et al., 2007). The Pamir National Park is the only state park devoted to the protection of natural heritage. The Shirkent National Park was established mainly for the preservation of historical heritage.

Many protected areas in the Middle Asia were established under the Soviet government and their protection categories follow the Russian standards. About 220,000 km² of land is protected in the whole Middle Asia (UNEP 2014–2017) and the density of conservation sites is particularly high in the mountain regions. Despite application of protection system network in Tajikistan, the conservation efforts are not fully effective because governmental institutions are still not able to monitor and manage all the valuable plant populations and vegetation types. The compilation of an endangered species list with a brief description of species and their main threats (Hisorev, 2015) only slightly improves the situation. There is no law for the protection of plant species in Tajikistan. Even in strict nature reserves, shortages and staff absences cause serious problems with an effcient response to upcoming threats as, for example, mining in the Romit Valley and related road construction.

Raising the effectiveness of conservation in Pamir-Alai requires urgent action plans with the establishment of specifc priorities for the hotspots of plant diversity. The identifcation of a microhotspot within the global hotspot of Mountains of Central Asia is necessary, particularly for the most threatened ecosystems such as forests and grasslands. The need for a stronger national administration must be emphasised to deal with biodiversity conservation, which must involve the provision of fnancial support by international organisations. At the national level, the system of nature conservation should be improved so as to take better account of centres of endemism, as well as improving the connectivity of the ecological network and enhancing the adaptive capacity of the most sensitive areas by ensuring a balance between traditional management practices and economic growth of local economies. All these points would not be achievable without a through inventory of current species distribution, analyses of their population sizes and phenology changes. This knowledge is an indispensable but still neglected step in conservation actions in Tajikistan.

#### BIBLIOGRAPHY


*Conservation*, *142*(11), 2547–2558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biocon.2009.05.027


Asia, including a key to species identyfcation, an annoted checklist and phytogeographical analyses. *Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden*, *105*, 1–63. https://doi.org/10.3417/2019378


Tzvelev, N. N. (1976). *Zlaki SSSR*. Nauka.


Zapryagaeva, W. I. (1976). *Lesnyje resursy Pamiro-Alaja*. Nauka.

#### CATALOGUE OF PLANTS

Species were ordered alphabetically according to their Latin names within each family. Beside the Latin name and most commonly used synonyms, general distribution across phytogeographical regions, typical habitats, elevation range, fowering period, diagnostic remarks, map of the distribution of particular species in Tajikistan are presented.

#### ABBREVIATIONS:

Endemism: E – endemic species for Tajikistan, SE – subendemic species for Tajikistan, A – anthropogenic species.

Phytogeographical elements: I-T (Irano-Turanian), EI-T (East Irano-Turanian), E-S (Euro-Siberian), M (Mediterranian), S-S (Saharo-Sindian), S-A (Saharo-Arabian), C-A (Central Asian), Americ (American), Arctic (arctic), Austral (Australian), Himal (Himalayan), Orient (Oriental), Plurireg (a species with broad geographical distribution).

Usefulness: Foo (food), For (forage), Ind (industrial), Hou (household), Med (medicine), Orn (ornamental). Abbreviations in circles on the maps refer to a threat category of the species in Tajikistan according to Nowak

et al. (2020): CR (critically endangered), EN (endangered), VU (vulnerable), NT – (near threatened), LC (least concern), NE (not evaluated).

Species occurring in adjacent areas (absent in Tajikistan, but with potential to be found) are marked with bold line of the border of the possible range of a certain species.

#### **1. Alisma lanceolatum With.**

**Synonyms:** *Alisma stenophyllum* (Aschers. & Graebn.) Sam.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Littoral vegetation, aquatic vegetation, water bodies Elevational range: 800 - 950 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60(–90) cm high; stamens with long anthers, style longer than the ovary, leaves cuneate.

#### **2. Sagittaria trifolia L.**

Phytogeographical element: Orient, I-T, E-S Habitat: Fields, littoral vegetation, aquatic vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 950 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; leaves aerial at least when mature, sagittate, sheathing, apex acuminate to rounded, lateral lobes longer than the middle; inforescences racemose, in 3 to many whorls of 3 fowers, lower 1–3 whorls usually branched; fowers

unisexual; female fowers on lower 1–8 whorls, with short pedicels; male fowers with pedicels 0.5–1.5 cm. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **3. Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 550 - 750 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; tepals 4, rarely 5, green, ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1–2.5 mm, apex acuminate and pointed.

#### **4. Amaranthus blitum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Amaranthus lividus* L.

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 650 - 950 Flowering period: VIII - X Remarks: Therophyte; plant ascending, 10–30 cm high; leaf blade ovate 1.5–4.5 × 1–3 cm, base cuneate, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex notched, with a mucro; seeds black to brownish-black, circular, ca. 1.2 cm in diameter. Usefulness: For.

#### **5. Amaranthus defexus L.**

Phytogeographical element: A; Plurireg Habitat: Anthropogenic habitats Elevational range: 800 - 950 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50 cm; fowers green, in slender and lax to stout and dense terminal and axillary spikes; capsule ellipsoid, distinctly exceeding the perianth; seeds compressed-ellipsoid.

#### **6. Amaranthus retrofexus L.**

Phytogeographical element: A; Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 500 - 2200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant erect, 20–80 cm high, pubescent; leaf blade ovate-rhomboid or elliptic, 5–12 × 2–5 cm, base cuneate, margin entire and undulate, apex acute or notched, with a mucro; seeds brown or black, subglobose, ca. 1 mm in diameter, obtuse at margin. Usefulness: For.

#### **7. Amaranthus thellungianus Nevski**

**Synonyms:** *Amaranthus graecizans* subsp*. thellungianus* (Nevski) Gusev

Phytogeographical element: A, I-T Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 550 - 1100 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 25–70 cm high; leaf blade linearlanceolate, oblong-lanceolate to rhomboid-spathulate, 1.5–3.5 × 0.5–1 cm, slightly retuse at the mucronulate tip; perianth segments and bracteoles gradually narrowed, distinctly (0.3–0.75 mm) mucronate; seeds shining, compressed, black, ca. 1 mm in diameter.

#### **8. Anabasis truncata (Schrenk) Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Anabasis pulcherrima* Iljin

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt marshes, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 2150 Flowering period: VI

Remarks: Chamaephyte; subshrub 10–20 cm high; caudex brown, densely tomentose; annual branches numerous, each one with 8–12 internodes; leaves scale-like, semiorbicular 1–2 mm, apex without mucro; fowers solitary in leaf axils; bractlets ovoid or oblong with membranous margin; outer 3 perianth segments broadly elliptic to oblong, winged in fruit.

#### **9. Anabasis turkestanica Korovin ex Iljin**

**Synonyms:** *Anabasis gontscharowii* Iljin

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt marshes, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 600 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Chamaephyte; subshrub 25–50 cm high; annual branches numerous, with 15–25 internodes each; leaves opposite, fused at base with white hairs; leaf blade scale-like, semiorbicular, triangular or triangular-ovoid, 0.5–1 cm, margin yellowish or reddish, apex with mucro; bractlets boat-shaped, membranous shorter than perianth; 3 of perianth segments winged.

#### **10. Anthochlamys tjanschanica Iljin ex Aellen**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 1000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 50 cm high, erect; leaves oval to oblong and oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled; fowers in terminal spiciform inforescence, ebracteolate solitary; perianth deeply 5-partite, with 2-lobed oblong segments; ovary pyriform with 2 sessile stigmas; fruit vertical, compressed, winged.

#### **11. Atriplex fabellum Bunge ex Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 300 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–100 cm high; stems erect, usually branched, densely hairy; leaf blades farinose, covered with white-silver hairs, sometimes with bladderslike structures with entire, serrate or lobed margin; bracts during fruiting with prominent veins, 10–20 mm, margins dentate; male fowers with 5-parted perianth.

Usefulness: For.

#### **12. Atriplex moneta Bunge ex Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Atriplex bucharica* Iljin

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 350 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50 cm high; stems usually whitish; leaves alternate, petiolate; leaf blade rounded or broad-ovate, yellowish-green, abaxially farinose, base heart-shaped, apex rounded, margin entire or with sparse, weakly developed teeth; bracts during fruiting almost entirely united, widely winged, 10–17 mm, with 3 veins.

#### **13. Atriplex pamirica Iljin**

**Synonyms:** *Atriplex tatarica* L. var*. pamirica* (Iljin) G.L. Chu

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 1500 - 4200 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–80 cm high; leaf blade abaxially densely gray-white furfuraceous, adaxially green, lower cauline leaf blade margin usually irregularly serrate, upper cauline leaf blade linear-oblong, oblong or narrowly triangular, margin entire or remotely toothed; bracts during fruiting rhomboid-ovate to ovate, central part yellow-white with a few tuberculate appendages.

Usefulness: For, Hou, Hol.

#### **14. Atriplex schugnanica Iljin**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 1500 - 3500 Flowering period: VIII

Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 50 cm high; stems ascending to erect, branched from the base; leaves alternate, petiolate, ovate to triangular-hastate; bracts rhomboid or oblong-ovate entire or toothed, united in lower part, farinose, obscurely nerved, short-stipitate.

#### **15. Atriplex sibirica L.**

**Synonyms:** *Obione sibirica* (L.) Fisch.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 3000 - 4000 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; leaves gray-green,

petiolate; leaf blade ovate-triangular to rhomboid-ovate, 3–5 × 1.5–3 cm, abaxially gray-white furfuraceous, adaxially graygreen, margin sparsely serrate, apex subobtuse; bracts during fruiting connate proximally, infated, subobovoid, 5–6 × ca. 4 mm, woody, covered with thornlike appendages.

#### **16. Atriplex tatarica L.**

**Synonyms:** *Atriplex arazdajanica* Kapeller*, A. multicolora* Aellen

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 350 - 4500 Flowering period: VIII

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–80 cm high; leaf blade abaxially densely gray-white furfuraceous, adaxially green, lower cauline leaf blade margin usually irregularly serrate, upper cauline leaf blade oblong to triangular-ovate, margin irregularly serrate or sinuately lobed; bracts during fruiting rhomboid-ovate to ovate, central part yellow-white with a few tuberculate appendages. Usefulness: For.

#### **17. Bassia dasyphylla (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Kuntze**

**Synonyms:** *Kochia dasyphylla* Fisch. & C.A. Mey.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes Elevational range: 3700 - 3800 Flowering period: VIII - IX

Remarks: Therophyte; plants 20–50 cm high; extremely branched, appearing globose, densely villous; leaves alternate, terete or semiterete, 0.3–1.5 cm × 1–1.5 mm, succulent, base attenuate, apex obtuse; fowers bisexual, solitary or paired, usually only 1 fower developing; perianth 5-lobed, villous with abaxial appendages of segments subulate in fruit.

#### **18. Bassia prostrata (L.) Beck**

**Synonyms:** *Kochia prostrata* (L.) Schrad.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 400 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; subshrub 20–80 cm high; stems subglabrous, yellow-brown or gray-white pilose; leaves usually clustered on dwarf, axillary branchlets, sessile, linear, 0.8–2 × 0.1–0.15 cm; perianth globose, densely sericeous; segments ovate or oblong, apex obtuse; winglike appendages with purple-red or blackbrown veins, membranous, margin irregularly crenate or erose. Usefulness: For.

#### **19. Camphorosma monspeliaca L. subsp. lessingii (Litv.) Aellen**

**Synonyms:** *Camphorosma lessingii* Litv*.* 

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Loose sandy screes, semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 400 - 2500 Flowering period: VI - X

Remarks: Chamaephyte; subshrub 10–50 cm high; branches ascending to erect, dense, short; leaves fascicular on dwarf branches, sessile, linear, ca. 5 mm; inforescence ca. 4 mm in diameter; lateral perianth segments subequaling middle ones; utricle ca. 1 mm in diameter. Usefulness: For.

#### **20. Celosia argentea L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 500 - 2000 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 100 cm high; stem erect, green or red, glabrous, often branched; leaves green, often tinged red; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, or lanceolate-linear, rarely ovate-oblong, 5–8 × 1–3 cm; spikes long cylindric, not branched; perianth white or pink; tepals oblong-lanceolate.

#### **21. Ceratocarpus arenarius L.**

**Synonyms:** *Ceratocarpus utriculosus* Bluk*., C. turkestanicus* Sav.-Rycz. ex Iljin

Usefulness: Orn.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Loose sandy screes, ruderal, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 1800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; leaves 0.5–4 × 0.1–0.5 cm; perianth of male fowers yellow, ca. 1.5 mm, membranous; flaments short, fliform; anthers subglobose; utricle 5–10 × 2–5 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **22. Chenopodium fcifolium Sm.**

Phytogeographical element: A, E-S, I-T, M Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 1000 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; stem erect, ribbed; leaf blade ovate-oblong 2.5–5 × 1–3.5 cm, central lobe margins almost parallel; seeds horizontal, black, sublustrous, ca. 1 mm in diameter, distinctly hexagonally pitted.

#### **23. Chenopodium foliosum Asch.**

**Synonyms:** *Chenopodium korshinskyi* Litv*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, pastures, nitrophilous rock footings, felds Elevational range: 400 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–70 cm high; leaf blade of lower leaves narrowly triangular-ovate 2–5 × 2–3 cm, equaling or longer than petiole, base cuneate, truncate, or hastate, margin irregularly dentate; fowers bisexual, female on short, axillary branches forming globose or cylindric-globose, linear glomerules; perianth red and succulent during fruiting.

#### **24. Chenopodium glaucum L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 450 - 3000 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; leaf blade oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 2–4 × 0.6–2 cm, abaxially gray-white farinose, sometimes slightly reddish purple, adaxially glabrous, margin irregularly erose to dentate; fowers several per glomerule, arranged on branches in spicate or paniculate inforescences; perianth segments 3 or 4, light green.

#### **25. Chenopodium iljinii Golosk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 3750 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; stem branched; leaf blade gray-green, ovate to ovate-triangular, ca. 0.5–1.5 × 0.4–1.2 cm, farinose on both surfaces, base broadly cuneate, margin entire or 3-lobed, apex subobtuse or acute; perianth segments 4 or 5, obovate-linear to oblong; seeds horizontal, black, sublustrous, 0.8–1.2 mm in diameter, subsmooth or slightly pitted.

#### **26. Chenopodium litwinowii (Paulsen) Uotila**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3600 - 4700 Flowering period: VII - X Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–60 cm high; stems and leaves green-purplish; basal and lower cauline leaves long petiolate; leaf blade ovate, triangular-ovate or hastate, to 2.2 × 1.4 cm, margin dentate; perianth segments 3, becoming red and succulent during fruiting.

#### **27. Chenopodium murale L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Ruderal, roadsides Elevational range: 800 - 1900 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant to 70 (–90) cm, usually erect, often much branched; leaves usually olive green, sometimes yellowish or tinged with red, +/- farinose; petiole shorter than or equal to blade; perianth segments 5, connate below the middle, prominently keeled near apex, green; seeds horizontal, black, 1.1–1.4 mm in diameter, round in outline.

#### **28. Chenopodium rubrum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 350 - 2500 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30–80 cm high; stems green or reddish, ribbed, erect; leaves 4–8 × 2–6 cm, 3–5 × as long as petiole, succulent; perianth segments 3 or 4, green, often becoming red at maturity; seed vertical, oblique, or horizontal, red-black to black, globose, slightly depressed, 0.75–1 mm in diameter, distinctly oblong pitted. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **29. Chenopodium vulvaria L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 400 - 3800 Flowering period: VII - VIII

Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 30 cm with unpleasant smell; stems erect or procumbent, usually much branched; leaf blade broadly trullate or broadly ovate, 0.5–3 cm long, grey-farinose, margin entire; perianth segments 5; seeds horizontal, brownish-black 0.9–1.2 mm in diameter, round in outline.

#### **30. Climacoptera transoxana (Iljin) Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Salsola transoxana* Iljin

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Fields, salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–60 cm high, much branched, green; densely villous in lower part and with scattered bristle-like hairs in the upper part; leaves succulent 1–3(–3.5) cm, apex obtuse; perianth 5–6 mm, lanceolate, wings ca. 1.5 cm, purplish or yellowish. Usefulness: For.

#### **31. Climacoptera turcomanica (Litv.) Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Halanthium lipskyi* Paulsen*, Salsola turcomanica* Litv*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 320 - 700 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–60 (–100) cm high, much branched, greyish–green; densely villous in lower part, at the end of the season subglabrous; leaves succulent 0.5–1(–1.5) cm, apex obtuse; perianth 3–4 mm, lanceolate or ovoid, wings 1–1.4 cm. Usefulness: For.

#### **32. Corispermum hilariae Iljin**

**Synonyms:** *Corispermum dutreuilii* Iljin

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, sands Elevational range: 3800 - 3900 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–15 cm high, sparsely hairy, few branched from base, erect; leaves linear or oblanceolate, to 3.5 × 0.3–0.5 cm, 1-veined; spikelike inforescence 2–14 cm, +/- crowded; utricle oblongobovate 3–4 × 2–2.5 mm, wings broad, thick, slightly crisped, margin irregularly denticulate-toothed.

#### **33. Corispermum lehmannianum Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Sands, roadsides Elevational range: 300 - 400 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; stem erect, much branched; lower branches ascending; utricle broadly elliptic, 2–3 × 1.5–2 mm, glabrous.

#### **34. Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants**

**Synonyms:** *Chenopodium botrys* L., *Neobotrydium botrys* (L.) Mold., *Teloxys botrys* (L.) W.A. Weber

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, screes, felds Elevational range: 650 - 2400 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–50 cm high, yellowish with a nice smell, glandular; leaf blade oblong 2–4 × 1–2 cm, margin pinnately parted; lobes obtuse, usually toothed; seeds horizontal, black, sublustrous, depressed, 0.75–1 mm. Usefulness: Med, For, Hou.

#### **35. Gamanthus leucophysus Botsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 700 - 1800 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 3–45 cm high; leaves 0.5–5 cm long, succulent; inforescence with 2–5 fowers or fowers solitary; bracts longer than fowers, apex stipitate; perianth segments lanceolate, 5–6 mm long; anther appendages whitish, ovoid or cuneate.

#### **36. Girgensohnia oppositifora (Pall.) Fenzl**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt shrubs, salt marshes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 3050 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; branches opposite, green or reddish, hispid; perianth segments oblong-lanceolate, membranous, slightly enlarged and becoming papery in fruit, outer 3 segments abaxially winged, wings ovate.

Usefulness: For.

39

#### **37. Halimocnemis mollissima Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt shrubs, salt marshes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 450 - 1000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; densely pubescent with admixture of villous hairs; leaves succulent, 1–4(–5.5) × 0.2–0.4 cm, apex aristate awned; perianth at the time of fruiting with obtuse apex.

#### **38. Halogeton glomeratus (M. Bieb.) Ledeb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, ruderal, steppes Elevational range: 450 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; branches alternate, gray-green, smooth or densely papillate; leaves 4–12 × 1.5–2 mm, apex aristate awned; perianth segments lanceolate, membranous; abaxial wing semiorbicular, distinctly veined; seeds vertical. Usefulness: For.

#### **39. Halostachys belangeriana (Moq.) Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Arthrocnemum belangerianum* Moq*., Halostachys caspica* C.A. Mey*., Salicornia caspica* Pall*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, salt marshes Elevational range: 300 - 800 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 3.5 m high; stems branched, almost leafess, papillose at least when young; leaves scale-like, very short, triangular at apex; inforescences spiciform, 1.5–2.5 × 2–4 mm, many, mostly opposite, borne on jointed peduncles; perianth segments united; stamen 1, stigmas 2.

#### **40. Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (L.) Gueldenst.**

**Synonyms:** *Eurotia ceratoides* (L.) C.A. Mey.*, Krascheninnikovia ceratoides* subsp. *alticola* Ovcz. & Kinz*.*

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 3000 - 4400 Flowering period: VII - IX

Remarks: Chamaephyte; shrub 10–40(–100) cm high; stems with stellate-dendroid hairs; leaves ovate, oblong, ovatelanceolate or linear lanceolate, 1–2.5 × 0.2–1 cm, very shortly petiolate, obtuse or acute, entire with slightly revolute margins, 1-nerved; inforescence spike-like, terminal, minute fowers in axillary clusters; female foral tube 1–2 × as long as free, 2-cornute part.

#### **41. Microgynoecium tibeticum Hook. f.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Nitrophilous rock footings, felds Elevational range: 3800 - 3850 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant erect up to 8–25 cm high, branched from the base; leaves ovate, acute or obtuse, 6–12 × 5–7 mm, entire to 3-lobed; staminate fowers in leaf axils; perianth up to 0.8 mm long, brownish.

#### **42. Nanophyton erinaceum (Pall.) Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 400 - 400 Flowering period: VI

Remarks: Chamaephyte; subshrub up to 30 cm high, usually smaller; stem twisted, sinuate, older branches crowded, with numerous lateral, dwarf, dry branches, annual branches green; leaves 1.5–5 mm, abaxially papillate; leaf axil with a bunch of hairs; bracts and bractlets similar, proximal margin membranous; perianth segments sublustrous, white-yellow, veinless, 8–12 mm in fruit.

**Iskander-Kul Lake in the Zeravshan Mts (West Tajikistan).**

#### **43. Salicornia europaea L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, salt marshes Elevational range: 400 - 3900 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–35 cm high; stems erect, much branched, feshy; leaves undeveloped, scale-like, to 1.5 mm; perianth feshy, obconic; seeds cylindric-ovoid ca. 1.5 mm.

#### **44. Salsola drobovii Botsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 1000 - 1100 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; subshrub 15–40 cm high; stem branched, the annual ones with whitish bark, glabrous;

leaves linear 0.5–2.5 cm, apex obtuse; perianth with wings 6–9 mm in diameter.

#### **45. Salsola kali L.**

**Synonyms:** *Salsola australis* R. Br.*, S. pestifera* A. Nels., *S. ruthenica* Iljin

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fields, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 3000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 1–1.5 m high, green, glabrous or with scattered bristle like hairs; leaves linear 1–4(–6) cm, apex spinose; perianth wings 6–8 mm in diameter.

Usefulness: For.

#### **46. Salsola leptoclada Gand.**

**Synonyms:** *Salsola carinatiformis* Kinzik*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 1350 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–50 cm high; stem branched, farinose in lower part and scatterly long hairy; leaves linear, obtuse at apex, 1–2.5 cm; perianth wings 8–12 mm in diameter, pink. Usefulness: For.

#### **47. Salsola paulsenii Litv.**

**Synonyms:** *Salsola pellucida* Litv*.*

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Semi-deserts, felds, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; stem branched from base, rigid, densely hispid; leaves, straight 1.5–3 cm × 1.5–2 mm, apex spinose mucronate; perianth (including wings) 6–8 mm in diameter; 3 wings reniform or semiorbicular, other 2 wings narrower. Usefulness: For.

#### **48. Salsola vvedenskyi Iljin & Popov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Salt marshes, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 925 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–60 cm high; stems erect, greyish, with a dense indumentum of short hairs and sparse bristle-like hairs; leaves linear 2–4 cm, apex obtuse; larger wings 7–10 mm in diameter.

#### **49. Spinacia turkestanica Iljin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Pastures, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 450 - 1800 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 70 cm high, glabrous; leaves with large triangular-hastate lobes, usually mucronulate at apex; inforescence of male plants a panicle of almost leafess spike; female inforescence leafy. Usefulness: For, Foo.

#### **50. Suaeda acuminata (C.A. Mey.) Moq.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, salt marshes Elevational range: 300 - 600 Flowering period: VI - X Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; stem branches gray-green, subglabrous; leaves sessile, linear, 0.5–1.5 cm × 1–1.5 mm, apex obtuse or subacute and with a bristle; perianth segments abaxially with a longitudinal keel near apex; utricle enclosed by perianth; pericarp free from seed.

#### **51. Suaeda olufsenii Paulsen**

**Synonyms:** *Suaeda corniculata* (C.A. Mey.) Bunge var*. olufsenii*  (Pauls.) G.L. Chu

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Salt marshes Elevational range: 3000 - 4100 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 1–10 cm, prostrate or ascending, often purplish, glabrous; stem much branched from base, up to 2 mm thick; leaves few, often very succulent, linear to oblong 5–10 × 0.8–1.2 mm, subacute to subobtuse, delicately mucronate.

#### **52. Allium alexeianum Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Allium nevskianum* Wendelbo

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1000 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–15 cm high; leaves 1–2, longer than scape; tepals after fowering prickly, flaments shorter than tepals.

#### **53. Allium altissimum Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 750 - 1600 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 100 cm high; leaves linear-lanceolate, signifcantly shorter than scape; flaments slightly shorter than tepals.

#### **54. Allium barsczewskii Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, steppes Elevational range: 750 - 3500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–70 cm high; leaves 3–5, up to 5 mm wide; fower pedicels unequal, ovary without crown-like outgrowths.

#### **55. Allium bucharicum Regel**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 950 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; leaves (2–)3–6(–9), linear 0.3–2 cm wide; tepals after fowering hard, almost prickly.

#### **56. Allium caesium Schrenk**

**Synonyms:** *Allium aemulans* Pavl*., A. renardii* Regel

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, rocks, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 2700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–40 cm high; leaves 2–3, grooved, scabrous, 1–3 mm wide; flaments connate at base; flaments of inner stamens up to 2/3 of length 2-toothed. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **57. Allium carolinianum DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Allium polyphyllum* Kar. & Kir*.* 

57

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine swards, screes Elevational range: 2400 - 4050 Flowering period: VI - IX

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (10–)20–60 cm high; leaves 5–7, broadly linear; pedicels as long as tepals or up to 2 × longer than tepals; flaments longer than the tepals.

**82 Amaryllidaceae**

#### **58. Allium darwasicum Regel**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Forbs Elevational range: 1900 - 3300 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (10–)20–30(–50) cm high; scape ribbed; leaves 1–2(–4), linear to narrowly linearlanceolate; tepals with green vein; flaments connate for 1/2–3/5 their length, adnate to perianth segments.

#### **59. Allium fedtschenkoanum Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 300 - 400 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (10–)20–30(–80) cm high; leaves 1–2, cylindrical, fstular; flaments 2 × shorter than tepals; connate for more than half of their lengths, adnate to perianth segments. Usefulness: For, Foo.

#### **60. Allium fetisowii Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Allium simile* Regel

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 1400 - 1500 Flowering period: V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–60 cm high; scape ribbed; leaves 1–2(–3); pedicels 2–3 × longer than perianth; perianth stellately spreading; flaments of inner stamens 2–3 × wider at base than outer; ovary minutely tuberculate.

**61. Allium galanthum Kar. & Kir.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Screes, rocks Elevational range: 500 - 1500 Flowering period: VIII - X Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (20–) 30–60 cm high; bulbs cylindric; scape solid; leaves fstular; flaments usually slightly longer than perianth segments; flaments of inner stamens 2-toothed.

#### **62. Allium hissaricum Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Forbs Elevational range: 1100 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (10–)20–40(–50) cm high, with single leaf; flaments shorter than perianth, connate for 1/2–3/5 their length, adnate to perianth segments.

#### **63. Allium hymenorhizum Ledeb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine swards, alpine steppes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2450 - 3800 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–50(–70) cm high; bulb cylindric, with red-brown, shiny tunic; leaves 3–4(–5), fat; flaments up to 1.5(–2) × longer than perianth.

#### **64. Allium macleanii Baker**

**Synonyms:** *Allium elatum* Regel*, A. lucens* E. Nikit*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1900 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm high; leaves 2–4, obovate, 2–7 cm wide; umbel very dense; pedicels 4–8 × longer than tepals; flaments longer than perianth.

#### **65. Allium oreophilum C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2500 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–15(–20) cm high; leaves 2, linear, longer than scape; tepals 7–11 mm long; flaments triangular, ca. 2 × shorter than perianth, connate at base.

#### **66. Allium oreoprasum Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine swards, rocks, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2700 - 3900 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–25 cm high; leaves 3–4(–5), narrowly linear; umbel few fowered; pedicels up to 2 × longer than perianth; flaments shorter than tepals.

#### **67. Allium oschaninii O. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 450 - 2400 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 45–80 cm high; scape swollen in lower part; inner and outer tepals distinctly differs in shape; flaments slightly longer than tepals; base of inner flaments ca. 2 × wider than base of tepals. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **68. Allium sarawschanicum Regel**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1700 - 2200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–60 cm high; scape ribbed; leaves 1–2; pedicels up to 2–4(–6) × longer than perianth; flaments slightly shorter than perianth; ovary with 6 outgrowths.

#### **69. Allium schubertii Zucc.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Deserts, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 1400 Flowering period: V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (5–)10–30 cm high; leaves 2–5; pedicels distinctly unequal 3–15 cm long in sterile and 2–10 cm long in fertile fowers), apex (especially during fruiting) thickened; flamets distinctly shorter than tepals.

Usefulness: Orn.

#### **70. Allium setifolium Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes, semi-deserts Elevational range: 400 - 1200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high; bulb tunic pale brown, with apex laciniate; leaves 2–3, hairlike, shorter or subequal to scape; umbel few fowered; flaments shorter than tepals.

#### **71. Allium stipitatum Regel**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, forbs Elevational range: 900 - 3300 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–120 cm high; leaves 4–6, especially in lower part pilose; perianth stellately spreading; flaments as long as tepals, at base connate,

adnate to perianth segments; ovary shortly stipitate. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **72. Allium tianschanicum Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2800 - 4000 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–25 cm high; leaves 3–4, solid, grooved, 1–1.5 mm wide; pedicels +/- as long as perianth; tepals ovate, inner slightly longer than outer; flaments up to 1.5 × longer than tepals, connate at base, adnate to perianth segments.

#### **73. Allium verticillatum Regel**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; leaves 1–2, dissected up to the leaf sheats, consisted of fliform lobes; pedicels 3–8 × longer than perianth; flaments slightly longer than tepals; ovary scabrid.

#### **74. Allium weschniakowii Regel**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 800 - 2000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–15 cm high; bulbs cylindric; tunic membranous; leaves 3–4, pedicels 1.5–2 × longer than tepals, flaments connate into an urceolate tube for 3/4–4/5 their length.

#### **75. Allium winklerianum Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes Elevational range: 2300 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–50 cm high; bulb globose; tunic blackish gray, papery; leaves 1–2; flaments 2 × shorter than tepals, connate for 1/2–3/5 their length, adnate to perianth segments.

#### **76. Ungernia tadshicorum Vved. ex Artjush.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 2200 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (15–) 25–30 cm high; leaves 8–12, appear in early spring, wither from May to July; scape yellowish-green, appears in summer; umbel 7–17-fowered; pedicels unequal, 2–7 cm long (during fruitng up to 14 cm long); perianth lobes 3 × longer than tube. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

#### **77. Pistacia vera L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 2000 Flowering period: IV Remarks: megaphanerophyte; Tree 6–12 m tall leaves odd pinnate, leafets 3–10 ovate to suborbiculate, with prominent nerves on the lower surface; drupe 12–30 mm long, ovoid-oblong. Usefulness: Med, Foo, Orn.

#### **78. Rhus coriaria L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1000 - 1800 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 2–4 m high; branches pubescent; leaf blade imparipinnately compound, 10–23 cm, leafets 8–15; male fowers in more lax inforescences than female fowers.

Usefulness: Med, Foo.

**79. Aegopodium tadshikorum Schischk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, alpine meadows Elevational range: 600 - 2900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–110 cm high; terminal leaf lobes broadly-lanceolate, sharply serrate; umbels 5–8 cm in diameter, with 9–20 rays.

#### **80. Angelica archangelica L. subsp. decurrens (Ledeb.) Kuvaev.**

**Synonyms:** *Angelica komarovii* (Schischk.) V. Tichomirov

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, alpine meadows Elevational range: 1800 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 80–200 cm high; terminal leaf lobe sessile or sometimes with a short petiole. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **81. Angelica brevicaulis (Rupr.) B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, meadows, screes Elevational range: 1600 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–50 cm high with singular stem; terminal leaf lobe sessile or sometimes with a short petiole.

#### **82. Angelica ternata Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine swards, screes Elevational range: 2100 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–45 cm high; terminal leaf lobe roundish in an outline, with a long petiole.

#### **83. Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb.**

**Synonyms:** *Caucalis scandicina* Wigg*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Screes, ruderal, felds, orchards Elevational range: 500 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 80 cm high; fruits ca. 4–5 mm long, covered with hooked spines and tuft of bristles at the base.

#### **84. Aphanopleura capillifolia (Regel & Schmalh.) Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Deserts, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 2200 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 7–12 (–30) cm high, glabrous; basal leaves 2-pinnate or 2-ternate; bracts absent or inconspicuous. Usefulness: Hou.

#### **85. Apium nodiforum (L.) Lag.**

**Synonyms:** *Helosciadium nodiforum* (L.) Koch

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds Elevational range: 400 - 1700 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; at least lower

part of stem procumbent, rooting at the nodes, the upper part of stem erect; leaf pinnate with lanceolate to ovate lobes; membranous leaf sheaths; involucel with 4–7 linear to ovate-lanceolate bractlets, often longer than umbellets.

#### **86. Aulacospermum roseum Korovin**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, alpine swards, steppes Elevational range: 1800 - 4000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; stem hollow; fowers in compound umbels with 3–12 rays, white or pinkish; fruits slightly fattened, with no beak, fruit ribs with transversely folded wings so that hollows between them covered with warts.

#### **87. Aulacospermum simplex Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Forbs, alpine meadows Elevational range: 1700 - 3600 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high, glabrous; stem solitary, ribbed; ultimate segments of leaves linearlanceolate, 4–18 × 1–4 mm, acute; umbels 5–7 cm in diameter; bracts 4–7, lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm; rays 5–11, 1–5 cm, unequal; petals broad-ovate, purplish, margin white; anthers yellow-green; fruit broad-ovoid 3–4 × 2.5–3.5 mm; ribs all broadly sinuolate-winged.

#### **88. Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville**

**Synonyms:** *Berula angustifolia* (L.) Mert. & W.D.J. Koch

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 1650 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–100 cm high; umbels with 8–20 rays, on short peduncles oriented perpendicularly to leaves; fruits smooth, almost roundish.

#### **89. Bunium angrenii Korovin**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1200 - 2300 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; terminate lobes of lower leaves linear, similar to upper leaves; involucre bracts absent; fruits elliptic with strong nice

#### **90. Bunium capusii (Franch.) Korovin**

smell.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–30 cm high; stem and leaves glabrous; umbel rays 6–12; stem leaves straight (not curved, nor forming angles); stylidium stright, pointing up; seeds ca. 5 mm long, with strong smell.

Usefulness: For.

#### **91. Bunium hissaricum Korovin**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Meadows, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 1200 Flowering period: V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–90 cm high, with

intensive smell; stem leaves straight (not forming angles); terminate leaf lobes of basal leaves differ from the shape of terminal lobes of upper cauline leaves; involucre bracts absent; petals elliptical; stylodium curved towards mericarps; pedicels thin, fliform, up to 1.5 × lenght of a fruit; fruit lanceolate, easely separating into two mericarps.

#### **92. Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; rays 8–20; involucre absent or with 1–2 short bracts; petals 1 mm long; fruit pedicels thin, 5–10 mm long, 2–4 × longer than fruits; fruits oblong or oblong-linear, with smell. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **93. Bupleurum densiforum Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, steppes Elevational range: 2800 - 3400 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; leaves lanceolate; umbel with 2–4 unequal rays and with 1–2 leaves.

#### **94. Bupleurum falcatum L. subsp. cernuum (Ten.) Arcang.**

**Synonyms:** *Bupleurum exaltatum* Bieb*., B. kotschyanum* Boiss*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–125 cm high, shrubby; base woody; stems numerous rarely 1; basal and lower cauline leaves linear, rigid, up to 10 cm long, up to 5 mm broad; upper leaves similar, shorter; all leaves sessile; umbel with 3–5(–7) thin, unequal rays; involucre bracts 3–5 mm long, linear; involucel of 4–5 linear bractlets; fruit oblong, ca. 4.5 mm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **95. Bupleurum lipskyanum O.A. Lincz.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1500 - 3700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–30 cm high; stems erect, woody at the base, thin in an upper part; rays closely arranged; involucre bracts 3–5, 2–3 mm long, enequal, lanceolate.

#### **96. Caucalis platycarpos L.**

**Synonyms:** *Caucalis lappula* Grande

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields, ruderal Elevational range: 350 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - VI

Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 40 cm high, setosepilose; leaves divided into many small leafets; umbel with 2–5 rays and 2–5 involucre bracts; petals white or pink; style 1.5–2 mm; fruit an oblong capsule with many hooked spines on the surface.

#### **97. Cephalopodum badachshanicum Korovin**

97

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1600 - 2200 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1.5–1.7 m high; leaf blade up to 24–40 cm long, deltoid in an outline, 3-pinnate; terminal leaf lobes linear, up to 5 mm long; umbels numerous, with 19–26 rays; umbellets with 25–30 fowers.

#### **98. Conioselinum schugnanicum B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, alpine meadows, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 3900 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 700 cm high; cauline leaves petiolate; petioles 4–6 cm, blade triangular-ovate; terminal leaf lobe apex acute, leaf margins acutely serrate; umbels with 4–10 rays; involucres with 3–7 bracts dropping out early

Usefulness: Med.

#### **99. Conium maculatum L.**

Phytogeographical element: A; Plurireg Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant up to 150 cm high, stem not empty, speckled; umbels with unequal 10–20 rays;

bracts and bractlets present; fruit ca. 3 mm, ovate.

#### **100. Coriandrum sativum L.**

Phytogeographical element: A; Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 550 - 2650 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant up to 70 cm high; basal and lower leaves 2–3-pinnatisect; petiole up to 13 cm long, blade ovate, toothed or incised; peduncles 2–10 cm; 2–8 rays, 2–5 linear, entire bracteoles; umbellets with 3–9 fowers; pedicels 2–5 mm; calyx teeth ovate-deltoid or ovate-lanceolate, unequal (two on the outer side enlarged compared to three others); outer petals enlarged. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **101. Cuminum setifolium (Boiss.) Koso-Pol.**

**Synonyms:** *Psammogeton setifolium* Boiss*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, felds, salt marshes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 1500 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–25 cm high; fruits with distinct, long and soft white hairs. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **102. Dimorphosciadium gayoides (Regel & Schmalh.) Pimenov**

**Synonyms:** *Pachypleurum gayoides* (Regel & Schmalh.) Schischk*.*

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Alpine steppes Elevational range: 4000 - 4000 Flowering period: VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–15 cm high; stem strongly shortened; umbels differentiated i.e; large, central umbel located close to a ground, with 15 splayed rays of the lenght of 1–1.5 cm, other umbels smaller, compact, sterile, on long leafess peduncles growing from a basal leaf rosette.

#### **103. Elaeosticta hirtula (Regel & Schmalh.) Kljuykov, Pimenov & V.N. Tikhom.**

**Synonyms:** *Scaligeria hirtula* Lipsky*, S. korshinskyi* Korovin*, S. oedibasioides* Kamelin

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, alpine meadows, deserts, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs

Elevational range: 500 - 3200 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (16–) 20–40(–120) cm high; caudex eliptic to ovate; plant without intensive smell; upper cauline leave present; ultimate leaf lobe lanceolate or ovate; involucre bracts and involucel bractlets not tightly adhered to rays after fowering; pedicels up to 4.5 mm long; petals white; central umbel larger than others; fruit glabrous, eliptic or ovate. Usefulness: For.

#### **104. Elaeosticta polycarpa (Korovin) Kljuykov, Pimenov & V.N. Tikhom.**

**Synonyms:** *Scaligeria polycarpa* Korovin

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Pastures, steppes Elevational range: 650 - 1400 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–110 cm high; upper cauline leaves reduced to leaf sheaths; terminal leaf lobe linear, acute; umbels with 25–40 rays; central umbel larger than others; petals white; fruit 1–1.3 mm long, nearly globular.

#### **105. Eremodaucus lehmannii Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, felds, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 2600 Flowering period: IV - V

Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 30 cm high; leaves widely ovate, 2–3-pinnate; umbel with 10–15 rays with feshy-like outgrowth in the centre; outer pedicels pendent; fruits ovate, 4.5–5 mm wide with warts. Usefulness: For.

#### **106. Eryngium caeruleum M. Bieb.**

**Synonyms:** *Eryngium caucasicum* Trautv*., E. pskemense* Pavlov

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, orchards and gardens, felds, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 2200 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant up to 50 cm high; head (capitulum) up to 1 cm in diameter.

#### **107. Eryngium macrocalyx Schrenk**

**Synonyms:** *Eryngium incognitum* Pavlov

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 700 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant up to 1–1.7 m high; head (capitulum) 1.5–2 cm in diameter.

#### **108. Ferula bucharica (Lipsky) Koso-Pol.**

**Synonyms:** *Ladyginia bucharica* Lipsky

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, loose sandy screes, screes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 700 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–60 cm high; leaves bi-3-pinnate, feshy, glabrous on upper side, pubescent on lower side along veins; petals pubescent; fruit pubescent.

#### **109. Ferula equisetacea Koso-Pol.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 1300 - 2500 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant ca. 100 cm high; policarpic; glabrous; stem thickened; leaf-sheaths not infated and not amplexicaul, perpendicularly attached to the stem; leaf hard, leathery, tripinnate; terminal leaf lobe cylindrical, up to 15 cm long, with entire margin and acute apex; compound umbels (one central and several lateral) on relatively short peduncles form inforescence of elliptical shape; petals yellow; fruit 15 × 8 mm. Usefulness: Med.

#### **110. Ferula foetidissima Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T

Habitat: Juniper forests, screes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 2300

Flowering period: IV - V

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1.5 m high, with garlic smell; terminal leaf lobes up to 12 cm long and 3–5 cm wide, densely pubescent, particularly on abaxial side; umbellets with 20 fowers without involucel; fruits 1.2–1.5 cm long, 6–7 mm wide. Usefulness: For.

#### **111. Ferula karategina Lipsky ex Korovin**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, loose sandy screes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 3500

Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 50 cm high; policarpic; glabrous; 1–3 slender stems; leaf sheaths perpendicular to the stem, slightly infated; leaf stiff, pinnate; terminal leaf lobe linear-lanceolate, up to 0.5 cm long, acute, usually 3-tooothed at the apex, with entire margin on lateral sides; central umbel with 5–10 rays, lateral umbels with long peduncles; petals yellow, 0.8–1 mm long, lanceolate, acute. Usefulness: Hou.

#### **112. Ferula karelinii Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Schumannia karelinii* (Bunge) Korov.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, deserts Elevational range: 350 - 550 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–40 cm high; leaves 2–3-pinnate with linear terminal lobes; fruits villous. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

#### **113. Ferula kokanica Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1300 - 3600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant ca. 1 m high; leaves slightly

pubescent on abaxial surface; terminal lobes 7–9 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, segments oblong-eliptic to ovate, with obtuse or serrate apex; petals yellow.

Usefulness: Med.

#### **114. Ferula kuhistanica Korovin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 900 - 3500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1.7 m high; monocarpic; glabrous, with strong turpentine smell; stems cylidrical, up to 9 cm in diameter near the base, reddish-brownish, not infated at nodes; leaf up to 1 m long and 0.7 m wide; terminal leaf-lobe up to 15 cm long, 5 cm wide; umbels compound; involucel bractlets absent; petals yellow; stylopodium fat, thickened at the margin; fruit 2.5–3 cm long. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo, Hou.

Muksu River Valley in the Peter the First Mts (West Pamir).

#### **115. Ferula lithophila Pimenov**

**Synonyms:** *Peucedanum mogoltavicum* Korovin

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 900 - 1200 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 1.5–1.7 m high; monocarpic; glabrous (only petioles sometimes shortly pubescent); stem slender, near the base many petioles of dead leaves; basal leaves 4-pinnate, terminal leaf lobe up to 5 cm long and 2 mm wide, linear, bluish, feshy; cauline leaves reduced to amplexicaul leaf-sheaths; umbels compound, with 5 rays; petals yellow.

#### **116. Ferula moschata (H. Reinsch) Koso-Pol.**

**Synonyms:** *Ferula sumbul* (Kauffm.) Hook. fl.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, alpine meadows, forbs

Elevational range: 1700 - 2500

Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 1–1.5 m high; stem not infated at nodes; terminal leafets 2–3 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide; umbellets with 10–15 fowers; involucel bractlets minute linear; fruits up to 7 mm long, 3–4 mm wide.

Usefulness: Med.

#### **117. Ferula ovina (Boiss.) Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Ferula microcarpa* Korovin*, F. pachycarpa* Korovin ex Pavlov*, F. stylosa* Korovin

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant ca. 50 cm high; policarpic; caudex branched, several stems; leaf 3-pinnate, rough and stiff, on both sides or only on bottom side hirsute; terminal leaf lobe 0.5– 1(–1.5) cm long, elliptical to narrowly lanceolate, dentate, with parralel veins; umbels compound, with 3–10 rays; petals yellow; calyx with short teeth; fruit 0.7–1 cm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **118. Ferula samarkandica Korovin**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 700 - 2900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 100 cm high; terminal leafets up to 1 cm long, hispid, shiny; umbellets with involucels.

#### **119. Ferula tadshikorum Pimenov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T, E-S Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 1.5–1.8 m high, with garlic smell; umbel with 20–30 rays; terminal leaf lobes up to 20 cm long × 7–9 cm wide, almost glabrous on adaxial and pubescent on

abaxial side; fruits 1.5–2 cm long × 0.8–1 cm wide. Usefulness: For, Foo.

#### **120. Ferula violacea Korovin**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1000 - 1900 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 1–1.5 m high; monocarpic; with garlic smell; stems solid, cylindrical, not infated at the base, neither in the nodes; leaves 3-pinnate, pale green, pubescent on both sides or only at the bottom, terminal leaf-lobe 3–4 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide; umbels compound, with 10–16 rays; incvolucel bractlets absent; petals yellow, glabrous; singular sectretory ducts in mericarp hollows; fruits 1.3–1.7 cm long, 5–7 mm wide.

121

#### **121. Galagania ferganensis (Korovin) M.G. Vassiljeva & Pimenov**

**Synonyms:** *Korovinia ferganensis* Korovin*, Eulophus ferganensis*  (Korovin) M. Hiroe

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1100 - 2300 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–60 cm high; glabrous; leaves tripinnate, short-lived; basal leaves in rosette, with long petioles with enlarged bases; cauline leaves with short petioles (or sessile) and lanceolate, leathery and shiny, aplexicaulous sheaths; terminal leaf lobe 0.5–1 cm long; umbels with 10–20 rays; fruits strongly compressed, ovate or oblong-elliptical, marginal ribs narrowly winged, on a crosssection sclerenchyma is well visible.

#### **122. Heracleum lehmannianum Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: River beds, fens and mires, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 3000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 3 m high; monocarpic;

stem hollow, sulcate, hairy; leaves glabrous on the upper side, pubescent at the bottom side; umbels compound with up to 50 rays; ray up to 15 cm long; petals white or pinkish-white; marginal petals twice as larg as inner ones; fruit 9–10 mm long, elliptical to obovate.

#### **123. Heracleum olgae Regel & Schmalh.**

**Synonyms:** *Tetrataenium olgae* (Regel & Schmalh.) Manden.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 1600 - 3500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1 m high; leaves ovate, usually 3-lobed; fruits fattened with unequal ribs, pubescent.

#### **124. Hymenolaena badachschanica Pissjauk.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2400 - 4600 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; leaf lobes serrate with a minute whitish spike; involucel bractlets with short lateral veins towards central vein.

#### **125. Kafrnigania hissarica (Korovin) Kamelin & Kinzik.**

**Synonyms:** *Peucedanum hissaricum* Korovin

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1400 - 1900 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–80 cm high; policarpic; several stems; stem slightly sulcate; leaf glabrous, 4-pinnate, dark–green with bluish coating; terminal leaf lobes narrowly linear 1.5–6 cm long, 0.5–0.8 mm wide, acute; compound umbels with 20–30 rays; involucre bracts absent; involucel bractlets linnear 2 mm long; petals light yellow, nearly white; fruits 4–5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, glabrous; marginal ribs of mericarps widely winged.

#### **126. Korovinia tenuisecta (Regel & Schmalh.) Nevski & Vved.**

**Synonyms:** *Galagania tenuisecta* (Regel & Schmalh.) M. Vassil. & M. Pimen.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 1400 Flowering period: IV - VI

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–60 cm high; glabrous; stem with whitish stripes; basal leaves in rosette, with short petioles and narrow sheaths; cauline leaves with lanceolate, leathery and shiny, aplexicaulous sheaths; terminal leaf lobe 1–3 cm long and 0.4–0.6 mm wide; umbels with 5–10 rays; fruits strongly compressed, obovate or oblong-elliptical, marginal ribs widely winged, on a cross-section of mericarp aerechyma is well visible.

#### **127. Korshinskya olgae Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 900 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm high, glabrous; roots tuberous; stem violet at the bottom; basal leaf-blade 10–12 cm long, pinnate; terminal leaf-lobe 5 × 1.5 mm, lanceloate; umbels compound; central umbel much larger than lateral ones, with 11–20 rays; whole inforescence of corymbose form; 3–4 large invulucre bracts; petals greenish-yellow; seed 2.9–3.8 mm long, glabrous, shiny, not winged.

#### **128. Anthriscus glacialis Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Forbs, alpine meadows Elevational range: 1800 - 3300 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 2 m high; monocarpic; vertical root; caudex thickened; stem singular, glabrous, hollow, ca. 1 cm in diameter; leaf glabrous ca. 30 × 17 cm, the terminal sections 2-5 cm, hirsute on both sides; umbels ca. 5 cm wide with 7-12 rays; seed 6 × 2 mm.

#### **129. Lomatocarpa albomarginata (Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Pimenov & Lavrova**

**Synonyms:** *Alposelinum albomarginatum* (Schrenk) M. Pimen.*, Neogaya simplex* (L.) Meisn. var*. albomarginata* Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, alpine meadows, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1800 - 3600 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant ca. 20 cm high; basal leaves

in a rosette; single secretory canals in hollows.

#### **130. Mediasia macrophylla (Regel & Schmalh.) Pimenov**

**Synonyms:** *Seseli macrophyllum* Regel & Schmalh*.*

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, screes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1300 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1.5 m high; stems solid; fruits pubescent. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **131. Oedibasis apiculata (Kar. & Kir.) Koso-Pol.**

**Synonyms:** *Ferula polyantha* Korovin*, Peucedanum polyanthum* Korovin

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 1600 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–40 cm high; solitary stem with branches in upper part; leaf feshy, leathery; leaf lobes with dentate margin; umbel with (5-)11-18(-30) rays.

#### **132. Pilopleura tordyloides Pimenov**

**Synonyms:** *Zosima tordyloides* Korov*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 2500 - 2900 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 60 cm high; stem (1, rarely 2) angular, ribbed, glabrous; basal leaves with oblong blade, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, 2–3-pinnately dissected, 8–12 × 2.5–5 cm; umbels 2.5–4 cm in diameter, rays 15–20, pubescent, ribbed; involucre bracts lanceolate, with membraneous margin, almost as long as rays; involucels longer than umbellet; petals whitish; stylopodium conic; fruit ovoid, 4 × 2.8 mm, minutely pubescent or glabrous.

#### **133. Pimpinella puberula (DC.) Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 1200 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 25–50 cm high; plant puberulent; stem branched dichotomously nearly from the base; basal leaves entire, orbicular, ca. 2 cm in diamater; cauline leaves 1–2-pinnate; umbel compound, with 5–14 rays; involucre and involucel bracts absent; fruit strongly laterally compressed, covered with long trichomes curved at the ends.

#### **134. Prangos bucharica B. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Cachrys bucharica* (O.Fedtsch.) Herrnst. & Heyn

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 2400 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; stem glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves glabrous; terminal leaf lobes 0.5–1(–1.4) cm long, 1 mm wide; fruit spherical or elliptical; grooves between mericarp ribs wide, fat, without papillary structures.

#### **135. Prangos didyma (Regel) Pimenov & V.N. Tikhom.**

**Synonyms:** *Cachrys didyma* Regel*, Cryptodiscus didymus* (Regel) Korov., *Neocryptodiscus didymus* (Regel) Hedge & Lamond

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 500 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–60 cm high; stem hispid, especially below; leaf 3–4-pinnate; ultimate leaf segment linear-lanceolate, 3–8 × 0.5–1.2 mm, entire, hispid; umbels with 4–6 rays; petals white, ca. 1.5 mm long, hispid abaxiall;

fruit subspherical 5–9 × 6–10 mm, ribs all inconspicuous.

#### **136. Prangos fedtschenkoi (Regel & Schmalh.) Korovin**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 2300 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with stem 50–80 cm high; stem covered with small warts; umbels with 5–10 rays; grooves between mericarp ribs with papillary structures. Usefulness: For.

#### **137. Prangos pabularia Lindl.**

**Synonyms:** *Koelzella pabularia* (Lindl.) Hiro

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Cushion semi-deserts, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant ca. 1 m high; leaves glabrous or papillose, 4–6-pinnate; segments fliform to linear, 1–3 cm long; umbels with 10–20 rays; petals yellow; fruit oblong, 1–1.5 cm long, grooves between mericarp ribs with papillary structures; mericarp ridges broad, undulate. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **138. Scandix pecten-veneris L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, deserts, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 2500 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; involucel bractlets simple or bilobed; fowers and fruits shortly pedicellate; fruits 2.5–3 cm long.

#### **139. Scandix stellata Banks & Sol.**

**Synonyms:** *Scandix fedtschenkoana* Koso-Pol*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, felds Elevational range: 500 - 3700 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; involucel bractlets pinnately divided; fowers and fruits sessile; fruits 1.5–2.5 cm long.

#### **140. Schrenkia golickeana B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 3400 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–15(–35) cm high; stem deeply sulcate, leaves pinnate-pinnatisect, without leaf sheaths; umbels compound; involucre bracts pinnatisect; petals white, broadly ovate; fruit biglobose (didymous), broader than long, 3.5–4 mm wide, hairy, with slightly conspicuous ribs covered with scarce papillae and powder coating. Usefulness: Med.

#### **141. Schrenkia vaginata (Ledeb.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Schrenkia mogoltavica* O. Politova

Phytogeographical element: I-T

Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1100 - 3000

Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–45 cm high; stem fnely sulcate, leaves 2–4-pinnate-pinnatisect, with well developed sheaths; umbels compound; involucre bracts entire, often absent; petals white, oblong to ovate; fruit biglobose (didymous), broader than long, glabrous, covered only with papillaes.

#### **142. Schtschurowskia meifolia Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests Elevational range: 2400 - 3300 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 30 cm high; only central fower fertile in umbels; calyx teeth soft; fruit roundish-ovate, with smooth longitudinal ridges.

#### **143. Schulzia albifora (Kar. & Kir.) Popov**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Salt marshes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3200 - 4600 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20(–45)cm high; root vertical, 1 cm in diameter; stem often reduced; leaves 3-pinnate, involucre of numerous 2-pinnate bracts; involucel similar to involucre; rays 15–30; fruit up to 3 cm long, 1 mm wide.

#### **144. Semenovia dasycarpa (Regel & Schmalh.) Korovin**

**Synonyms:** *Malabaila dasycarpa* (Regel & Schmalh.) Schischk., *Pastinaca dasycarpa* Regel & Schmalh*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires, rocks, steppes Elevational range: 1800 - 3400 Flowering period: VII - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–70 cm high; base of the stem with tufted, soft remnants of petioles of dead basal leaves; leaf segments 3–7 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, 2–3-lobed, sparsely pubescent or glabrous; calyx with short, triangular teeth; petals yellowish, white or pink, outer longer than inner; style up to 1.5 mm.

#### **145. Semenovia heterodonta Manden.**

**Synonyms:** *Platytaenia heterodonta* Korovin

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 2200 - 4300 Flowering period: VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 40 cm high; base of the stem with tufted, soft remnants of petioles of dead basal leaves; usually many stems; stem and both sides of leaves pubescent; umbels compound; rays 4–6; petals yellowish, unequal; calyx teeth unequal.

#### **146. Semenovia pamirica (Lipsky) Manden.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes, semi-deserts Elevational range: 3100 - 4300 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; Plant 20–40 cm high; base of the stem

with rigid, often present hard remnants of petioles of dead basal leaves; caudex strongly branched, often woody; several stems; stem pubescent, extensively branched; leaf segments oblong–linear; spherical inforescence; umbels compound with 3–6 rays; petals light yellow, sometimes violet at the base.

#### **147. Semenovia pimpinelloides (Nevski) Manden.**

**Synonyms:** *Neoplatytaenia pimpinelloides* (Nevski) Geld., *Platytaenia pimpinelloides* Nevski*, Zosima pimpinelloides* (Nevski) M. Hiroe

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Alpine swards, rocks, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2300 - 3200 Flowering period: VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–60 cm high; base of the stem with tufted, soft remnants of petioles of dead basal leaves; lateral leaf segments oval or ovate, 8–10 mm in diameter, apical segment up to 15 mm long, 20 mm wide; umbels with 2–6 rays; calyx teeth equal; petals yellowish.

#### **148. Semenovia transiliensis Regel & Herder**

**Synonyms:** *Heracleum transiliense* (Regel & Herder) O. Fedtsch. & B. Fedtsch.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine meadows Elevational range: 1700 - 3200 Flowering period: VII - IX

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high with slender, branching stem; basal leaves pinnate, broad-ovate, 2–3 × 1–2 cm; bracts 3–5, linear; rays 4–15, subequal, 3–4 cm, densely hairy with spreading hairs; bractlets 3–5, linear, nearly as long as umbellet; fowers 15–20 per umbellet; fruit ovoid, 6–8 × 4–5 mm, pilose; lateral ribs broadly winged.

#### **149. Seseli mucronatum (Schrenk) Pimenov & Sdobnina**

**Synonyms:** *Ligusticum mucronatum* (Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Leute, *Pachypleurum mucronatum* (Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Schischk.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 1500 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–50 cm high; policarpic; caudex branched; sometimes with short, vertical roots; usually several stems; leaf petioles hollow; fruits glabrous.

#### **150. Seseli valentinae Schrenk**

**Synonyms:** *Seseli squarrosum* Schischk., *S. tschuense* Nikitina

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Steppes, screes Elevational range: 700 - 1500 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 60–70 cm high; several solid stems branching above; basal leaves with oblong blade, 2-pinnately dissected, ultimate segments linear, 5–20 × 1–2 mm; umbels 1.5–5 cm in diameter, peduncles elongated, slender; rays (2–)3–6(–9), ca. 10 mm long, unequal; umbellets 12–25-fowered; petals whitish, abaxially pubescent;

stylopodium conic; fruit ovoid,

3–6 × 2–4 mm, minutely pubescent.

#### **151. Sium sisarum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Sium sisaroideum* DC*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 2200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–80 cm high; glabrous; stem hollow, ribbed; leaves pinnate with 3–11 leafets; umbels compound; petals white; fruit with well-visible ribs; mezocarp parenchymal. Usefulness: For.

#### **152. Torilis leptophylla (L.) Rchb. f.**

**Synonyms:** *Torilis xanthotricha* Stankov

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - VI

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; stem stright, strigose; leaves pubescent and rough on both sides; umbels on peduncles 1–5 cm long, usually equal or slightly longer to a leaf growing from the same node; involucre bracts absent; fruits with long prickles; mericarps 4–6 mm long.

#### **153. Torilis nodosa (L.) Geartn.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Screes, roadsides, forestsides Elevational range: 700 - 1300 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30–80 cm high, hispid; umbels sessile to shortly pedunculate, leaf opposed; rays 1–2 cm long.

#### **154. Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 350 - 3400 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; leaves pinnately compound; fowers whitish-pink; fruits slightly fattened with spines. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **155. Zeravschania regeliana Korovin**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1400 - 2700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm high; stem hollow; leaves glabrous; leaf blade 2-pinnate 10–20 cm long, 5–10 cm wide; terminal leaf lobe 3–5 mm long, elliptical, toothed; marginal ribs of mericarp broaden and curved towards commissural side; secretory canals present in mericarp ribs.

#### **156. Zosima korovinii Pimenov**

**Synonyms:** *Platytaenia tordyloides* Korovin

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 2400 - 2700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–80 cm high; leaves hairy; fruits pubescent.

#### **157. Cynanchum acutum L. subsp. sibiricum (Willd.) Rech.f.**

Synonyms: *Cynanchum sibiricum Willd*.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, C-A Habitat: xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, semideserts, ruderal habitats Elevational range: 400 – 2700 Flowering period: V-VII Remarks: Stems many branched and woody at base, to 3 m long, pubescent rarely glabrous; petiole 0.5–4 cm; leaf blade hastate, hastate-cordate; pedicel 4–8 mm; sepals ovate, 1.5–2 × 0.5–0.9 mm, corolla white outside, white to purple inside.

#### **158. Trachomitum lancifolium (Russanov) Pobed.**

**Synonyms:** *Trachomitum venetum* (L.) Woodson var. *lancifolium*  Hara

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, salt marshes Elevational range: 600 - 900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 0.5–2 m high; leaves entire; stamen flaments pubescent. Usefulness: Ind.

**118 Apiaceae - Apocynaceae**

#### **159. Trachomitum scabrum (Russanov) Pobed.**

**Synonyms:** *Trachomitum venetum* (L.) Woodson var. *scabrum*  Kitam*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, salt marshes Elevational range: 620 - 3300 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 0.7–2 m high; leaves serratedentate; stamen flaments glabrous. Usefulness: Med, Ind.

#### **160. Vinca erecta Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 900 - 3300 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 16–50 cm high; stem erect; leaves sessile, 1–2 cm long and 0.6–0.7 cm wide. Usefulness: Med.

#### **161. Arum korolkovii Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs, steppes, screes Elevational range: 1000 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–50 cm high; leaves as long as culm, blade 1.5–2 times longer than petiole; fruits 6–9 mm in diameter, red.

#### **162. Eminium albertii (Regel) Engl.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with fattened tuber, 2.3–5 cm across; leaves with long petiole, blade divided on 3 segments; tube 4–9 cm long and 1.5–3.5 wide; limb 2–3 times longer than tube.

#### **163. Eminium regelii Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Deserts, semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 750 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with fattened tuber, 1.5–3 cm across; leaves with long petiole, lancolate or oblog, 15–30 × 2.5–5 cm; the base truncate or subcordate; scape 15–30 cm long; tube of spathe oblong-cylindrical with velutinous blackish–purple, oblong, elliptical limb.

#### **164. V incetoxicum darvasicum B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1100 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–60 cm high; leaves 2–7 cm long and 1–4 cm wide; fowers brown-green; seeds 9–10 mm long, smooth.

**120 Araceae – Asclepiadaceae**

#### **165. Asparagus neglectus Kar. & Kir.**

**Synonyms:** *Asparagus misczenkoi* Iljin

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests Elevational range: 1400 - 1650 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 40–100 cm high, glabrous; stems suberect, densely branched, with cladodes (except near base), usually covered with stripelike remains of whitish, hyaline periderm when old; pedicels 2–6 mm; inforescences developing after cladodes; fowers of both sexes solitary or paired.

#### **166. Fessia puschkinioides (Regel) Speta**

**Synonyms:** *Scilla bucharica* Dessjat*., S. puschkinioides* Regel

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 3400 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (7–)10–20 cm high; leaves 2–3, linear-lanceolate, (4–)10–20 (–30) cm wide; tepals intense blue; lowest pedicels usually longer than perianth.

#### **167. Muscari leucostomum Woronow ex Czerniak.**

**Synonyms:** *Muscari bucharicum* Regel

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fields, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 1000 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; leaves 3–6, linear, 2–3 mm wide; raceme many-fowered; perianth dark blue, pedicels 1.5–2 mm long. Usefulness: Foo. Orn.

167

#### **168. Polygonatum roseum (Ledeb.) Kunth**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests Elevational range: 2000 - 2950 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–80 cm high; rhizome terete, 3–5 mm thick; leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, sessile, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; inforescences 1- or 2-fowered, peduncle 1–1.5 cm, pedicel 1–4 mm; perianth pale purple, cylindric, 1–1.2 cm; berries 7–11 mm in diameter, 2–7-seeded. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **169. Polygonatum sewerzowii Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests Elevational range: 900 - 2200 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant perennial, 40–80 cm high; in Tajikistan the genus Polygonatum Adans. is represented by two species: *P. sewerzovii* with white fowers and *P. roseum* (Ledeb.) Knuth. with pink fowers. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **170. Asplenium ruta-muraria L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1450 - 2550 Sporing period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–10(–15) cm high; lamina deltoid–triangular to ovate, (1–)2–5(–8) × 1–3(–5) cm, apex obtuse to subacute, 2-pinnate or pinnate–pinnatifd; veins free, rarely connected near margin, never united into a marginal vein; sori 5–12 per pinna, subelliptic to linear. Usefulness: Med.

#### **122 Asparagaceae – Aspleniaceae**

**171. Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1100 - 4100 Sporing period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 8–15 cm high; scales dark brown; leaf segments linear, 6–10 × 0.1–0.3 cm, base gradually decurrent onto stipe, minutely forked again at apex; sori 1–5 per segment, linear, 1–2 cm, at maturity covering entire surface; spores with lophate perispore.

#### **172. Asplenium viride Huds.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1250 - 2100 Sporing period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 8–15 cm high; lamina less than 1.5 cm wide; stipe and rachis green, never gemmiferous.

#### **173. Ceterach offcinarum Willd.**

**Synonyms:** *Asplenium ceterach* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 700 - 1600 Sporing period: IV to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 12 cm high; rhizome short; fronds green, lamina pinnatipartite with orange-

brown trichomes on the abaxial surface, petiole 1–5 cm long, shorter than the corpus of the leaf; sori linear. Usefulness: Med.

The community of *Eremurus regelii* and *E. fuscus* in the Imat Valley (Zeravshan Mts, West Tajikistan).

#### **174. Acanthocephalus amplexifolius Kar. & Kir.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, felds, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 700 - 2200 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–40 (–50) cm high; stem glabrous; achene with longitudinal ribs, apex with fliform beak.

#### **175. Acanthocephalus benthamianus Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, felds, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 650 - 3800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50 (–70) cm high; stem strigose at base; achene tuberculate along ribs, apex with short beak.

#### **176. Achillea arabica Kotschy**

**Synonyms:** *Achillea biebersteinii* Afan*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 700 - 2850 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 100 cm high; leaves usually densely pilose, with linear, cute-acuminate ultimate segments; rachis up to 1 mm wide; phyllaries pale, abaxially hairy. Usefulness: Med.

#### **177. Achillea bucharica C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, moraines and snow-beds, forbs Elevational range: 2700 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 40 cm high, densely pubescent; leaves up to 6 cm long and 0.3–0.6 cm wide; phyllaries with wide dark brown margins.

#### **178. Achillea flipendulina Lam.**

Phytogeographical element: Asteraceae, I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, screes, ruderal, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs

Elevational range: 1000 - 4000

Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 120 cm high; leaves usually densely appressed hairy, with oblong-lanceolate, subacute ultimate segments; rachis more than 1.5 mm wide; phyllaries pale to whitish-green, abaxially pubescent and gland dotted.

Usefulness: Med.

#### **179. Achillea millefolium L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1300 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant up to 100 cm high; ultimate leaf segments narrowly linear-oblong to lanceolate, mucronate; rachis 1.5–2 mm wide; phyllaries with pink to brownish scarious margins. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

#### **180. Ajania fastigiata (C. Winkl.) Poljakov**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2000 - 2700 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–90 cm high; stem weakly branched at base; middle and lower stem leaf blades usually bipinnate with 5–7 lobes.

#### **181. Ajania gracilis (Hook. f. & Thomson) Poljakov**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes Elevational range: 3600 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–45(–60) cm high; stem strongly branched at base, woody for much of length; middle and lower stem leaf blades usually twice ternately divided.

#### **182. Ajania scharnhorstii (Regel & Schmalh.) Tzvelev**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2000 - 4600 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 4–10 cm high, gray-white, densely and thickly pubescent; leaves bipalmatisect; capitula solitary; involucre 7–10 mm in diameter; phyllaries with scarious brown margin.

#### **183. Ajania tibetica (Hook. f. & Thomson) Tzvelev**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine semi-deserts, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3550 - 4800 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–20 cm high; leaf blade 2-pinnatisect, 1–2 cm long, both surfaces densely tomentose; involucre 4–6 mm in diameter.

#### **184. Alfredia acantholepis Kar. & Kir.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, forbs Elevational range: 1600 - 3300 Flowering period: VI - X Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–120 cm high; stem purplish red; leaves papery, with 1–2 mm long spinules; basal and lower stem leaves with lobed petiole and large undivided blade truncate to cordate at base; capitula erect.

#### **185. Alfredia nivea Kar. & Kir.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, coniferous forests, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 2400 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 35–60 cm high; stem purplish red; leaves leathery, with slender 5–10 mm long spines; basal and lower stem leaves with winged petiole; capitula nodding.

#### **186. Amberboa bucharica Iljin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fields, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 2200 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–80(–100) cm high; inner phyllaries leathery, with red veins, ciliate at margin.

#### **187. Amberboa turanica Iljin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fields, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 5–50 cm high; inner phyllaries with triangular to lanceolate apical appendages.

#### **188. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.**

188

Phytogeographical element: A; Plurireg Habitat: Roadsides, fallows, arable felds Elevational range: 500 - 1500 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 10–120 cm high; leaves pinnately 1- or 2-lobed; involucres of male capitula 2–3 mm in diameter; male forets 12–20.

#### **189. Anacantha darwasica (C. Winkl.) Soják**

**Synonyms:** *Modestia darwasica* (C. Winkl.) Charadze & Tamamsch.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 1300 - 3200 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–60 cm high; leaves sessile, oblong; capitula bell-shaped, phyllaries with spine longer than phyllaries; achene pyramidal.

#### **190. Anaphalis darvasica Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2000 - 3700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 40–60 cm high; leaves 2–4 cm long; involucre 3–4 mm (4–7 mm during fruiting) in diameter.

#### **191. Anaphalis sarawschanica (C. Winkl.)**

**B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 3000 - 3700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high; leaves up to 2 cm long; involucre 8–10(–12) mm in diameter.

#### **192. Arctium sardaimionense Rassulova & B.A. Sharipova**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, orchards and gardens Elevational range: 800 - 2100 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 30–40 cm high; outer and middle phyllaries linear; achene 4–4.5 mm long.

#### **193. Artemisia alba Turra**

**Synonyms:** *Artemisia viridis* Willd. ex DC

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 4000 - 4400 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; lower stem leaves both surfaces wrinkled and gland-dotted; capitula 5–8 mm in diameter.

#### **194. Artemisia annua L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 400 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 40–140 cm high; basal and lower stem leaves long petiolate, 3-pinnatisect; capitula 1.5–2.5 mm in diameter, with up to 30 greenish-yellow forets.

#### **195. Artemisia dracunculus L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, meadows, pastures, forbs Elevational range: 1700 - 4000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (20–)40–150 cm high, strongly aromatic to inodorous; leaves entire, linear, linear-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or lanceolate, occasionally some with 1 (or 2) lateral lobes; capitula globose, 3–4 mm in diameter. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

#### **196. Artemisia macrocephala Jacquem. ex**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 3000 - 4000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30(–50) cm, whitish-grey hairy; basal and lower stem leaves with petiole 1.5–3 cm long, and blade +/- orbicular, 1.0–1.5 cm long; capitula 5–10(–15) mm in diameter. Usefulness: For, Hou.

#### **197. Artemisia pamirica C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes, alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2500 - 4300 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (20–)35–40 cm high, stems

covered with lobed hairs but becoming glabrous with age; leaves lanceolate; capitula globose 2–3.5 mm in diameter.

#### **198. Artemisia porrecta Krasch. ex Poljakov**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: River beds, steppes Elevational range: 900 - 2600 Flowering period: IX - X Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 45–60(–70) cm high, with numerous brownish fertile shoots; synforescence pyramidal; capitula 3–4 mm long, ovate, sessile. Usefulness: For.

#### **199. Artemisia rhodantha Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3800 - 4300 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant up to 15 cm high, with numerous stelile and fertile shoots; blade of lower stem leaves oblong-ovate in outline; capitula up to 3 mm long, ovate; outer phyllaries broadly lanceolate, margin scarious.

Usefulness: For.

#### **200. Artemisia rutifolia Stephan ex Spreng.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1400 - 4200 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 20–80 cm high, strongly aromatic, silky puberulent; synforescence a racemelike panicle, involucre 3–9 mm in diameter.

#### **201. Artemisia santolinifolia Turcz. ex Krasch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1800 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 10–45(–80) cm high; leaves narrowly 3-pinnatisect; capitula 3–5 mm in diamerer; outermost phyllaries linear-oblong, not scarious-margined.

#### **202. Artemisia turanica Krasch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 500 - 1100 Flowering period: IX - X Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 20–40 cm high, with fertile shoots becoming purplish or blackish with age; synforescence pyramidal, dense; capitula up to 3 mm long, ovate; outer phyllaries very small, elliptical; inner phyllaries oblong or linear-oblong, with broad scarious margin. Usefulness: For.

#### **203. Aster alpinus L. var. serpentimontanus (Tamamsch.) Ling**

**Synonyms:** *Aster serpentimontanus* Tamamsch*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 2900 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 8–25 cm high; most leaves arranged in rossete, stem leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; capitula solitary, up to 4 cm in diameter.

#### **204. Bidens frondosa L.**

Phytogeographical element: A; Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 550 - 1250 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 25–100(–150) cm high; at least lower leaves pinnate with leafets on petioles; achenes blackish to brown, tuberculate.

#### **205. Brachanthemum kirghisorum Krasch.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes, semi-deserts Elevational range: 1750 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 5–25 cm high; leaf blade grayish green, pinnately 4–7-lobed (upper stem leaves palmately 3-lobed); outer phyllaries 1/3–2/5 as long as inner, margin membranous.

#### **206. Carduus nutans L.**

**Synonyms:** *Carduus coloratus* Tamamsch*., C. schischkinii*  Tamamsch*., C. songoricus* Tamamsch*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 1700 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 30–100 cm high; capitula solitary; involucre 4–7 cm in diameter.

#### **207. Carthamus oxyacanthus M. Bieb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, felds, salt marshes, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 1300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 20–50(–70) cm high; leaves serrate, particular tooth ended with spine; leaf blade both surfaces glandular, abaxially covered with white hairs; capitula 1–1.2 cm in diameter; pappus absent.

#### **208. Carthamus tinctorius L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt shrubs, steppes Elevational range: 450 - 1000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (20–) 50–100(–150) cm high; leaf blade fnely serrate or entire; capitula 2–2.5 cm in diameter; pappus usually absent. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **209. Centaurea benedicta (L.) L.**

**Synonyms:** *Cnicus benedictus* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Meadows, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1700 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–50 cm high; uppermost leaves large, exceeding capitula; capitula concealed by uppermost leaves; involucre ovoid, ca. 2 cm in diameter. Usefulness: Med, Foo, Ind.

210

#### **210. Centaurea besseriana DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Centaurea squarrosa* Willd.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Screes, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 20–70 cm high; leaf blade both surfaces gland-doteed; capitula numerous; involucre 2.5–4 mm in diameter; phyllaries with 3 veins; outer and middle phyllaries with whitish appendages; pappus 1–2.7 mm long.

#### **211. Centaurea bruguierana (DC.) Hand.- Mazz. subsp. belangeriana (DC.) Bornm.**

**Synonyms:** *Centaurea belangeriana* (DC.) Stapf

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 450 - 1100 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 50 cm high; leaves pubescent and gland-dotted; capitula solitary, 0.5–1.2 cm in diameter, surrounded by upper stem leaves; middle phyllaries with white spine up to 2 cm long.

#### **212. Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds, meadows, pastures, ruderal, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 2300 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–100 cm high; leaves sparsely strigose and gland-dotted; terminal spine of middle phyllaries straight, up to 25 mm long.

#### **213. Centaurea pulchella Ledeb.**

**Synonyms:** *Hyalea pulchella* (Ledeb.) C. Koch

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 3500 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant (10–) 20–70 cm high; stem leaves sessile; capitula many; outer and middle phyllaries ovate or ovate-oblong, without appendages; involucre 4–6 mm in diameter, 1–1.2 cm long; fowers red-pinkish during anthesis, afterwards yellow.

#### **214. Centaurea ruthenica Lam.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2100 - 3300 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm high; capitula 2–2.5 cm in diameter; outer and middle phyllaries ovate or broadly oblong, with narrow scarious margin, without appendages; pappus 4.5–6 mm long.

#### **215. Centaurea solstitialis L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Ruderal, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 450 - 1600 Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30–100 cm high; stems winged; leaf blade both surfaces cobwebby; capitula ovateconical, 1–1.2 cm in diameter; outer and middle phyllaries with yellow, recurved spines up to 3 cm long.

#### **216. Chardinia orientalis (L.) Kuntze**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50 cm high; leaves narrowly eliptical, lanceolate or linear; capitula 1–2.5 cm in diameter, with 8–12 forets; phyllaries glabrous; outer phyllaries broadly ovate; pappus 1–1.7 cm long.

#### **217. Chondrilla canescens Kar. & Kir.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, felds Elevational range: 400 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 75–150 cm high, grayishgreen; middle and upper stem leaves lanceolate or linnearlanceolate; capitula 0.3–1.5 cm in diameter, with 10–11 forets; apical part of achene straight (not bent).

#### **218. Chondrilla gibbirostris Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 900 - 1800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–150 cm high green; capitula 0.3–1.5 cm in diameter, with 9–11 forets; apical part of achene bent.

#### **219. Chondrilla maracandica Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 1500 - 2900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–70 cm high; stem richly branched, poorly leafy, redish or purplish at base; capitula with 9–11 forets; beak of achene 0.5–0.7 mm long.

#### **220. Cicerbita thianschanica (Regel & Schmalh.) Beauverd**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants 100–125 cm high; upper part of stem glabrous; capitula with 15–20 forets.

#### **221. Cicerbita zeravschanica Popov ex Kovalevsk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, forbs Elevational range: 1450 - 3100 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–80(–100) cm high; upper part of stem glandular; capitula with 5 forets. Sometimes regarded as synonym of *Kovalevskiella zeravschanica* (Popov ex Kovalevsk.) Kamelin

#### **222. Cichorium intybus L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 400 - 2700 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–110 cm high; stem leaves similar to basal leaves but smaller and less divided; synforescence spiciform-paniculiform; achene brown, subcylindric to obovoid. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo, Hou.

#### **223. Cirsium badakhschanicum Kharadze**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 2500 - 3700 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–100 cm high; stems unwinged; capitula 2–3.5 cm in diameter, in clusters (each composed of 2–5 capitula); outer phyllaries ovatelanceolate, with spiny margin; achene glabrous; pappus 1.2–1.3 cm long.

#### **224. Cirsium esculentum (Siev.) C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires, pastures Elevational range: 2200 - 2800 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant stemless, or stem very short, 7–9 cm high; capitula 2.5–3 cm wide; outer phyllaries ovate or ovate-lanceolate, margin ciliate; forets and achene glabrous, pappus 2.4–2.5 cm long.

#### **225. Cirsium incanum (S.G. Gmel) Fisch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Fields, ruderal habitats, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 3700 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 100 cm high; stems unwinged; leaves abaxially tomentose; capitula 1.4–5 cm in diamer; outer phyllaries ovate; achene glabrous; pappus 2.5–3 cm long.

#### **226. Cirsium ochrolepideum Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 600 - 3700 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–120 cm high; stems with spiny wings; capitula 1–1.5 cm in diameter; outer and middle phyllaries ovate; achene glabrous; pappus 2–2.5 cm long.

#### **227. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 800 - 2200 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–150 cm high; stems winged; capitula 2.5–4.5 cm in diameter, phyllaries spreading outside; achene glabrous; pappus 2.5–2.8 cm long. Usefulness: Med.

#### **228. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.**

**Synonyms:** *Erigeron bonariensis* L.

Phytogeographical element: A; Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal habitats Elevational range: 800 - 900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–80 cm high; leaves edges smooth; fowerheads single; fruits 2 mm with yellowish hairs.

#### **229. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.**

**Synonyms:** *Erigeron canadensis* L.

Phytogeographical element: A; Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal places Elevational range: 600 - 1500 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: ; plant erect, (3–)50–200 (–350) cm, branched mostly distally; phyllaries usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely strigose; corollas of pistillate forets with laminae 0.3–1 mm; cypselae uniformly pale tan to light graybrown; receptacles 1–1.5(–3) mm diameter in fruit; pappi of 15–25, white bristles 2–3 mm.

#### **230. Cousinia albertoregelia C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 1500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 55–150(–200) cm high; caudex covered with dry residues of leaves; syforescences spike-like; outer phyllaries linear, acuminate; achene obovate, tiangular or quadrangular in cross section.

#### **231. Cousinia anomala Franch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1700 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; basal leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire; capitula 15 mm long; apical part of outer phyllaries with 2–3 pairs of spines; achene obovate, glabrous.

#### **232. Cousinia buphthalmoides Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, steppes Elevational range: 2200 - 3700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 15–45 cm high; basal leaves lyrate, arranged in rosette; upper stem leaves sessile; capitula 13–15 mm wide; phyllaries lanceolate, spine recurved; achene obovate.

#### **233. Cousinia corymbosa C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 2400 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 80–100 cm high, gayishgreen; capitula 17–20 mm wide; involucre cobwebby; middle phyllaries spreading outside, gradually narrowed to long (up to 12 mm) spine; achene obovate, tiangular in cross section.

#### **234. Cousinia darwasica C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 2400 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant 30–50 cm high; basal leaves arranged in rosette; upper stem leaves sessile; capitula 12–13 mm wide; outer phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, spreading outside; achene obovate.

#### **235. Cousinia divaricata C. Winkl.**

### **VU**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1150 - 2000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–30 cm high; basal leaves lyrate, arranged in rossete; middle and upper leaves sessile; capitula 7–11 mm wide, ovate-cylindrical; phyllaries spreading outside; achene triangular in cross section.

#### **236. Cousinia ferghanensis Bornm.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 30–50 cm high; basal leaves lyrate, terminal lobe ovate; middle and upper leaves sessile; capitula 20–25 mm wide; involucre cobwebby; receptacle bristles rough; inner phyllaries scarious; achene oblong-obovate, smooth and glossy.

#### **237. Cousinia grigoriewii Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 700 - 1800 Flowering period: VI Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 30–55 cm high; leaves abaxially white-tomentose; basal leaves arranged in rossete; capitula 12–20 mm wide; involucre cobwebby; middle phyllaries with arcuate spines; achene obovate, with dark spots.

#### **238. Cousinia laetevirens C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 3500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–50 cm high; caudex covered with dry residues of leaves; leaves pinnatisect with lateral lobes 0.5–2 mm wide; capitula 10–15 mm wide; phyllaries spreading outside; achene obovate, glabrous.

#### **239. Cousinia carduncelloidea Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1500 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant 25–50 high; leaves abaxially tomentose; basal leaves arranged in rosette, with 5-8 pairs of lateral lobes; capitula 2.0–2.5(–3) cm wide; middle phyllaries keeled; achene obovate.

#### **240. Cousinia mollis schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, steppes, semideserts, ruderal habitats Elevational range: 400 – 2000 Flowering period: V-VII Remarks: Plant 15-8m cm high; densely covered with white tomentose hairs, inforescence 3-6 fowered; corolla yellow, and pinkish after anthesis.

#### **241. Cousinia mulgediifolia Bornm.**

### **NT**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 500 - 2100 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 45–100 cm high; stems almost glabrous; leaves adaxially glabrous; capitula 12–15 mm wide; involucre cobwebby; outer and middle phyllaries linnear-lanceolate; achene oblong-obovate.

#### **242. Cousinia olgae Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fields, steppes Elevational range: 1000 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 10–70 cm high; leaf margin almost entire, apex spiny; capitula 13–15 mm wide; receptacle bristles smooth; phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, keeled; achene obovate, with dark spots.

#### **243. Cousinia ovczinnikovii Tscherneva**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3000 - 4000 Flowering period: VII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 50–60 cm high, cobwebby; leaves adaxially grayish-green; capitula fattened, ca. 20 mm wide; phyllaries lanceolate, spreading outside; achene obovate, smooth.

#### **244. Cousinia pannosa C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2700 - 4000 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–60 cm high, densely cobwebby; caudex covered with dry residues of leaves; capitula solitary, 15–20 mm wide; phyllaries lanceolate, spreading outside; achene obovate.

#### **245. Cousinia pseudarctium Bornm.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 550 - 2700 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 80–100 cm high; basal leaves eliptical, arranged in rossete; capitula oblong-cylindrical or ovate, 10–12 mm wide, with 25–40 forets; phyllaries lanceolate, spreading outside, with hooked spines; achene obovate, glabrous.

#### **246. Cousinia pseudodshisakensis Tschern. & Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, screes, felds Elevational range: 2000 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; leaves abaxially white-tomentose; basal and lower stem leaves with 3–4 pairs of lateral lobes; capitula 20–30 mm wide; involucre cobwebby; outer and middle phyllaries keeled; achene obovate, smooth.

#### **247. Cousinia pulchella Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, forbs Elevational range: 1100 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 25–60 cm high; stems winged, wings 4–5 mm wide; leaf blade lanceolate, entire; capitula, ovate, 8–10 mm wide; phyllaries more than 100, with thin apical spines; achene narrowly obovate.

#### **248. Cousinia pusilla C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 400 - 900 Flowering period: V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–15(–25) cm high; middle and upper leaves sessile, serrate, particular tooth ended with 1–2 mm long spine; capitula 7–9 mm wide, with 10– 15 forets; phylaries spreading outside; achene obovate.

#### **249. Cousinia radians Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 2900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; leaves abaxially white-tometose; basal leaves lyrate, arranged in rossete; capitula 15–20 mm wide; phyllaries 100–140, spreading outside; achene oblong-ovate, triangular in cross section.

#### **250. Cousinia refracta (Bornm.) Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 1900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–120 cm high; basal leaves lyrate, arranged in rossete; capitula ca. 15 mm wide, with 17 forets; phyllaries ca. 100, with appical part sharply recurved; achene obovate, triangular in cross section.

#### **251. Cousinia sclerophylla Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 600 - 1400 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–50 cm high; leave shallowlobed, strongly spiny; capitula up to 12 mm wide, with 20 forets; involucre cobwebby; phyllaries ca. 30, with short spine; achene inversely pyramidal, with thiny teeth in apical part.

The alpine arid swards in the upper section of the Ghunt Valley near Jelandy in the Eastern Pamir.

#### **252. Cousinia semilacera Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2200 - 3500 Flowering period: VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–35 cm high; leaves pinnatifd, with lateral lobes 0.5–2 mm wide; capitula 12–15(–20) mm wide; outer phyllaries leathery, broadly lanceolate, with short spines; middle and inner phyllaries with broad, scarious, serrulate appendages; achene obovate.

#### **253. Cousinia splendida C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2300 - 3300 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–70 cm high; leaves abaxially white-tomentose, pinnatifd, with lateral lobes 4–7 mm wide; capitula 18–25 mm wide; outher phyllaries with distinct midvein; inner phyllaries with scarious and spiny appendages.

#### **254. Cousinia stephanophora C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, forbs Elevational range: 1700 - 4000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; basal leaves arranged in rosette, pinnatifd, with lateral lobes 3–6 mm wide; capitula (10–)15–18(–20) mm wide, slightly cobwebby; phyllaries 50–60, lanceolate, apical part recurved with very short spines; achene obovate, with theeth in apical part.

#### **255. Cousinia submutica Franch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1600 - 3000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; leaves abaxially white-tomentose; basal leaves arranges in rossete, lobed, sometimes lyrate; capitula 10–12(–15) mm wide, with 60 forets; involucre cobwebby; phyllaries 170, oblong-lanceolate, with short spines; achene obovate.

#### **256. Cousiniopsis atractyloides (C. Winkl.) Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1100 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 25 cm high; leaves spiny, pinnatifd, with 5–7(–9) lobes; capitula 7–10 mm in diameter, with 19–20 forets; spines of outer phyllaries 2 mm long.

#### **257. Crepidifolium akagii (Kitag.) Sennikov**

**Synonyms:** *Youngia tenuicaulis* (Babc. & Stebbins) Czerep.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, Orient Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1400 - 3900 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; stems dichotomously branched almost from base, glabrous; stem leaves often bractlike; capitula with 10–12 forets; phyllaries glabrous; achene black to blackish, fusiform, with 10 ribs, shortly scabrid.

#### **258. Crepidifolium tenuifolium (Willd.) Sennikov**

**Synonyms:** *Youngia diversifolia* (Ledeb.) Ledeb.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2700 - 4100 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–15(–25) cm high; capitula with 10–16 forets; phyllaries hairy; tubular corolla hairy; achene hairy.

#### **259. Crepis multicaulis Ledeb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine meadows, rocks, screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 1300 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 40 cm high, with rhizome; basal leaves arranged in rosette; stems usually leafess; phyllaries abaxially covered with glandular hairs; achene 3.5–4 mm long.

#### **260. Crepis nicaeensis Balb. ex Pers.**

**Synonyms:** *Crepis fexuosa* Kit.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 1900 - 4400 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; stem richly branched from base; capitula with 9–13 forets; phyllaries dark green (almost black); corolla tube glabrous; achene with 10 ribs.

#### **261. Crepis oreades Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine steppes, forbs Elevational range: 2700 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25(–30) cm high; rosette with numerous leaves; stem leaves 0–2, +/- linear, reduced in size; phyllaries abaxially hairy, especially along midvein; anther tube ca. 4 mm.

#### **262. Crepis pulchra L.**

**Synonyms:** *Phaecasium pulchrum* (L.) Rchb.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Meadows, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 750 - 2700 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 100 cm high; lower section of stem hispid and stipitate-glandular, upper section – glabrous; basal and lower stem leaves narrowly obovate; outer phyllaries 1–2 mm long, with broad membranous margin; achene glabrous.

#### **263. Crepis trichocephala (Krasch.) Krasch. ex V.V. Nikitin**

**Synonyms:** *Barkhausia trichocephala* Krasch*.* 

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 2900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–40(–60) cm high; stems ribbed, purplish, poorly leafy; phyllaries covered with long, recurved, bristly hairs and short glandular hairs; inner achenes with beak 2 +/- longer than achene.

#### **264. Crupina vulgaris Pers. ex Cass.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Meadows, felds, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; stem solitary; stem leaves sessile, with 3–5 pairs of lateral lobes; involucre at anthesis fusiform to narrowly ellipsoid and 4–6 mm in diameter, expanding during fruiting; outer pappus elements to ca. 6 mm long, very unequal.

#### **265. Cyanus depressus (M. Bieb.) Soják**

**Synonyms:** *Centaurea depressa* Bieb.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 350 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–60 cm high, with greyish tomentum; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong-obovate, up to 2 cm wide; capitula 2–2.5 cm in diameter; outer and middle phyllaries ovate, with white, fmbriate margin;

#### achene 5.5 mm long; pappus 6–8 mm long.

#### **266. Cyanus segetum Hill**

**Synonyms:** *Centaurea cyanus* L.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 800 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 15–100 cm high, grayish-green; middle stem leaves lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, entire, up to 1 cm wide; capitula 1–2.5 cm in diameter; outer and middle phyllaries ovateoblong, with dark dentate-fmbriate margin; achene 4–5 mm long; pappus 3–4.5 mm long.

#### **267. Cymbolaena griffthii (A. Gray) Wagenitz**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 450 - 2100 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant with greyish tomentum; primary stem very short, branches procumbent, thus the whole plant usually appressed to the soil; leaves linear, acute; glomerules 10–20 mm in diameter; pappus bristles 1.5 mm long.

#### **268. Doronicum turkestanicum Cavill.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards, moraines and snow-beds, forbs Elevational range: 3600 - 3650

Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–80 cm high; basal leaves with 4–15 cm long, winged petiole; outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate or lanceolate; tube of ray forets densely glandular hairy; achenes in ray forets glabrous and without pappus, in disk forets adpressed hairy and with pappus.

#### **269. Echinops acantholepis Jaub. & Spach**

**Synonyms:** Acantholepis orientalis Less.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: river beds, semi-deserts, salt shrubs Elevational range: 420 - 750 Flowering period: III - VI Remarks: Plant 5–35 cm high; stem hairy; leaf blade lanceolate, cobwebby to lanate on both sides; pseudocephalia 1–1.4 cm in diameter; outer phyllaries 5–9 mm long; achene conical-oblong 4–5 mm long covered with white hairs.

#### **270. Echinops chloroleucus Rech. f.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 1850 - 3100 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–90 cm high; stem covered with white hairs; leaves sessile, adaxially yellowis-green, gland-dotted; pseudocephalia 3–4 cm in diameter; outer phyllaries 6–7 mm long; achene fusiform, pubescent.

#### **271. Echinops nanus Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, salt shrubs, salt marshes, steppes Elevational range: 460 - 2450 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; stems and branches whitish to canescent, densely cobwebby to lanate; leaves grayish-white, cobwebby; pseudocephalia 2.5–3 cm in diameter; outer phyllaries 6–8 mm long; achene conical-oblong, covered with yellow hairs.

#### **272. Echinops wakhanicus Rech. f.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 2800 - 2900 Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–100 cm high; lower and middle section of stem glandular, upper section – covered with dense, white hairs; leaves adaxially gland-dotted; pseudocephalia 5–6 cm in diameter; outer phyllaries 9–10 mm long; achene 9–10 mm long, oblong, covered with short yellow hairs.

#### **273. Epilasia mirabilis Lipsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1100 Flowering period: III Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30(–40) cm high; stem leaves sessile; ray forets 2–4 cm long; phyllaries 0.5–2 cm long; outer phyllaries herbaceous, narrowly lanceolate, serrulate; inner phyllaries leatheary, broadly lanceolate with mambranous margin; achene 4–5 mm long.

#### **274. Erigeron alexeenkoi (Krasch.) Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Psychrogeton alexeenkoi* Krasch*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2800 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 10 cm high, densely pubescent with glandular hairs; leaves obovate or oblongobovate; capitula 1.4–2.2 cm in diameter; ray forets as long as pappus or slightly longer; achene covered with glands and long glandular hairs.

#### **275. Erigeron allochrous Botsch.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine meadows Elevational range: 2200 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant um to 30 cm high; leaf margin entire, villous-ciliate; capitula solitary, up to 4 cm in diameter; phyllaries densely villous to lanate, eglandular, green or purplish in apex, often exceeding disk forets; achene (immature) densely strigose to silky.

#### **276. Erigeron aurantiacus Regel**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Fens, alpine meadows Elevational range: 2100 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 35 cm high; stem densely villous-hirsute; leaf margin entire, strigose; capitula solitary, up to 3.5 cm in diameter; phyllaries subequal, green and apically purplish, slightly exceeding disk forets, densely villous-hirsute; achene strigose.

#### **277. Erigeron badachschanicus Botsch.**

### **VU**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds Elevational range: 2100 - 2600 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–50 cm high; stem purplish; margin of basal leaves distantly serrate; capitula 1.2–1.5 cm in diameter; phyllaries purplish, covered with glandular hairs; ray forets glabrous; achene oblonglanceolate, pubescent.

#### **278. Erigeron bellidiformis Popov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2700 - 3000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; basal leaf apex obtuse; capitula 1.2–2 cm in diameter; phyllaries linear-lanceolate, covered with glandular hairs, with purplish apex; tube of ray forets hairy; achene lanceolate, pubescent.

#### **279. Erigeron cabulicus (Boiss.) Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Psychrogeton cabulicus* Boiss*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 6–30(–35) cm high; basal leaves lanceolate, acute, margin entire or distantly serrate; capitula up to 2.5 cm in diameter; ligule of ray lorets ovate or spatulate; ray forets distinctly longer than pappus.

#### **280. Erigeron heterochaeta Botsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2400 - 5000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 20 cm high; basal leaves obovate, margin entire; capitula 3–5 cm in diameter; ray forets 1.3–2.1 cm long; corolla of disk forets hairy; all achene sterile obovate, pubescent.

#### **281. Erigeron khorossanicus Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs

Elevational range: 1300 - 3400

Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 25–100 cm high; basal and lower stem leaves lanceolate; capitula 0.8–2 cm in diameter; teeth of disk forets covered with simple hairs; outer (female) forets with fertile achenes; inner (bisexual) forets with sterile achene; fertile achene obovate, pubescent.

#### **282. Erigeron pamiricus Botsch. & Kochk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2700 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; basal and lower stem leaves oblong-lanceolate; capitula 1.5–2 cm in diameter; plyllaries densely covered with long, multicellular hairs; disk forets with glabrous teeth; achene oblong-lanceolate, pubescent.

#### **283. Erigeron petiolaris Vierh.**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 30 cm high; basal and lower stem leaves obovate; capitula 1.2–2.5 cm in diameter; phyllaries spreading outside, densely covered with long, multicellular hairs; achene lanceolate, densely pubescent.

#### **284. Erigeron petroiketes Rech. f.**

**Synonyms:** *Erigeron pseudoneglectus* Popov

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes, alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2200 - 4900 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 20(–30) cm high; stem purplish; basal and lower stem leaves glabrous or with scattered hairs; capitula 1.5–2.8 cm in diameter; phyllaries covered with long hairs; achene oblong-lanceolate, pubescent.

#### **285. Erigeron poncinsii (Franch.) Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Psychrogeton poncinsii* (Franch.) Ling & J.L. Chen

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 3300 - 4650 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 20 cm high, tomentose; basal leaves lanceolate; capitula 1.6–2.5 cm in diameter; ray forets distinctly longer than pappus; tubular corolla hairy; achene obovate, pubescent.

#### **286. Erigeron popovii Botsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Wet meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 200 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–10 cm high; basal laves lanceolate, glabrous; capitula 1.2–1.6 cm in diameter; phyllaries glabrous, with purplish apex; disk forets with glabrous teeth; achene linear-lanceolate, pubescent.

#### **287. Erigeron primuloides Popov**

**Synonyms:** *Psychrogeton primuloides* (Popov) Grierson

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1500 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 10 cm high, covered with glandular hairs; basal leaves obovate, apex obtuse or acute, margin serrate; capitula 1.5–2.2 cm in diameter; phyllaries with purplish apex; achene narrowly obovate, with glandular hairs.

285

290

#### **288. Erigeron sogdianus Popov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 2500 - 4100 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–16 cm high; basal leaver obtuse; capitula 1.4–2 mm in diameter; phyllaries densely pubescent, with purplish apex; ray forets glabrous; disk forets conical, with glabrous teeth; achene oblonglanceolate, covered with glandular hairs.

#### **289. Erigeron umbrosus (Kar. & Kir.) Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes Elevational range: 1800 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–35(–100) cm high, densely covered with short glandular and some long multicellular hairs; leaves obovate, up to 5 cm long; capitula 0.6–1 cm in diameter; corolla of ray forets pubescent, fliform; achene obovate, densely pubescent.

#### **290. Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1700 - 2400 Flowering period: IV - V

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–10 cm high; main stem with long prostrate to spreading lateral branches; leaves spathulate; bracts much longer than synforescence; capitula 8–15 clustered; phyllaries in 3 series.

#### **291. Filago paradoxa Wagenitz**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 900 - 2200 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 20 cm high; stem erect, dichotomously branched; leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly spathulate; bracts slightly longet than synforescence, capitula 6–10 clustered; phyllaries in 2–3 series.

#### **292. Filago pyramidata L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 2200 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; stem with divergent branches, usually overtopping main stem; leaves oblong-spatulate; bracts slightly longer than synforescence; capitula 10–15 clustered; phyllaries in 5 series.

#### **293. Galinsoga parvifora Cav.**

Phytogeographical element: A; Plurireg Habitat: Arable felds, fallows, ruderal habitats Elevational range: 700 - 2250 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 60 cm high; stem glabrous at base; peduncle with few glandular hairs which are less than 0.5 mm long.

#### **294. Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav.**

Phytogeographical element: A; Plurireg Habitat: Arable felds, fallows, ruderal habitats Elevational range: 750 - 1250 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 60 cm high; stem hairy below; peduncle with numerous glandular hairs which are more than 0.5 mm long.

#### **295. Garhadiolus hedypnois Jaub. & Spach**

**Synonyms:** *Rhagadiolus angulosus* (Jaub. & Spach) Kupicha

Phytogeographical element: I-T, S-S, E-S, M Habitat: Fields, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 2300 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; basal and lower

stem leaves oblong-obovate; capitula 3–5 mm in diameter, sessile or on very short peduncles; inner phyllaris glabrous or with bristles; achene apex with short bristles.

#### **296. Gnaphalium luteoalbum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Laphangium luteoalbum* (L.) Tzvelev

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, meadows Elevational range: 2100 - 3350 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; leaves white-woolly on both sides; capitula in terminal clusters; involuclar bracts scarious, straw-coulored or whitish.

#### **297. Handelia trichophylla (Schrenk) Heimerl**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fields, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 650 - 3250 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–100 cm high, densely white pilose in the lower part; lower leaves petiolate; fowers ca. 2 mm long.

#### **298. Helianthus annuus L.**

Phytogeographical element: A; Plurireg Habitat: Fields, steppes, ruderal habitats Elevational range: 500 - 1200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 100–300 cm high; stems erect, usually hispid; capitula large, 10–30 cm in diameter; disk forets brown or purple.

#### **299. Helichrysum maracandicum Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 2500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–35(–75)cm high; capitula with 60–75 forets; phyllaries greenish-yellow; pappus consisted of 20–25 hairs. Usefulness: Med.

#### **300. Helichrysum mussae Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants 15–30(–45) cm high; capitula with 25–30 forets; phyllaries brownish; pappus consisted of 22–25 hairs.

#### **301. Helichrysum thianschanicum Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 3100 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–45(–60) cm high; capitula with 25 forets; phyllaries yellow; pappus consisted of 30–40 hairs.

#### **302. Heteracia szovitsii Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Screes, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 2600 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30(–40) cm high, glabrous; capitula with 20–50 forets; outer phyllaries 2–5, triangular, 1–2 mm long; inner phyllaries ca. 8, lanceolate, 3-8 mm long.

#### **303. Hieracium robustum Fr.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, Orient Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, forbs Elevational range: 1700 - 3100 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–80(–120) cm high; stem basally purple; leaves often with rigid simple hairs on margin; synforescence with (10–)15–50(–80) capitula; phyllaries green or dark green.

#### **304. Hieracium virosum Pall.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 2500 Flowering period: VII - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–80(–120) cm high; stem basally purple; leaves abaxially pale green, distinctly reticulately veined, with dense to sparse +/- setose simple hairs; synforescence with (10–)15–50(–80) capitula; phyllaries dark green.

#### **305. Hippolytia darvasica (C. Winkl.) Poljakov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2300 - 3700 Flowering period: VII - IX

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–50 cm high, grayish, covered with dense branched hairs; leaves glandular; capitula in dense spherical synforescence; phyllaries with brown membranous margin; outer phyllaries hairy, inner phyllaries glabrous.

#### **306. Inula glauca C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1500 - 2500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high, covered with glandular and eglandular hairs; leaves sessile and eliptical, ovate-oblong; capitula 3–4 cm in diameter; phyllaries almost equal; corolla tube of ray forets hairy; achene cylindrical.

#### **307. Inula grandifora Willd.**

**Synonyms:** *Inula orientalis* Lam., *I. macrophylla* Kar. & Kir.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 750 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–200 cm high; leaves abaxially glandular, veins covered with white, multicellular hairs; capitula 4.5–6.5 cm in diameter; outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, densely covered with glandular hairs; achene cylindrical. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **308. Inula macrolepis Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds Elevational range: 800 - 1000 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant 40–50 cm high; leaves, acute, distancly serrete, abaxially covered with long hairs; capitula 2.5–3 cm in diameter; outer phyllaries spreading outside, covered with long, eglandular hairs; pappus as long as tubular corolla.

#### **309. Inula rhizocephala Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, pastures Elevational range: 1200 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants acaulescent; leaves numerous, oblong or oblong-obovate; capitula 1.5–3 cm in diameter; numerous, densely congested, encircled by rosette of leaves.

#### **310. Inula schischkinii Gorschk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1900 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–50 cm high; leaves sessile, ovate to oblong; capitula 1.5–2.5 in diameter; inner phyllaries almost 3 × longer than outer; ray forets glandular; achene cylindrical.

#### **311. Inula schmalhausenii C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 2500 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–30 cm high, covered with woolly hairs, eglandular; leaves ovate-lanceolate; capitula 4–5 cm in diameter; outer and inner phyllaries almost equal; ray forets hairy; achene linear.

### **312. Jurinea abramowii Regel & Herder**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2100 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high, grayish green; basal leaves, pinnatifd, with narrow lobes; capitula 3–4 cm in diameter; phyllaries acute, at least outer recurved in apical part; pappus 1–1.5 cm long.

#### **313. Jurinea bipinnatifda C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 700 - 1100 Flowering period: V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–80 cm high; terminal lobe of lower leaves larger than lateral lobes; phyllaries sharply recurved, appex attenuate; capitula 2.5–5 cm in diameter; corolla glandular; pappus 1.2–1.5 cm long.

#### **314. Jurinea bucharica C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 800 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; caudex covered with dry residues of leaves; petiole of basal leaves slightly expanded; basal leaves pinnatilobate; capitula 0.5–1.2 cm in diameter; involucre narrowly cup-shaped; pappus 1.8–2 cm long.

#### **315. Jurinea lanipes Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: , EI-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 3700 - 4200 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–30 cm high, leaves pinnatifd (with 3–5 pairs of lateral lobes), arranged in rosette; capitila 3.5–4 cm in diameter; outer and middle phyllaries slightly recurved; pappus 1.3–1.5 cm long.

#### **316. Jurinea maxima C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 1600 - 1800 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–80 cm high; terminal lobe of lower leaves not larger than lateral lobes; phyllaries covered with short bristles and glandular, sharply recurved, appex attenuate; capitula 3–6 cm in diameter; corolla glandular; pappus up to 1 cm long.

#### **317. Jurinea narynensis Kamelin & Tscherneva**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, screes Elevational range: 1000 - 1800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–35 cm high; caudex covered with residues of old shoots; stem branched from base; stem leaves linear, 2–3 mm wide, margin revolute; capitula solitary, ovate; phyllaries lanceolate, keeled.

**318. Jurinea olgae Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1300 - 2300 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–30(–40) cm high; stem richly branched; leaves linear, margin entire; capitula 0.7–1 cm in diameter; involucre narrowly cylindrical or narrowly cup-shaped; pappus 1–1.2 cm long.

#### **319. Jurinea thianschanica Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 1200 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–45 cm high; stem arachnoid, branched from base; leaves linear or oblong; involucre 2.5 cm wide; outer phyllaries acuminate, glandular, bent down; achene 3–4(–5) mm long, quadrangular in cross section.

#### **320. Kalimeris altaica (Willd.) Nees ex C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall.**

**Synonyms:** *Heteropappus canescens* (Ness) Novopokr.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 650 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–85 cm high; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linnear, densely pubescent; lower stem leaves early withering; capitula 2–3.5 cm in diameter; ray forets 14–15(–22), with ligula 9–12 mm long; pappus 4–6 mm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **321. Karelinia caspia (Pall.) Less.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fields, salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1.5 m high; leaves oblong; capitula 0.8–2 cm in diameter, arranged in terminal corymbiform synforescences; outer phyllaries ovate or ovate-oblong; ray forets with fliform corolla, pappus 0.9–1.4 cm long.

#### **322. Koelpinia linearis Pall.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Pastures, screes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs

Elevational range: 400 - 3300

Flowering period: IV - VI

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; stem leaves linear; capitula 3 mm in diameter, with 5–9 forets; achene columnar-scorpioid, abaxially and apically covered with hooked, needlelike spines.

#### **323. Koelpinia macrantha C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 300 - 1300 Flowering period: III - V

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–35 cm high; leaves linear; capitula 7–8 mm in diameter; achene annularly curved, glandular, with furrows, abaxially and apically covered with hooked, needlelike spines.

#### **324. Koelpinia tenuissima Pavlov & Lipsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, nitrophilous rock footings, steppes Elevational range: 300 - 2800 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–25 cm high; leaves fliform;

capitula up to 2 mm in diameter; achene linear-cylindrical, straight, only apically covered with hooked spines.

#### **325. Kovalevskiella kovalevskiana (Kirp.) Kamelin**

**Synonyms:** *Cicerbita kovalevskiana* Kirp*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Forbs, deciduous forests Elevational range: 1200 - 2500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 110 cm high; petiole of lower leaves long, broadly winged, semi-amplexicaul; capitula cylandrical, with 5 fowers; phyllaries covered with glandular hairs; achene oblong cylindrical or lanceolate.

#### **326. Lachnophyllum gossypinum Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes Elevational range: 300 - 1400 Flowering period: VII - X

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–80 cm high, covered with dense, soft hairs; basal leaves early withering; lower stem leaves obovate; capitula 1.8–2.3 in diameter; outer phyllaries less than 1 mm wide, pubescent; corolla of ray forets pobescent; pappus 5.5–6 mm long. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **327. Lactuca crambifolia (Bunge) Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Steptorhamphus crambifolius* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 2800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (15–)30–50 cm high; basal leaves 20–30 cm long; peduncle glabrous; capitula 2–2.5 cm in diameter; phyllaries glabrous or only outer phyllaries covered with non-glandular hairs; pappus 7–11 mm long.

#### **328. Lactuca glauciifolia Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 550 - 2900 Flowering period: III - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 7–15 (–20) cm high; stem glabrous; leaves grayish, abaxially covered with long, white hairs; basal leaves obovate or spatulate, arranged in rosette; capitula 5 mm in diameter; phyllaries covered with long, white hairs; pappus 2.5–3 mm long.

#### **329. Lactuca orientalis (Boiss.) Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Scariola orientalis* (Poiss.) Soják

Phytogeographical element: I-T, S-S, E-S Habitat: Rocks, screes, felds, steppes Elevational range: 850 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; base of lower

stem leaves with white tomentose hairs; outer phyllaries ovate, red in apical part; tubular corolla hairy; achene 7–8 mm long, compressed; pappus 7–9 mm long.

331

#### **330. Lactuca soongorica Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Cephalorrhynchus soongoricus* (Regel) Kovalevsk.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–80 cm high; stem purplish (mostly at base), glabrous in upper part; synforescence paniculiform; capitula 3–5 mm in diameter; inner phyllaries with purplish margin; achene laterally furrowed; pappus up to 5 mm long.

#### **331. Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, Himal Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, fens and mires, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 400 - 3900 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–80(–100) cm high; lower and middle stem leaves usually pinnately lobed, base usually narrowed and semiamplexicaul; capitula up to 2.5 cm in diameter; achene without prominent beak; pappus 9–12 mm long.

#### **332. Lactuca undulata Ledeb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, screes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 3400 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30(–60) cm high; leaves glaucous green; lower and middle stem leaves oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic; capitula 1 cm in diameter, with 8–12 fowers; beak of achene 10–12 mm, base with rodlike appendages.

#### **333. Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal**

**Synonyms:** *Paramicrorhynchus procumbens* (Roxb.) Kirp.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, S-S Habitat: River beds, felds, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 1400 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant up to 30(–80) cm high; most leaves arranged in rosette; outer phyllaries triangular-ovate; inner phyllaries oblong or linear; ligula as long as corolla tube; corolla tube pubescent; achene 3 mm long.

#### **334. Leontopodium brachyactis Gand.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 2900 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 15 cm high; basal leaves broadly spathulate, with promiment midvein,

obtuse; bracts similar to stem leaves; capitula 6–8 mm in diameter, 3–5-clustered; pappus 5 mm long.

#### **335. Leontopodium ochroleucum Beauverd**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires, alpine swards Elevational range: 3500 - 4900 Flowering period: V - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–15(–25) cm high; rosette leaves oblong-spatulate or narowly oblong; bracts differ from stem leaves, whitish-yellow, 1.5–2 × longer than synforescence; capitula 5–7(–12) clustered, 5–7 mm in diameter.

#### **336. Lepidolopsis turkestanica (Regel & Schmalh.) Poljak**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Termophilous shrubs, steppes, screes, ruderal, fallows Elevational range: 800 - 2300 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–80(–100) cm high; leaves composed of narowly linnear or lineal-lanceolate lobes; synforescence 15–30 cm long; capitula 4–6 mm in

diameter; inner phyllaries with white membranous margin.

#### **337. Ligularia alpigena Pojark.**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires, alpine swards, pastures Elevational range: 2800 - 4250 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–50(–80) cm high, grayish green; basal and lower stem leaves ovate or eliptical, attenuate; synforescence composef of 5–20 capitula; ray forets 7–12, 6–12 mm long; pappus white as long as tubular corolla.

#### **338. Ligularia heterophylla Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, pastures, forbs Elevational range: 1750 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 200 cm high, grayish green; basal leaves 2, eliptical or oblong, up to 50 cm long; synforescence up to 50 cm; ray forets 3–5, 11–15 mm long, pappus shorther than achene.

#### **339. Ligularia karataviensis (Lipsch.) Pojark.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, screes, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 3300 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 40 cm high; leaves round or cordate; synforescence composed of 3–7 capitula; ray forets ca. 10; 15–20 mm long.

#### **340. Ligularia thomsonii (C.B. Clarke) Pojark.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 200 cm high; leaves triangular-cordate, abaxially sparsely white lanate, adaxially glabrous; synforescence 10–35 cm long, composed of numerous capitula; ray forets 1–3(–4–5), 12–22 mm long; pappus as long as achene.

#### **341. Limbarda salsoloides (Turcz.) Ikonn.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 1400 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–35(–60) cm high; stem base covered with white hair, upper part of stem glabrous; leaves sessile, margin revolute; ray forets 1.1–1.3 cm long; achene gland-dotted.

The Kulikalon Lake in the Zeravshan Mts (West Tajikistan).

#### **342. Matricaria aurea (Loef.) Sch. Bip.**

**Synonyms:** *Lepidotheca aurea* (L.) Kovalevsk.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 1100 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–15(–20) cm high; leaves up to 3 cm long; capitula solitary, 4–6(–8) mm in diameter; all forets tubular; receptacle ovate; pappus absent.

#### **343. Matricaria discoidea DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Chamomilla suaveolens* (Pursh) Rydb.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 500 - 1600 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–35 cm high; leaves up to 6 cm long; capitula 8–9 mm in diameter, arranged in synforescences; receptacle conical-oblong; pappus present.

#### **344. Neopallasia pectinata (Pall.) Poljakov**

**Synonyms:** *Artemisia pectinata* Pall*.*

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 1300 - 3400 Flowering period: VII - X Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 40 cm high; stems erect, purplish; synforescence of short axillary spikes grouped into a slender, leafy panicle; phyllaries with broad scarious margin; achenes brown, eliptic, somewhat compressed.

#### **345. Onopordum acanthium L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 600 - 2000 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant up to 200 cm high; stem winged; wings with yellowish-brown spines; capitula (2–)3–5 cm in diameter; outer and middle phyllaries with divaricate to refexed apex; achene 4–6 mm long, pappus bristles scabrid, 1.1–1.3 cm long. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **346. Onopordum leptolepis DC.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Ruderal habitats, arable felds Elevational range: 600 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant 60–100 cm high; stem winged; wings with yellow spines; capitula 5–10 cm in diameter; phyllaries straight; achene 6–6.6 mm long; pappus bristles plumose, 2–2.5 cm long.

**347. Pentanema albertoregelia (C. Winkl.) Gorschk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1600 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; capitula 1–3(–6); outer phyllaries lanceolate, apex acuminate; disk forets almost as long as ray forets, achene up to 1 mm long.

#### **348. Pentanema divaricatum Cass.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Fields, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 1100 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–25 cm high, covered with dense, long hairs; capitula numerous; outer phyllaries spatulate, apex obtuse; disk forets 1.5 × shorter than ray forets.

#### **349. Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 400 - 2700 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 15–60 cm high, stem narrowly winged; middle and upper leaves abaxially with reticulate venation; capitula 3–4 cm in diameter; outer phyllaries leafy; pappus of silky hairs.

#### **350. Picris nuristanica Bornm.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1400 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 35–85(– 120) cm high; stem covered with whitish 2-hooked hairs; basal leaves and lower stem leaves lanceolate or oblong; capitula 0.7–1 cm in diameter; phyllaries dark green, arachnoid hairy and with whitish rigid 2-hooked hairs.

#### **351. Pilosella procera (Fr.) F.W. Schultz & Sch. Bip.**

**Synonyms:** *Hieracium procerum* Fries

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, alpine meadows, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1700 - 3250 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–70(–100)cm high, stems covered with stellate and bristly hairs; leaves yellowish green; lower and middle stem leaves oblong-lanceolate; synforescence loose; capitula 1–1.2 cm in diameter; phyllaries lanceolate; achene ribbed.

#### **352. Polychrysum tadshikorum (Kudr.) Kovalevsk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 2300 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–150 cm high; caudex covered with dry residues of leaves and felty hairs; leaves 3- or 4-pinnatisect, felted; synforescence composed of 30–50 capitula; capitula 3–4.5 mm in diameter; phyllaries felty or almost glabrous.

#### **353. Pseudohandelia umbellifera (Boiss.) Tzvelev**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, ruderal, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1000 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 20–90 cm high; basal leaves numerous at anthesis; leaves (2–)3-pinnatisect; synforescence composed of 10–85 capitula; capitula 6–10 mm in diameter; phyllaries glabrous. Usefulness: Med.

#### **354. Psychrogeton amorphoglossus (Boiss.) Novopokr. Synonyms:** *Psychrogeton leucophyllus* (Bunge) Novopokr. **LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2300 - 3500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 15 cm high, grayishgreen; leaves obovate or oblong-eliptical; capitula 1.3–2.2 cm in diameter; ray forets +/- as long as pappus; achene covered with long white hairs, slightly glandular.

#### **355. Psychrogeton andryaloides DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Erigeron andryaloides* (DC.) Benth

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1700 - 4100 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 15 cm high, covered with long villous and short glandular hairs; basal leaves ovate or spatulate, margin distantly serrate; capitula 1.6– 2 cm in diameter; ray forets clearly longer than pappus.

#### **356. Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Gaertn.**

**Synonyms:** *Pulicaria uliginosa* Stef. ex DC.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, fens and mires, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 550 - 1800 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; leaves sessile, oblong, apex acute, base cordate and slightly amplexicaul; phyllaries in 5 or 6 series; ray forets almost 3 × as long as tubular disk forets; corolla sparsely glandular outside. Usefulness: Med.

#### **357. Pulicaria salviifolia Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes, ruderal Elevational range: 550 - 2300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high, grayish tomentose, with a pleasant smell; leaves obovatespatulate, apex rounded, base narrower; phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, slightly pubescent; corolla sparsely glandular outside.

#### **358. Pyrethrum karelinii Krasch.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3000 - 4450 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–35 cm high; leaves pinnatifd, with pinnatifd lobes; capitula 3–5 cm in diameter; ligule of ray forets 12–22 mm long; achene with 5–8 ribs. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **359. Pyrethrum leontopodium (C. Winkl.) Tzvelev**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 3200 - 4800 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–15 cm high, densely white tomentose; blade of basal leaves 2–3 pinnatisect; involucre 10–20 mm in diameter; phyllaries lanceolate with blackbrown margin; achenes with 7–10 ribs.

#### **360. Pyrethrum pyrethroides (Kar. & Kir.) B. Fedtsch. ex Krasch.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2000 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–25(–35) cm high, arachnoid hairy; blade of basal leaves bipinnatisect into lanceolate, hyaline-mucronulate ultimate segments; involucre 7–15 mm in diameter; phyllaries with backishbrown margin; ligule of ray forets 7–15 mm long; achene with 5–9 ribs.

Usefulness: Orn.

#### **361. Pyrethrum semenovii (Herder) C.G.A. Winkl. ex O. Fedtsch. & B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2600 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–35 cm tall, sparsely villous; basal leaves with petioles up to 2 cm long; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 3-pinnatisect; phyllaries in 4 rows, outer phyllaries long ovate-triangular, inner ones narrowly lanceolate; achene 2.3–3 mm long, with 6–8 ribbs.

#### **362. Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo**

**Synonyms:** *Acroptilon repens* (L.) DC.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 350 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–80 cm high; leaves oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; capitula up to

1.5 cm in diameter; involucre ovate; phyllaries with bright membranous appical appendages; achene white.

#### **363. Rhinactinidia limoniifolia (Less.) Novopokr. ex Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Krylovia limoniifolia* (Less.) Schischk.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1200 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants up to 25 cm high; stems strigose; basal leaves spatulate to obovate or oblanceolate, strigose, margin entire or sparsely serrulate, apex obtuse or rounded; capitula solitary, 1.5–2 cm in diameter; phyllaries in 3 series; achene densely strigose.

#### **364. Rhinactinidia popovii (Botsch.) Botsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1400 - 2600 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–30 cm high, grayish; rossete leaves obovate or broadly eliptical; capitula 1–1.5 cm in diameter; phyllaries covered with (eglandular and glandular) hairs and gland-dotted; ray forets 4–5 mm long, corolla tube greenish, covered with short hairs.

#### **365. Richteria djilgense (Franch.) K. Bremer & Humphries**

**Synonyms:** *Pyrethrum djilgense* (Franch.) Tzvelev

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes Elevational range: 2500 - 4800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 15(–30) cm high, glabrous; leaves inconspicuously gland-dotted, pinnatifd, with very short ulimate segments; capitula usually solitary, 1.5–3 cm in diameter; ray forets 7–15 mm long; achene with 6–8 ribs.

367

#### **366. Russowia sogdiana (Bunge) B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–50 cm high; middle and upper stem leaves pinnatisect, lobes margin revolute; capitula 0.6–0.8 mm in diameter; phyllaries with membranous margin, outer and middle – ovate to elliptic, inner – lanceolate; achene yellowish brown.

#### **367. Saussurea elegans Ledeb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Juniper forests, screes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 2300 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–70 cm high; stem strawcolored to purplish red; lower and middle stem leaves adaxially glabrous; capitula numerous, 1–1.6 in diameter; involucre narrowly campanulate; phyllaries greenish but purple apically; achene pale brown.

#### **368. Saussurea famintziniana Krassn.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, alpine semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 3500 - 4200

Flowering period: VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–12 cm high; rootstock stout, with fbrously split bark; rosette and lower stem leaves scabrid, margin coarsely dentate; synforescence composed of 3–4 capitula; capitula 0.8–1.5 cm in diameter; phyllaries purplish, unequal.

368

#### **369. Saussurea glacialis Herder**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3800 - 4900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–6 cm high; caudex covered with remains of petioles; leaves oblong or spatulate; synforescence composed of 10–20 capitula; capitula 0.7–1 cm in diameter; phyllaries equal, apically purple or blackish. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **370. Saussurea kabadiana Rassulova & B.A. Sharipova**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, salt shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 500 Flowering period: IX - X Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–110 cm high; basal leaves lyrate, both surfaces gland-dotted; capitula numerous, 0.6–2 cm in diameter; phyllaries green, with eglandular and glandular hairs; corolla glandular; outer hairs of pappus persistent.

#### **371. Saussurea leucophylla Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3700 - 4500 Flowering period: VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2.5–10 cm high; caudex branched, with many sterile leaf rosettes and fowering stems; leaves linnear, margin entire; capitula solitary, 1.8–1.9 in diameter; phyllaries green, equal, covered with wooly hairs.

#### **372. Saussurea ovata Benth.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3400 - 3400 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 25 cm high; stem furrowed; leaves ovate, acute, margin dentate or entire; capitula numerous, 1–1.5 in diameter; phyllaries green, margin purple; corolla glabrous.

#### **373. Saussurea pseudosalsa Lipsch.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine meadows, slpine steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1600 - 3800 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–60 cm high; leaf blade oblong, elliptic or narrowly ovate, 3.5-10 × 0.5-4 cm, feshy, both surfaces grayish green and scabrid; capitula in a corymbiform synforescence; phyllaries apically or entirely dark purple; receptacle bristles subulate; achene cylindric.

#### **374. Saussurea salsa (Pall. ex Pall.) Spreng.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine steppes Elevational range: 2300 - 4200 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–80 cm high; stem winged; basal leaves withered at anthesis; leaf margin dentate to denticulate; capitula up to 1.5 cm in diameter, in a corymbiform synforescence; phyllaries pinkish green; outer hairs of pappus not persistent. Usefulness: For, Orn.

#### **375. Saussurea sordida Kar. & Kir.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2300 - 3700 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–100 cm high; stem base covered with fbrous remains of leaf sheaths; leaves broadly lanceolate, dentate; capitula 2–4 cm in diameter, solitary or 2–4 arranged in corymbose synforescence; involucre spherical; phyllaries blackish-purple, pubescent.

#### **376. Schischkinia albispina (Bunge) Iljin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 1800 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 5 cm high; leaves oblong-spatulate, glandular, margin with white spines; capitula 4–7 mm in diameter; phyllaries glabrous, apex acuminate and tipped with a short spine.

**377. Schmalhausenia nidulans (Regel)** 

**Petr.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards Elevational range: 2600 - 3900 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 25 cm high; leaves densely and fuffly villous; capitula 5–10; phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, apex narrowed into a long subulate spine; outer and middle phyllaries abaxially villous; achene wrinkled, ribs prolonged into a small tooth; pappus bristles brown, up to 1.3 cm.

379

#### **378. Scorzonera bracteosa C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1200 - 1900 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (20–) 75–105 cm high; middle stem leaves 2.1–5 cm wide, margin undulate; bracts 2–5, broadly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; capitula 7–8 cm long (during fruiting), involucre 1.6 cm in diameter, achene glabrous.

#### **379. Scorzonera circumfexa Krasch. & Lipsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 450 - 3000 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–35 cm high, with a globose tuber some cm below surface; basal leaves 0.8–2.3 cm wide, with 3–7 prominent veins; capitula 1.3–1.7 cm long; involucre 1–1.2 cm in diameter; achene densely pubescent. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **380. Scorzonera hissarica C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 2100 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–25(–70) cm high; stems unbranched; basal leaves lanceolate or ovate-laceolate, 1.2–7 cm wide; capitula 4.5–4.8 cm long (during fruiting); involucre 6–9 mm in diameter; achene glabrous.

#### **381. Scorzonera inconspicua Lipsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 900 - 3550 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants 10–35 cm high, slightly hairy, glabrescent; basal and lower stem leaves lanceolate, 1–1.7 cm wide, margin undulate; capitula up to 3.5 cm long (during fruiting), involucre 0.6–1 cm in diameter; achene with tuberculate ribs, glabrous.

#### **382. Scorzonera parvifora Jacq.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires, felds, salt shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 1700 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 10–60 cm high, glabrous; leaves lanceolate or linear, 2–15 mm wide, succulent; capitula 2.5–3 cm long (during fruiting), involucre 0.5–1 cm in diameter; achene yellowish, with smooth elevated ribs, glabrous.

#### **383. Scorzonera pubescens DC.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 2200 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (5–) 20–35 cm high, with conspicuous gray indumentum; basal and lower stem leaves linear, 3–5 mm wide, margin fat; capitula 4 cm long (during fruiting); involucre 6–7 mm in diameter; achene with tuberculate ribs; pappus dirty white.

#### **384. Scorzonera subacaulis (Regel) Lipsch.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards Elevational range: 2800 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant acaulescent or up to 10 cm high; rosette leaves linear, apex acuminate; capitula solitary, 4.5–5 cm long; achene with smooth ribs, glabrous; pappus dirty white, ca. 1.2 cm.

#### **385. Scorzonera tragopogonoides Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 900 - 3900 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (10–)25–45(–95) cm high; middle stem leaves linear, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1–8 mm wide; capitula 5.5–7.5 cm long (during fruiting), ebracteate or with poorly developed lanceolate bracts;

### involucre 1–1.4 cm in diameter, achene glabrous.

#### **386. Senecio erucifolius L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 1000 - 1800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 120 cm high; middle and upper leaves pinatisect with a small, narrow terminal lobe; involucre f occose with 4–6 supplementary phyllaries;

achene 2 mm long, shortly hairy; pappus 6 mm long.

#### **387. Senecio franchetii C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 750 - 3300 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–80 cm high; basal and lower stem leaves lanceolate or broadly oblong; leaf base cuneate, never pinnatifed; synforescence consisted of 3–12 capitula; capitula 1.5–2 cm in diameter; achene 6–8 mm long, pubescent; pappus 1.5–2 × longer than achene.

#### **388. Senecio thianschanicus Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 2000 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 20 cm high, sparsely arachnoid; leaves petiolate, adaxially green, obovate or spatulate, 4-8 × 0.8-1.5 cm; phyllaries ca. 13, linearoblong, 6-7 × 1-1.5 mm, usually dark colored and often fmbriate, or villous.

#### **389. Senecio jacobea L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Roadsides Elevational range: 1000 - 2400 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–80 cm high; leaves evenly distributed (basal often withering before fowering); blade of lower stem leaves oblong-obovate in outline; capitula up to 12 mm in diameter, (10–)20–60 in corymbiform synforescence, outer achene glabrous, inner – pubescent.

#### **390. Senecio olgae Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, forbs Elevational range: 1100 - 3300 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–100 cm high; basal and lower stem leaves broadly ovate; leaf base truncate or cordate; capitula 1–1.5 cm in diameter; synforescences composed of 3–7(–9) capitula; achene pubescent; pappus as long as achene or slightly longer.

#### **391. Senecio paulsenii O. Hoffm.**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes, moraines and snow-beds, forbs Elevational range: 2300 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–50 cm high; basal and lower stem leaves oblong or lanceolate; leaf base cuneate; capitula 2–3 cm in diameter, solitary or synforescence consisted of 2–4 capitula; achene glabrous.

#### **392. Senecio renardii C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, forbs Elevational range: 1100 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant perennial, (20–)30–60(– 70) cm high; basal and lower stem leaves obovate to obovate-oblong, sometimes leaf base pinnatifed; synforescence composed of 9–30 capitula; capitula 1–1.5 cm in diameter; achene glabrous.

#### **393. Senecio saposhnikovii Krasch. & Schipcz.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 2000 - 2500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 60 cm high; stems ribbed; leaves lanceolate, dentate, sometimes pinnatisect; phyllaries ovate; achene ca. 2 mm long; pappus white, 6–7 mm long.

#### **394. Senecio subdentatus (Bunge) Ledeb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Juniper forests, screes, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 350 - 2700 Flowering period: III - V

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; lower leaves pinnatifd, with linnear lobes; capitula 3–8 mm in dameter; ray forets 10–12, 1.5–2 × longer than involucre; achenes pubescent.

#### **395. Seriphidium skorniakovii (C. Winkl.) K. Bremer & Humphries ex K. Bremer & Humphries**

**Synonyms:** *Artemisia skorniakowii* C. Winkl.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3500 - 4300 Flowering period: IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 20–30 cm high, grayish, with a few fertile and numerous sterile shoots; blade of lower stem leaves round-ovoid in outline; capitula up to 5 mm long; achene oblong-ovate, ribbed. Usefulness: For.

#### **396. Serratula algida Iljin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 2600 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (15–)25–30(–80) cm high; stem solitary, erect; leaves glabrous or hairs scattered on the leaf blade, margin ciliate; capitula solitary, 2.5–5 cm in diameter; achene 5–6 mm long; pappus 9–10 mm long.

#### **397. Serratula lyratifolia Schrenk**

### **VU**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 2000 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant almost stemless, or stem 2–8 cm high; caudex covered with residues of old leaf bases; leaf blade lyrate, capitula 2–3(–4) cm in diameter; achene smooth, 5–6 mm long; pappus 1.7–2 cm long.

#### **398. Serratula procumbens Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 2500 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; caudex covered with residues of old leaf bases; stem procumbent; leaves leathery; capitula 2–3 cm in diameter; achene 4–5 mm long, pappus 1.1–1.2 cm long.

#### **399. Serratula sogdiana Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, juniper forests, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2300 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–55 cm high; caudex covered with residues of old leaf bases; leaves +/ leathery, oblong, without reticulate venation; capitula 2–3 cm in diameter; outer and middle phyllaries yellowish-green, without dark tips; achene 4–5 mm long; pappus 1–1.1 cm long.

#### **400. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Roadsides, fallows, arable felds, steppes, river valleys Elevational range: 800 - 2300

Flowering period: IV - VI

Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 20–70 cm high; stem glabrous at base; stem leaves broadly eliptical or ovate, serrate; peduncle hairy; capitula 1–1.5 cm in diameter, achene 4–5 mm long; pappus white, 5–6 mm long.

#### **401. Solidago kuhistanica Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Meadows, forbs, springs Elevational range: 1100 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm high; blade of stem leaves oblong to lanceolate, base auriculate, margin

usually pinnately lobed, terminal lobe usually larger than lateral; capitula 2–4 cm in diameter; peduncle and phyllaries glandular; achene fat with 5 ribs on each side.

#### **402. Sonchus asper L.**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, f elds Elevational range: 600 - 2200 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 40–150 cm high; middle and upper stem leaves adaxially dull green, base auriculately clasping, terminal lobe broadly triangular, broadly hastate or obovate-cordate; capitula 1–1.5(–2.5) cm in diameter; phyllaries glabrous or with few glandular hairs; achene distinctly compressed, without wings.

#### **403. Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, f elds Elevational range: 400 - 2700 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant up to 180 cm high; upper part of stem glandular; middle and upper stem leaves lanceolate; uppermost stem leaves reduced, linear-lanceolate to linear; capitula 1–2.5(–3) cm in diameter; phyllaries abaxially glandular hairy; achene +/ quadrangular in cross section.

#### **404. Sonchus palustris L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fens and mires, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 1200 - 2000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–50(–80) cm high, rhizomatous; stem base glabrous; leaves lanceolate or linear in outline; capitula 0.8–1.5 cm in diameter; achene yellowish, compressed, winged, with 3 ribs on each side. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **405. Sonchus transcaspicus Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, littoral vegetation, springs Elevational range: 400 - 3000 Flowering period: V - X Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–150 cm high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, up to 40 cm long, up 10 cm wide; capitula 4–7(–9) cm in diameter; pappus persistent.

#### **406. Stemmacantha integrifolia (C. Winkl.) Dittrich**

**Synonyms:** *Rhaponticum integrifolium* C. Winkl.

Phytogeographical element: A, I-T Habitat: Screes, ruderal, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1100 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–50 cm high; leaves oblong-lanceolate or lyrate, up to 30 cm long, up to 4 cm wide; capitula 4.5–6 cm in diameter; pappus not

#### **407. Stemmacantha lyrata (Iljin) Dittrich**

**Synonyms:** *Rhaponticum lyratum* C. Winkl. ex Iljin

persistent.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2200 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (25–)60–120 cm high; stem branched in upper part; leaves oblong-lanceolate; middle and upper stem leaves sessile, entire; capitula 1.5–2.3 cm in diameter; involucre broadly ovate; phyllaries apex with 3 mm long spine, margin with 5–9 spines.

**Asteraceae 207**

405 406

#### **408. Stizolophus balsamita (Lam.) K. Koch**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 800 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 70–10 cm high; stem evenly leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate; capitula nemerous, up to 2.5 cm in diameter; ray forets 1–1.2 cm long; pappus 4–5 mm long.

#### **409. Symphyotrichum graminifolium (Spreng.) G.L. Nesom**

**Synonyms:** *Conyzanthus graminifolius* (Spreng.) Tamamsch.

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 400 - 500 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high, with a globose tuber below surface; leaves 1–3 mm wide, margin revolute; capitula 2–4.5 cm long (during fruiting); involucre 5–6 mm in diameter; achene whitish

#### **410. Symphyotrichum salignum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom**

or light yellow; pappus dirty white or yellow.

**Synonyms:** *Aster salignus* Willd*.*

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 650 - 2100 Flowering period: IX - X Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–70 cm high; stem glabrous, purplish at base; middle stem leaves linear, lanceolate, distantly serrulate; capitula 5–8 mm in diameter; ray forets 3.5–4.2 mm long; ache pubescent; pappus 4–4.5 mm long.

#### **411. Takhtajaniantha pusilla (Pall.) Nazarova**

**Synonyms:** *Scorzonera pusilla* Pall*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 400 - 4300 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–70 cmm high, green, usually hairy; upper part of stem poorly branched; petiole basally densely pubescent; peduncle up to 15 cm long; capitula 5–8 mm in diameter, solitary; achene with crown up to 1 mm long, composed of 5 unequal teeth. Usefulness: For.

#### **412. Tanacetopsis czukavinae Kovalevsk. & Junussov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2400 - 3200 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–70 cm high, covered with simple, lobed and glandular hairs; peduncle up to 8 cm long, synforescence composed of 2–8 capitula; achene with crown composed of 5–7 unequal lobes.

#### **413. Tanacetopsis mucronata (Regel & Schmalh.) Kovalevsk.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 1700 - 3700 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 35–65 cm high, grayish; upper part of stem richly branched; synforescence composed of 3–17 capitula; peduncle 1–7 cm long; capitula 7–10 mm in diameter; achene with crown 0.4–0.5 mm long, composed of 5 unequal lobes.

412

**The Agasiz Peak in the Peter the First Mts. with the falling glaciers on the northern walls (5,877 m a.s.l.).**

#### **414. Tanacetopsis pamiralaica (Kovalevsk.) Kovalevsk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1200 - 2500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high, grayish, villous; peduncle up to 10 cm long; capitula 7–15 cm in diameter, solitary; achene with crown 0.4–0.5 mm long, composed of few unequal lobes.

#### **415. Tanacetopsis santoana (Krasch., Popov & Vved.) Kovalevsk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 800 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–60 cm high, glabrous or simple and glandular hairs scattered on the stem; peduncle up to 10 cm long; capitula 6–10 mm in diameter, soiltary or synforescence composed of 2–10 capitula; achene with crown 0.6–1 mm long, composed of 5 equal lobes.

#### **416. Tanacetopsis submarginata (Kovalevsk.) Kovalevsk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1700 - 1750 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–65 cm, grayish, densely pubescent; peduncle 0.6–10 cm long; synforescence composed of 4–15 capitula; capitula 6–12 mm in diameter; achene with crown 0.5–1 mm long.

#### **417. Tanacetum griffthii (C.B. Clarke) Muradyan**

**Synonyms:** *Spathipappus griffthii* (Clarke) Tzvel.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3000 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 15–45 cm high; leaves hairy, with glandular trichomes; middle and upper leaves sessile; capitula 2.5–3 cm in diameter; phyllaries hairy, margin membranous, dark; achene 3–3.5 mm, pappus consist of scales.

#### **418. Tanacetum transiliense Herder**

**Synonyms:** *Pyrethrum transiliense* (Herder) Regel & Schmalh.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2000 - 3300 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–35 cm high; leaves green or greyish-green, slightly hairy, with glands; capitula 1.5–3 cm in diameter; phyllaries with black-brown margin; achene with 6–8 ribs; papus dissected irregularly into linear lobes.

#### **419. Taraxacum badachschanicum Schischk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 2700 - 3600 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 8–15 cm high; leaves 4–12 cm long; capitula 2–2.5 cm in diameter; phyllaries light green, often pinkish, margin ciliate; achene (with cone) 4.5–5.5 mm long; beak 7–8 mm long.

#### **420. Taraxacum erostre Zakirov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, nitrophilous rock footings, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2000 - 3300 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 10 cm high; leaves 3–8 cm long; petiole basally villous; leaf blade lyrate, broadly lanceolate or pinnatisect; capitula 2–2.5 cm in diameter; achene 5–6 mm long; cone 0.5 mm long; beak 1–2 mm long.

#### **421. Taraxacum leucanthum (Ledeb.) Ledeb.**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires, pastures, salt marshes Elevational range: 3200 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–10 cm high; leaves linear, 2–8(–10) cm long; capitula 1.5–2 cm in diameter; styles black; achene 3–3.5 mm long; rostrum 0.6–1 mm long.

#### **422. Taraxacum lilacinum Krasn. ex Schischk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 3600 - 3700 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–12 cm high; stem brownish green, glabrous, during fowering 1.5 × longer than leaves; petiole green to pinkish, unwinged; capitula 2–2.5 cm in diameter; outer phyllaries dark green; achene 3.5–4 mm long; beak of achene 3–4 mm long.

#### **423. Taraxacum murgabicum Vainberg**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires, pastures, salt marshes Elevational range: 3200 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high; leaves 3–10 cm long; capitula 1–1.5(–2) cm in diameter; stigmas dirty yellow; achene 3.5–4.5 mm long; cone 0.2–0.5 mm long; beak 1–2 mm long.

#### **424. Tragopogon alaicus S.A. Nikitin**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Alpine steppes Elevational range: 2000 - 2500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high, glabrous; basal leaves fat; stem leaves 6–10 mm wide; peduncle not swollen below capitula; capitula 1.8–2 cm in diameter, 4.5–5 cm long; pappus longer than achene with beak.

#### **425. Tragopogon conduplicatus S.A. Nikitin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1600 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–17 cm high; basal leaves linnear, folded, 2–3 mm wide; peduncles not swollen below capitula; capitula 1.5–1.7 cm in diameter, 2–3(–4) cm long (during fruiting); pappus as long as achene or slightly longer.

425

#### **426. Tragopogon porrifolius L. subsp. longirostris (Sch. Bip.) Greuter**

**Synonyms:** *Tragopogon krascheninnikovii* S.A. Nikitin

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 900 - 1700 Flowering period: IV - V

Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 30–80(–120) cm high; basal leaves up to 4 mm wide; peduncles swollen below capitula; capitula 2–3 cm in diameter, 6–8 cm long (during fruiting); phyllaries 2 longer than forets; beak of achene curved; pappus shorter than achene with beak.

#### **427. Tragopogon serawschanicus S.A. Nikitin**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1300 - 2800 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 35–50 cm high; stem leaves 1.8–2 cm wide; peduncles slightly swollen below capitula; capitula 2–2.5 cm in diameter, 5–7(–8) cm long (during fruiting); pappus shorther than achene with beak.

#### **428. Tragopogon turkestanicus S.A. Nikitin ex Pavlov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, felds, forbs Elevational range: 2800 - 4000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 35–70(–100) cm high; stem branched in upper part; stem leaves 3–10 mm wide; capitula 1.5–3 cm in diameter, 3–4(–5) long (during fruiting); pappus shorther than achene with beak.

#### **429. Tragopogon vvedenskyi Popov ex Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, screes Elevational range: 800 - 3200 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 20–50(–60) cm high; stem leaves 1–1.5 cm wide; peduncles not swollen below capitula; capitula 1–1.5 cm in diameter, 3–4.5 long (during fruiting); phyllaries 5; pappus as long as, or longer than achene with beak.

#### **430. Tripleurospermum disciforme (C.A. Mey.) Sch. Bip.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, meadows, pastures, felds Elevational range: 1500 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 40–75 cm high; capitula 8–12 mm in diameter; phyllaries with dark brown, scarious margin; ligule of ray forets very short (shorther than corolla of tubular forets); achene smooth.

#### **431. Tussilago farfara L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, forbs Elevational range: 1000 - 3500 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high; fruiting stem with scale-shaped, purplish, bracteate leaves; basal leaves appearing after anthesis, long petiolate; leaf blade orbicular-cordate, abaxially densely white tomentose; capitula 2–3 cm in diameter; achenes cylindric. Usefulness: Med.

**Asteraceae 217**

430 431

#### **432. Uechtritzia kokanica (Regel & Schmalh.) Pobed.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1400 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–80 cm high; all leaves arranged in rosette, abaxially white tomentose; capitula 4–5 cm in diameter; phyllarnies with brown or black apex; achene covered with bristly hairs; pappus 2 cm long.

#### **433. Waldheimia glabra (Decne.) Regel**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3000 - 5000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–5 cm high; leaves glabrous or slightly adaxially pubescent, up to 2 cm long; capitula 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter; phyllaries pubescent at base; ray forets sterile without pappus.

#### **434. Waldheimia stoliczkae (C.B. Clarke) Ostenf.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3000 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high; leaves glabrous, 4.5–5 cm long; capitula 3–3.8 cm in diameter; phyllaries usually glabrous, sometimes pubescent at base; ray forets fertile; all achene with well developed pappus.

#### **435. Xanthium orientale L. subsp. italicum (Moretti) Greuter**

**Synonyms:** *Xanthium italicum* Moretti

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 1200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 50–150 cm high; nodal spines absent; leaf blades suborbicular to pentagonal; hooked projections of bur densely pubescent.

#### **436. Xanthium spinosum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, forbs Elevational range: 350 - 600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–80 cm high; leaf blades blades ovate to lanceolate or lance-linearlanceolate to lanceolate–linear, often pinnately 3(–7)-lobed, abaxially gray to white, nodal spines (1–)3-lobed, 15–30 mm long.

#### **437. Xeranthemum longepapposum Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 1000 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50 cm high, greyish; leaves subsessile, 2–5 mm wide, linear or linear-lanceolate; capitula 1.5–2.2 cm long; phyllaries smooth, transparent, whitish; pappus consisted of rough, lanceolate scales. Usefulness: Orn.

435

436

#### **438. Xylanthemum pamiricum (O. Hoffm.) Tzvelev**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, semideserts Elevational range: 3000 - 4300 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; leaf blades up to 2 cm long, pinnately lobed, with 2–6 lateral lobes; capitula 5–8 mm in diameter; achene with crown composed of 3–6 oblong lobes.

#### **439. Zoegea baldschuanica C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 2300 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–60 (–80) cm high; basal and lower stem leaves pinnatifd; upper stem narrowly leaves lanceolate; capitula 1–1.5 cm in diameter; deltoid appendages of outer and middle phyllaries with very long, reddish, refexed fringes; pappus 2 × longer than the achene.

#### **440. Impatiens parvifora DC.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, screes, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plants 30–60 cm tall, glabrous or sparsely glandular hairy; leaves alternate; petiole 1.5– 2 cm; leaf blade pale green abaxially, dark green adaxially; fowers pale yellow, throat often reddish spotted, small, ca. 1 cm deep. Usefulness: Foo, Hou.

**220 Asteraceae – Balsaminaceae**

#### **441. Berberis heterobotrys E.L. Wolf**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests Elevational range: 1000 - 2200 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 3–3.5 m high; spines rigid, simple or 3-fd, pale purplish red, subterete, shorter than leaves, 10–13 mm; inforescence umbellate raceme, 9–40-fowered; berry black, subglobose, 5–7 × 2–3 mm, slightly pruinose, seeds 3–5. Usefulness: Foo, Orn.

#### **442. Berberis integerrima Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1500 - 3200 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 2.5–3 m high; spines rigid, simple or 3-fd, purplish red, shorter than leaves, 15–20 mm; inforescence raceme, 10–30-fowered; berry black, subglobose, 8–10 4–7 mm, seeds 2 (rarely 1 or 3). Usefulness: Ind, Orn.

#### **443. Berberis nummularia Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 1500 - 2500 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; Fruits sphaerical, red; leaves on fruitng sprouts entire; fower bracts shorter than pedicel 3 to 4 times. Usefulness: Ind, Orn.

#### **444. Bongardia chrysogonum (L.) Spach**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 2400 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with scapes 30–50 cm high, erect; tuberous rhizome 2–5 cm in diameter; radical leaves 1–3, imparipinnate 10–20 cm long, horizontally spreading; fowers 10–20 mm across, yellow capsule 10–15 × 4–8 mm, ovoid, scarious or membranous grooved. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **445. Gymnospermium albertii (Regel) Takht.**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Screes, moraines and snow-beds, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 3000 Flowering period: III - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high, grey green; tuber subglobose, 1–2.5 cm across; stem erect, glabrous; cauline leaf 1, terminal, trifoliolate, thin in texture, petiole 1.5–4 cm; raceme terminal, simple, 5–7-fowered, 4–5 cm; capsule ovoid, 0.8–1 cm in diameter.

#### **446. Leontice ewersmanni Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 1900 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–50 cm high, glabrous; radical leaves 1 or 2, stem leaves 3–5 biternatiscect, feshy, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, 5–15 cm long; racemes terminal, 5–10 cm long; fowers 5–6 mm in diameter; capsule 10–15 mm in diameter. Usefulness: Med, Hou.

#### **447. Betula procurva Litv.**

**Synonyms:** *Betula procurva* Litv. subsp*. sogdiana* Ovcz*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Riverside forests Elevational range: 2100 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: megaphanerophyte; Tree 5–6 m high; leaves lethery 3–4 long × 3 cm wide, pubescent with 4–5 pairs of veins; inforescences at least 1.8–2 cm, side scale lobes bended to the base. Usefulness: Hou.

#### **448. Betula seravschanica V.N. Vassil.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Riverside forests Elevational range: 1800 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: megaphanerophyte; Tree up to 10 m high; inforescences at least 2–2.5 cm; scales 5–6(–7) mm long, pubescent, side lobes ascendant, leaves 3.5–6 long and 2–4 cm wide. Usefulness: Hou.

#### **449. Biebersteinia multifda DC.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt shrubs, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 2300 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 50 cm high; stem densely pubescent; leaf blade 3-pinnatisect with linear segments; sepals obovate, 5–7.5 mm long, on fruit up to 13 mm long, apex obtuse, covered with glandular hairs; petals orange yellow, apex dentate-crenate. Usefulness: Med.

#### **450. Incarvillea olgae Regel**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, screes Elevational range: 700 - 2800 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 80–150 cm high; capsule linear.

#### **451. Anchusa arvensis (L.) M. Bieb. subsp. orientalis (L.) Nordh.**

**Synonyms:** *Lycopsis orientalis* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 800 - 2900 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; corolla blue; tube geniculate curved; nutlets 3–4 × 2–3 mm, fattened.

#### **452. Anchusa azurea Mill.**

**Synonyms:** *Anchusa italica* Retz*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, I-I Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 400 - 2400 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–100 cm high; calyx 7–10 mm long; corolla 10–15 mm long, straight; anthers the same level as the hairs, 2.5–3 mm long, narrow ovate, attached ca. 7 mm from tube base.

#### **453. Arnebia cana (Tzvelev) Czerep.**

**Synonyms:** *Macrotomia cana* Tzvelev

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 3600 - 4400 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high, greyish; stem leaves 2–3 cm long, 2–4 mm wide; plant generously covered with straight hair and long bristles.

#### **454. Arnebia coerulea Schipcz**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 3700 Flowering period: III - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–50 cm high; corolla limb 1.2–2 cm in diameter.

#### **455. Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) Coss. & Kralik**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, S-S Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 1400 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; corolla limb 0.2–0.3 cm in diameter, pale yellow.

454

**456. Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M. Johnst.**

**Synonyms:** *Macrotomia euchroma* (Royle) Pauls.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 2800 - 4400 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–35 cm high, green; stem leaves 2–5.5 cm long, 3–9 cm wide; covered with set straight and glandular hair with admixture of bristles.

#### **457. Arnebia guttata Bunge**

### **NT**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 1100 - 3800 Flowering period: IV - VI

Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; stems both spreading long hispid and short strigose; stem leaves spatulate–linear, 1.5–5.5 cm; inforescences crowded.

#### **458. Arnebia obovata Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, felds, steppes Elevational range: 450 - 4000 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; leaves spatulate-oblong, rarely obovate; corolla light violet.

**226 Boraginaceae**

458

#### **459. Arnebia tibetana Kurz**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 1400 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; leaves linearlanceolate, corolla yellow.

#### **460. Arnebia transcaspica Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 2100 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 7–20(–25) cm high; limb of corolla 0.6–1 cm.

#### **461. Asperugo procumbens L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, pastures, ruderal, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 650 - 3800 Flowering period: III - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–80(–100) cm high; stem and branches fstular, striate, scabrid with setose retrorse hairs; leaves shortly petiolate; calyx hairy, ca. 2.5 mm long, nodding in fruit, divided into linear-lanceolate lobes; corolla blue, slightly exceeding calyx length.

#### **462. Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I. M. Johnst.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, meadows, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 3000 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–40 cm high; stamens fxed in lower section of corolla tube; nutlets with small pores.

#### **463. Caccinia dubia Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 900 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; leaves elliptic, obtuse or shortly acute at the apex; corolla 18– 20 mm, tube 7–11 mm, lobes 4–8 mm; nutlets 6–7 mm.

#### **464. Caccinia macranthera (Banks & Sol.) Brand**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1500 Flowering period: III -VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–90 cm high; leaves lanceolate with acute apex; corolla 25–37 mm, tube 1.5–22 mm, lobes 8–14 mm; nutlets 8–14 mm.

#### **465. Echium biebersteinii Lacaita**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 35–100 cm high; corolla 1–1.3 cm long, pale white–bluish.

#### **466. Echium vulgare L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Loose sandy screes, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 800 - 2400 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 30–100 cm high; corolla 1.3–1.8 cm long, blue-violet.

#### **467. Eritrichium pamiricum B. Fedtsch. ex O. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, EI-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 2500 - 4300 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–35 cm high; leaf blade acuminate to acute at apex, with few hairs abaxially; abaxial surface of nutlets ovate-triangular, attachment scar slightly below middle adaxially.

#### **468. Eritrichium pseudolatifolium Popov**

Phytogeographical element: SE, EI-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 3700 - 4000 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, apex obtuse; corolla white.

#### **469. Eritrichium pseudostrictum Popov**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 3500 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (15–)20–30 cm high; leaves linear, along folded, gray from dense hairs.

#### **470. Eritrichium villosum (Ledeb.) Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Alpine swards, pastures Elevational range: 2700 - 4100 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–17 cm high; lower leaves in a rosette; nutlet cubar.

#### **471. Gastrocotyle hispida (Forssk.) Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Anchusa hispida* Forssk*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, I-I Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, felds Elevational range: 400 - 1700 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant spreading, 15–50 cm; fowers blue, fruit with 4 nutles.

#### **472. Heliotropium dasycarpum Ledeb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 400 - 1000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–55 cm high; corolla limb acute, linear; corolla tube glabrous inside. Usefulness: For.

#### **473. Heliotropium ellipticum Ledeb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, I-I Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 400 - 1700 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; throat glabrous; corolla 3–4.5 mm long.

#### **474. Heliotropium olgae Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, ruderal, salt marshes, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1100 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–45 cm high; throat pubescent; corolla tube 6–10 mm long.

#### **475. Heterocaryum macrocarpum Zakirov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, S-S Habitat: Meadows, ruderal, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 2100 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; all nutlets unwinged; fruit peduncle 5–7 mm long almost equals fruit length.

#### **476. Heterocaryum subsessile Vatke**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1300 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; fruit sessile; nutlets with two cup–shape rough margin.

#### **477. Heterocaryum szovitsianum (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) DC.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, felds, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 1900 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 32 cm high; calyx lobes ca. 3.5 mm long, linear, in fruit up to 12 mm long; corolla blue; fruit ovoid, 5–8 mm long; nutlets 4, heteromorphic.

#### **478. Kuschakewiczia turkestanica Regel & Smirn.**

**Synonyms:** *Solenanthus turkestanicus* (Regel & Smirn.) Kusn.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 2000 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40(–50) cm high; corolla yellowish; inforescence head-shaped.

#### **479. Lappula marginata (M. Bieb.) Gürke**

**Synonyms:** *Lappula stricta* (Ledeb.) Guerke

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, felds Elevational range: 2800 - 4200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; plant branched mainly on upper part of stems; nutlets ca. 3 mm, marginal glochids 1.2–2 mm, disc with protruding keel.

479

#### **480. Lappula occultata Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1200 - 2400 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30–40 cm high; calyx lobes exceeding fruit; pedicel always straight; corolla light blue; tube slightly longer than calyx; nutlets 2.5–3 mm, fnely tuberculate, with very short glochids on margin of inconspicuous disc.

#### **481. Lappula spinocarpos (Forssk.) Asch. ex Kuntze**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 2400 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–15 cm high; lower nutlet pustulates short, up to ca. 0.8 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **482. Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort.**

**Synonyms:** *Lappula consanguinea* (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Guerke

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Orchards and gardens, felds, steppes Elevational range: 1600 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 20– 40(–60) cm high; fruit 2–3 mm long; disc with obtuse pustulates; style longer than nutlet by 1 mm.

#### **483. Lappula tadshikorum Popov**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 1600 - 4300 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 40–45 cm high; corolla light blue, limb to 4–5 mm across, throat appendages light yellow; glochids on disc usually 3 along center line, to 1 mm, glochids of main row on margin of disc 1.5–2.5 mm.

#### **484. Lepechiniella sarawschanica Popov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 2500 - 4200 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (7–) 10–15(–25) cm high; nutlets 3.5–5 mm long, wings entire.

#### **485. Lepechiniella transalaica Popov**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 4000 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; nutlets 5–7 mm long, wings coarsely dentate.

#### **486. Lindelofa macrostyla (Bunge) Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 700 - 3600 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–70(–80) cm high; stem branched from middle or base; inforescence wide, corolla bluish.

#### **487. Lindelofa olgae Brand**

487

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards, pastures, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2700 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; stem lower part glabrous; throat appendages 3–4 mm long, lanceolate–oblong, with humps on margins.

#### **488. Lindelofa stylosa (Kar. & Kir.) Brand**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 3000 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; bottom leaves 10–25 cm long; throat appendages 1–2 mm long, rectangular or trapezoidal.

#### **489. Lithospermum offcinale L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, meadows, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1300 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 100 cm high; roots with little or no purple dye; corolla 4–6 mm, tube ca. 2 as long as limb, lobes oblong-ovate, longer than wide, throat appendages short pubescent; nutlets white or yellowish brown, ovoid, smooth, shiny.

#### **490. Mattiastrum bungei (Boiss.) Rech. f. & Riedl**

**Synonyms:** *Paracaryum bungei* (Boiss.) Brand

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 2000 - 4000 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; corolla up to 2.5 mm long; nutlets (with wings) 3–3.5 mm in diameter.

#### **491. Mattiastrum himalayense (Klotzsch) Brand**

**Synonyms:** *Paracaryum himalayense* (Klotzsch) Clarke

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 1400 - 4000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 10–50(– 65) cm high; corolla 3–4(–4.5) mm long, limb 2–2.5 mm long; nutlets (with wings) 0.5–1(–1.2) cm in diameter.

The Allaudin Lakes in the Chapdara Valley in the Zeravshan Mts., surrounded by *Juniperus zeravschanica* forest.

#### **492. Mertensia dshagastanica Regel**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Nitrophilous rock footings Elevational range: 3000 - 4000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–15 cm high; basal leaves cordate-ovate or subreniform with petiole 3–12 cm, stem leaves 4, alternate; calyx parted to base, 3.5–4 mm; corolla sky blue, 1.3–1.5 cm.

#### **493. Microcaryum turkestanicum Brand**

**Synonyms:** *Eritrichium turkestanicum* Franch*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 2200 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–4 cm high; plant cushionlike, densely pubescent; nutlets glabrous.

#### **494. Myosotis alpestris F.W. Schmidt**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, alpine swards, pastures Elevational range: 2100 - 4500 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–45 cm high; basal and lower stem leaves petiolate, narrowly oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate; calyx 5-lobed nearly to base, densely pubescent with straight and hooked hairs; pedicel erect, 4–6 mm in fruit; nutlet base without appendages.

#### **495. Myosotis asiatica (Vestergr.) Schischk. & Serg.**

**Synonyms:** *Myosotis alpestris* F.W. Schmidt subsp*. asiatica* Vestergr*.*

Phytogeographical element: E-S Habitat: Alpine meadows Elevational range: 1600 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; sparsely spreading strigose; upper leaves sessile, narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, to 4 cm × 2–7 mm; inforescences up to 10 cm; calyx 1.5–2.5 mm, to 4–5 mm in fruit; corolla blue; tube ca. 2.5 mm; throat appendages ca. 0.5 mm; limb 7–9 mm wide.

#### **496. Myosotis caespitosa K.F. Schultz**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, meadows, pastures Elevational range: 800 - 3100 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–70 cm high; lower stem nodes without roots; leaf blade oblanceolate to oblong; calyx 5-lobed for 1/2–2/3 its length, sparsely strigose outside; pedicel 6–8 mm in fruit; nutlets ovoid.

#### **497. Myosotis stricta Link**

**ex Roem. & Schult.**

**Synonyms:** *Myosotis micrantha* Pall. ex Lehm*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 2800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant (3–)5–20(–30) cm high; calyx erect, appressed to the fowering axis; lower half of calyx mostly with curved to uncinate hairs; pedicels shorter than the fruiting calyx.

#### **498. Nonea caspica (Willd.) G. Don**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Loose sandy screes, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 3000 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; nutlets 2–2.5 mm, attachment scar cupular 0.8–1 mm high, glabrous or short pubescent; corolla white or pink or dark red.

#### **499. Nonea macropoda Popov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 1000 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 7–20(–25) cm high; nutlets (3–) 3.5–4.5 mm, attachment scar cupular 1.2–1.5 mm high with margin fnely dentate; corolla white.

#### **500. Onosma albicaulis Popov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 3400 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant perennial; stems covered by down directing, stick out and appressed hairs.

#### **501. Onosma atrocyanea Franch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 2400 - 3600 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; corolla 2.5–3.2 cm long, dark blue or dark purple from the very beginning; calyx 1.5–2 cm long, nectary ringlike hairy.

#### **502. Onosma baldshuanica Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 950 - 2700 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; calyx 2–2.5 cm; corolla 3–3.3 cm; nutlets 6–7 mm.

#### **503. Onosma barsczewskii Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 800 - 2300 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; stems covered by closely appressed, up directed hairs.

#### **504. Onosma dichroantha Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; plant pubescent with short (less than 0.5 mm) and long stiff (1–4 mm) hairs; calyx 2–2.5(–3) mm long; corolla 3–4 mm long.

#### **505. Onosma gmelinii Ledeb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, EI-T Habitat: Juniper forests, loose sandy screes Elevational range: 2100 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; calyx 1.7–2 cm, corolla 2.5–3 cm and nutlets up to 5 mm long.

#### **506. Onosma maracandica Zakirov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 2900 - 3100 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; corolla 2–2.2 cm long, dark blue or dark purple from the very beginning; calyx 1–1.2 cm long; nectary ringlike hairy.

#### **507. Onosma zerizamina Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 1700 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (10–)15–40 cm high; leaves lanceolate long–acute to linear with long bristles arranged horizontally along the edges; calyx up to 1 cm long; corolla 1.6–1.8 cm long; flaments at the base glabrous, almost round, pubescent.

#### **508. Paracynoglossum geometricum (Baker & C.H. Wright) R.R. Mill**

**Synonyms:** *Paracynoglossum glochidiatum* (Wall. ex Benth.) Popov ex Czuk.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, EI-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, screes, felds, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1200 - 3800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–60(–70) cm high; leaves 2–6(–7.5) cm long, oblong; corolla 2.5–4 mm long, blue; nutlest 2.5–3.5 covered with scattered spines.

#### **509. Rindera tetraspis Pall.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 500 - 2800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–70 cm high; leaves covered with small tubercles; corolla 1.1–1.6 cm long; disc on nutlets glabrous, smooth.

#### **510. Rochelia bungei Trautv.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 4000 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 7–25 cm high; calyx in fruit up to 3 mm long and incurved in fruit; nutlets 2–2.5 mm long covered with tubercles.

#### **511. Rochelia cardiosepala Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 700 - 3500 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–45 cm high; calyx lobes auriculate–cordate at base, completely enclosing the nutlets.

#### **512. Rochelia disperma (L. f.) K. Koch subsp. retorta (Pall.) Kotejowa**

**Synonyms:** *Rochelia retorta* (Pall.) Lipsky

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T, E-S Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 2500 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 7–25 cm high; calyx in fruit

4–6 mm long and incurved in fruit, nutlets ca. 3 mm long covered with tubercles.

#### **513. Rochelia leiocarpa Ledeb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1700 - 3500 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; calyx in fruit up to 2–3 mm long and incurved in fruit; nutlets 2–2.5 mm long, smooth and shiny.

#### **514. Rochelia peduncularis Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1400 - 3400 Flowering period: IV - V

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; calyx in fruit 4–6 mm long; calyx lobes slightly incurved, base broad; fruiting pedicel 7–12 mm in fruit; nutles 3–4 mm long.

#### **515. Solenanthus circinatus Ledeb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, pastures, steppes Elevational range: 700 - 4100 Flowering period: III - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–120 cm high; basal leaves blade ovate-oblong, 7–15(–20) × 4–10 cm, base cordate or subcordate, apex obtuse; inforescence 15–35 cm long.

516

#### **516. Solenanthus karateginus Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Meadows, alpine swards, pastures, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 65 cm high; stem pubescent; corolla 5–6(–7) mm long; inforescence headshaped.

#### **517. Solenanthus plantaginifolius Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1000 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–60 cm high; leaves 12–45 × 2–12 cm, lanceolate, ovoid or oblong, with winged petioles; corolla 2.5–3.5 mm long, with cilia along the edges of the limbs; nutlets ovate, covered with conical spines.

#### **518. Symphytum asperum Lepech.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 500 - 1500 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–200 cm high; stem roughly haired; leaves alternate with elliptic, lanceolate blade; calyx fused, 5-lobed, 2–5 mm, clearly shorter than corolla tube; corolla bell-shaped, 11–17 mm; lobes with rounded tips; corolla mouth with 5 large, tongue-like scales.

#### **519. Trichodesma incanum (Bunge) DC.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, ruderal, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 2900 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–70(–100) cm high; plant with dense white subapressed hairs; leaves elliptic-oblong to ovate; calyx 1–2 cm long; corolla 1.5–3 cm in diameter; anthers densely villous, awned.

**520. Trichodesma incanum (Bunge) DC. var. glabrescens (Czuk.) M. Nobis & A. Nowak**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, ruderal, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 1500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; This taxon differs from *T. incanum* var. *incanum*, by scabrous leaves, cover by cling hairs (not softly, long pubescent as it is typical variety).

#### **521. Aethionema carneum (Banks & Sol.) B. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Campyloptera carnea* (Banks & Soland.) Botsch. & Vved., *Thlaspi carneum* Banks & Soland.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, S-S, M Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes Elevational range: 700 - 1700 Flowering period: III - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 4–15(–25) cm high; cauline leaves thick, sessile, nearly cordate at base.

#### **522. Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests Elevational range: 1100 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; siliques (2–)4–7 cm long and 1–2.5 mm wide. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

#### **523. Alyssum dasycarpum Stephan ex Willd.**

**Synonyms:** *Psilonema dasycarpum* (Stephan ex Willd.) C.A. Mey.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 2200 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 4–26 cm high; stamen flaments not dentate; silicles 3–3.5 × 2.5–3 mm.

#### **524. Alyssum desertorum Stapf**

**Synonyms:** *Alyssum turkestanicum Regel & Schmalh.* var*. desertorum* (Stapf) Botsch*.*, *A. minimum* Willd*.* 

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 350 - 2600 Flowering period: II - VI Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant (2–)5–26 cm high; stamen flaments dentate; silicles bent, glabrous or pubescent with 8–18 branched hairs. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **525. Alyssum linifolium Stephan ex Willd.**

**Synonyms:** *Meniocus linifolius* (Steph.) DC.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 3600 Flowering period: II - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant (4–)7–30 cm high; stamen flaments with one narrow appendage; silicles broadly elliptic, 4–6.5 mm long and 2.5 mm wide; valves compressed, glabrous.

#### **526. Alyssum stenostachyum Botsch. & Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, riverside forests, felds, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1100 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; stamen flaments dentate; silicles pubescent with 3–8-branched hairs.

#### **527. Arabidopsis pumila (Steph.) N. Busch**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt marshes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 300 - 2100 Flowering period: III - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (1–)5–40(–60) cm high; stem leaves amplexicaul; only stellate hairs on stems; petals 2.5–3 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **528. Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.**

**Synonyms:** *Arabis thaliana* L., *Stenophragma thalianum* (L.) Čelak.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; stem in lower section pubescent with simple hairs; cauline leaves not amplexicaul. Usefulness: For, Foo.

#### **529. Arabis karategina Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1200 - 2700 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–28 cm high; rossette leaves oblong-spatulate; siliques glabrous, slightly bent horizontally or downwards.

#### **530. Arabis kokanica Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2250 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; rossette leaves lanceolate or spatulate; siliques glabrous, stright.

#### **531. Arabis recta Vill.**

**Synonyms:** *Arabis auriculata* auct., *A. montbretiana* Boiss*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds, rocks, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 2400 Flowering period: III - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant (3–) 10–30(–40) cm high; peduncles and siliques glabrous. Usefulness: For.

#### **532. Asperuginoides axillaris (Boiss. & Hohen.) Rauschert**

**Synonyms:** *Buchingera axillaris* Boiss. & Hohen*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, broad-leaved forests Elevational range: 1000 - 2600 Flowering period: III - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50(–83) cm high; plant pubescent with branched barbed hairs.

#### **533. Atelanthera perpusilla Hook. f. & Thomson**

**Synonyms:** *Atelanthera pentandra* Jafri

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 3300 - 4100 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (1–)2–10 cm high; basal leaves not formed; petals white later becoming purplish.

535

#### **534. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.**

**Synonyms:** *Barbarea arcuata* (Opiz.) Reichb.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 700 - 3000 Flowering period: III - IX Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 30-80 cm high; basal and lowermost cauline leaves petiolate, upper leaves cauline, ovate; fruit linear, 1.5-3 cm × 1-1.5 mm, terete, somewhat compressed, or 4-angled, torulose.

#### **535. Brassica elongata Ehrh. subsp. integrifolia (Boiss.) Breistr.**

**Synonyms:** *Erucastrum armoracioides* (Czern. ex Turcz.) Cruchet

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Steppes, ruderal Elevational range: 600 - 1700 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant up to 130 cm high basally hirsute or rarely glabrous; stems erect, branched basally and above; fruiting pedicels divaricate, 0.8–1.8 cm; sepals oblong 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm, erect or rarely ascending; petals yellow 6–8.5 × 2.5–3.5 mm, obovate, apex rounded; fruit linear 2–4 cm 1.5–2 mm, terete or slightly fattened; seeds brown or grayish, globose, 1–1.5 mm in

#### **536. Brassica rapa L.**

**Synonyms:** *Brassica campestris* L.

diameter, minutely reticulate.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 800 - 3800 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 18–97 cm high, with amplexicaul leaves; petals 7–10 mm. Usefulness: For, Foo, Hou.

#### **537. Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob.**

**Synonyms:** *Neotorularia humilis* (C.A. Mey.) Hedge & J. Léonard, *Sisymbrium humile* C.A. Mey., *Torularia humilis* (C.A. Mey.) O.E. Schulz

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S, Arctic Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires, pastures Elevational range: 3400 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte, cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; Fruit (9–) 12–25(–32) × 0.5–0.9(–1) mm, uniform in width; petals 3–5 (–8) mm; seeds uniseriate; racemes bracteate along lowermost portion, rarely throughout.

#### **538. Braya pamirica (Karsh.) O. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3600 - 5000 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (2–) 5–15 cm high; leaves densely pubescent with branched hairs; petals yellow.

#### **539. Braya rosea (Turcz.) Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Braya brachycarpa* Vass*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Fens and mires, alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 2700 - 4500 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (1–)3–10(–16) cm; petals white, lavender, or purple; inforescence ebracteate;

caudex few branched or simple, often with few or no petiolar remains; at least some trichomes forked; fruit often longer than sepals.

#### **540. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. subsp. sylvestris (Wallr.) Hiito-**

#### **nen**

**Synonyms:** *Camelina sylvestris* Wallr*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Arable felds, fallows Elevational range: 350 - 2800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30–80 cm high; sepals pubescent; legumes 4–7 mm long; style 2–2.5 mm long.

#### **541. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz**

**Synonyms:** *Camelina glabrata* (DC.) Fritsch ex N.W. Zinger, *C. sativa* (L.) Crantz var. *glabrata* DC., *Myagrum sativum* L.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Arable felds, fallows Elevational range: 400 - 450 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant (12–)30–80(–100) cm high; sepals glabrous; legumes 7–9 mm long, ovoid-oblong; style 1–1.5 mm.

#### **542. Capsella bursa-pastoris L.**

**Synonyms:** *Thlaspi bursa-pastoris* L.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Arable felds, fallows, roadsides, meadows Elevational range: 350 - 3800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50(–70) cm high; basal leaves rosulate, leaf blade oblong or oblanceolatec, cauline leaves sessile, sagittate, narrowly oblong, lanceolate, or linear; fruit (3–)4–9(–10) × (2–)3–7 (–9) mm, fat.

#### **543. Cardamine densifora Gontsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires Elevational range: 2700 - 3400 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 18–65 cm high; fower pedicels up to 5 mm; terminal leafets lanceolate.

#### **544. Cardamine impatiens L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, forbs, springs Elevational range: 1200 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (12–) 20–65(–90) cm high; cauline leaves (9–)13–23-foliolate; petiole auriculate.

#### **545. Chorispora bungeana Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Chorispora exscapa* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine swards, alpine semi-deserts, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2200 - 4200 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–10 cm high covered with straight hairs or glabrous; all fowers borne on solitary pedicels arising from basal rosette; petals purple.

#### **546. Chorispora macropoda Trautv.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, forbs Elevational range: 2200 - 4500 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (3–)7–20 cm high; leaf blades and petioles covered with glandular hairs, margin of petioles covered with straight hairs. Usefulness: For.

#### **547. Chorispora sabulosa Cambess.**

**Synonyms:** *Chorispora elegans* Cambess*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine swards, alpine semi-deserts, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2900 - 4800 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–15 cm high; petals 7–8 mm, sepals 3–4 mm; leaf blade glabrous with the only tuft of apical hairs; petioles with solitary straight hairs and glandular hairs or glabrous on margin.

Usefulness: For.

#### **548. Chorispora sibirica (L.) DC.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Screes, semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 30 cm high with multicellular glandular trichomes; fowers in racemes, fruiting pedicels slender 7–10 mm, slightly recurved, glandular; sepals narrowly oblong, 3–4 × 1–2 mm, petals bright yellow, broadly obovate, 7–9 × 3–4 mm, emarginate at apex; fruit linear, 1.4–2 cm 1.5–2 mm, slightly curved upward, strongly torulose and with 6–12 constrictions, glandular.

#### **549. Christolea crassifolia Cambess.**

**Synonyms:** *Ermania crassifolia* (Camb.) Ovcz. & Junuss.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: River beds, alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3650 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (8–)15–40(–50) cm high, with a woody caudex; petals 5–6.5 mm; fruiting pedicels ascending; fruit 1.5–3(–3.5) cm, straight, subappressed to rachis, valve apex acute or acuminate.

#### **550. Christolea crassifolia var. pamirica (Korsh.) Korsh.**

**Synonyms:** *Christolea pamirica* Korsh*., Ermania pamirica*  (Korsh.) Ovcz. & Junuss.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: River beds, alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3200 - 4400 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–25 cm high, glabrous or slightly pubescent; petals yellow, purplish at base; silicles widely obovate, glabrous. Usefulness: For.

#### **551. Clypeola jonthlaspi L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Salt shrubs, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 1800 Flowering period: III - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 7–20(–29) cm high; silicles with 1 seed, pendent, winged. Usefulness: For.

#### **552. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort.**

**Synonyms:** *Brassica orientalis* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, S-S Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 800 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–48 cm high; fruit peduncles 6–10 mm long, fowers pale yellow. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **553. Conringia persica Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, felds, screes Elevational range: 1900 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 7–25 cm hifh; petals 3.5–4 (–5) mm long, 2 mm broad; siliquae 3–4 cm long; seeds 1 mm long; pedicel c. 4 mm long and thickened in fruit.

#### **554. Conringia planisiliqua Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, ruderal, felds, steppes Elevational range: 1600 - 3800 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (10–)15–50(–100) cm high; peduncles distinctly narrower than siliques; petals yellow, later whitish with brown veins.

#### **555. Crambe cordifolia Steven subsp. kotschyana (Boiss.) Jafri**

**Synonyms:** *Crambe kotschyana* Boiss*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, forbs Elevational range: 700 - 2400 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 0.5–1.8(–2.5) m high; petals white; terminal fruit segment globular, 4–8 mm long. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **556. Crambe orientalis L.**

Phytogeographical element: A, M, I-T Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 1400 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1.2 m high; leaves dentate and deeply pinnately lobed; corolla white.

#### **557. Crambe schugnana Korsh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 700 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 64–100 cm high; stems at base and leaves hirsute; terminal fruit segment up to 2.5 mm.

#### **558. Crucihimalaya wallichii (Hook. f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz, O'Kane & R.A. Price**

**Synonyms:** *Arabidopsis wallichii* (Hook. fl. & Thoms.) N. Busch, *Sisymbrium wallichii* Hook. f. & Thomson

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, steppes Elevational range: 850 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant (5–)12–50(–80) cm high; basal leaves not so elongated, much shorter than the fowering stem, canescent with conspicuous long and

#### **559. Cryptospora falcata Kar. & Kir.**

**Synonyms:** *Cryptospora omissa* Botsch*.*

short hairs; fowers ca 3.5 mm across.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 4500 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant (6–)10–40(–60) cm high; fruit indehiscent, breaking transversely into 1-seeded segments; septum absent; lowermost parts of plant with stalked trichomes.

#### **560. Cryptospora trichocarpa Botsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 800 Flowering period: V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 25–40 cm high; siliques dansely covered with straight and bisected hairs.

#### **561. Cymatocarpus heterophyllus (Popov) N. Busch**

**Synonyms:** *Cymatocarpus popovii* Botsch. & Vved., *Sisymbrium heterophyllum* Popov

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–36(–50) cm high; lower leaves bipinnatisect, pubescent; siliques 7–32 mm long.

#### **562. Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl**

**Synonyms:** *Sisymbrium sophia* L.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Pastures, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 300 - 4300 Flowering period: III - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30–90 cm high; siliques linear, 15–35 mm long, ca. 1 mm broad, often up curved, glabrous. Usefulness: Med.

#### **563. Didymophysa fedtschenkoana Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3000 - 4600 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant procumbent, stem 5-20 cm long; leaves oblong to lanceolate, upper occasionally with 1-2 teeth; inforescence dense, cylindrical; sepals 1.5- 2 mm, petals 1.5-3 mm; fruit 4-8 mm wide, swollen when mature.

#### **564. Dilophia salsa Thomson**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: River beds, fens and mires, salt marshes Elevational range: 3550 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 2–8 cm high; petals spatulate or spatulate–linear, 1.8–2.5(–3.2) 0.5–1(–1.5) mm; anther apicula triangular, 0.05–0.1 mm, apex acute; seeds (2–)4–8(–12) per fruit, 0.7–1.1(–1.5) × 0.5–6 mm.

#### **565. Draba alajica Litv.**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3400 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–16 cm high; leaves only in rosette, silicles pubescent, leaves and sepals without unbranched hairs.

#### **566. Draba altaica (C.A. Mey.) Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Draba rupestris* R. Br. var. *altaica* C.A. Mey*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3300 - 5000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (1–) 2–8(–10) cm high; fowering stems with leaves or leafess; peduncles 1–2 mm long; petals white, 2–2.5 mm long; silicles glabrous, 2.5–6 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide.

#### **567. Draba darwasica Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 3000 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant ca. up to 10 cm high; fowering stems leafess; peduncles 7–15 mm long, thin; silicles oblong-eliptic to widely ovoid, pubescent with branched hairs, 7–11 mm long, 3–5 mm wide, pistil style 3–4.5 mm long.

#### **568. Draba lanceolata Royle**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 4100 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–35 cm high; stem with leaves, silicles pubescent; fruit peduncles 3–10 mm, petals 2.5–4 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **569. Draba nemorosa L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 2400 - 2900 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (3–)7–28 cm high; stem with leaves, pubescent only in lower section; petals pale yellow 1.5–2 mm.

#### **570. Draba oreades Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine swards, screes, alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 3200 - 4300 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 10 cm high; fowering stems leafess, covered with straight and forked hairs, rarely almost glabrous; peduncles 2.5–4 mm long, pubescent with straight hairs, rarely glabrous; petals yellow, 3.5–4.5 mm long; silicles glabrous or covered with scattered short straight andf forked hairs, 4–5 mm long, 3–4 mm wide, pistil style 0.8–1.2 mm long.

#### **571. Draba pamirica (O. Fedtsch.) Pohle**

**Synonyms:** *Draba alpina* L. var. *pamirica* O. Fedtsch.

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Alpine swards, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3700 - 5000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 10 cm high; fowering stems leafess, covered with branched hairs only sometimes wih admixture of straight hairs; peduncles 2.5–5 mm long, thin, glabrous; petals yellow, 3.5–5 mm long; silicles glabrous, 4–8 mm long, 3–5 mm wide, pistil style 0.5–1 mm long.

#### **572. Draba tibetica Hook. f. & Thomson**

**Synonyms:** *Draba tranzschelii* Litv*., D. turkestanica* Regel & Schmalh.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, pastures, alpine steppes, forbs Elevational range: 2900 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 6–25 cm high; fowering

stems leafess; peduncles 5–14 mm long; silicles lanceolate, 7–15 mm long, 1.7–3 mm wide, covered with branched and forked hairs; pistil style 0.5–1 mm long.

#### **573. Draba yunussovii Tolm.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 4000 - 4100 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant fowering stems leafess; peduncles 2–4 mm long dansely covered with branched hairs; silicles ovoid, 2–5 mm long, 1.5–3 mm wide, dansely covered with branched hairs; pistil style 0.5– 0.75 mm long.

#### **574. Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.**

**Synonyms:** *Eruca sativa* Mill*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 400 - 3800 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant stem 20–73 cm high; siliques 8–21 mm with beak 5–9 mm. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **575. Erysimum alaicum Novopokr. ex Nikitina**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, screes, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1700 - 3200 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant (13–)35–80 cm high; rosette leaves oblong-ovoid, entire; petals 10–13 mm, with 4–7 mm wide ligule; fruit 4-angled 1–4 cm; adhered to the stem.

#### **576. Erysimum altaicum C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Erysimum altaicum* C.A. Mey. var*. humillimum*  C.A. Mey*.*, *E. humillimum* (C.A. Mey.) N. Busch

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 3200 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (5–) 14–24 cm high; hairs mostly 2-partite, appressed; fowers large, ca. 10 mm across; petals 5–6 mm broad; siliques erect with stigma on 2–3 mm long style; pedicels (3–)5–10 mm long in fruit, slightly thickened; leaves narrowly linear, 1–3 mm broad.

#### **577. Erysimum diffusum Ehrh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1500 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant 20–78(–115) cm high; leaves linear, entire; siliques with 2-branched hairs; petals 11–13 mm long.

#### **578. Erysimum hieraciifolium L. f.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, pastures Elevational range: 2100 - 3700 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant 30–70(–100) cm high; siliques with 3–4-branched hairs; sepals 3–5 mm long.

#### **579. Erysimum samarkandicum Popov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1500 - 2900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–60 cm high; petals 11–14 mm long, siliques adjacent to stem.

#### **580. Euclidium syriacum (L.) R. Br.**

**Synonyms:** *Anastatica syriaca* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 350 - 3800 Flowering period: III - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (4–)10–40(–45) cm high; petals white; fruit scabrous. Usefulness: For.

#### **581. Eutrema altaicum (C.A. Mey.) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick**

**Synonyms:** *Taphrospermum altaicum* C.A. Mey.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 3500 - 4700 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (4–)10–23(–30) cm high; leaf margin entire or rarely repand; fruit narrowly conical, torulose, (1.8–)2–2.5(–3) mm wide; septum complete or rarely reduced to a rim; cotyledons incumbent.

**The species-rich forb on stony slope dominated by** *Rheum maximoviczii* **and** *Polygonum coriarium***.**

#### **582. Eutrema integrifolium (DC.) Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, moraines and snow-beds, springs Elevational range: 3000 - 3300 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (30–) 40–80(–90) cm high, glabrous throughout; middle cauline leaves sessile, uppermost leaves cuneate at base; silicles 5–8(–10) mm long.

#### **583. Goldbachia pendula Botsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Screes, felds, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1000 - 4000 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (10–)14–40(–50) cm high; cauline leaves often denticulate, sparsely ciliate; mature fruit terete or slightly 4-angled, abruptly constricted to beaklike apex 0.5–1.5 mm; fruiting pedicels (4–)6–10(– 12) mm, slightly shorter or slightly longer than fruit.

#### **584. Goldbachia torulosa DC.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 3900 Flowering period: III - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–57 cm high; fruits without vesicles.

#### **585. Goldbachia verrucosa Kom.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Fields, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 900 - 2400 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–59 cm high; fruits generally 1-celled, without middle constriction, markedly beset with minute vesicles; pedicels much longer than the fruits; pods usually 4–5 mm long, pedicels ca. 10(–12) mm long.

#### **586. Hornungia procumbens (L.) Hayek**

**Synonyms:** *Hymenolobus procumbens* (L.) Nutt.

Phytogeographical element: Brassicaceae, Plurireg Habitat: River beds, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 4000 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant (2–) 5–22(–30) cm high; racemes ebracteate; fruit oblong, elliptic, or obovate. Usefulness: For.

#### **587. Isatis minima Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt shrubs, salt marshes, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 600 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant (6–)12–40(–60) cm; fruit winged only above the middle, constricted and often curved at middle, spatulate, often with crisped trichomes; petals 1–2 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **588. Isatis tinctoria L.**

Phytogeographical element: A, I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Orchards and gardens, ruderal Elevational range: 700 - 2100 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant (30–)40–100(–150) cm; fruit winged all around, elliptic, oblong-oblanceolate, elliptic-obovate or rarely oblong, apex subacute, rounded, or rarely subemarginate; fruit only with a prominent midvein and inconspicuous lateral veins, widest above middle, black or blackish brown. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **589. Iskandera hissarica N. Busch**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2600 - 3200 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plants covered with branched capitate glandular hairs.

#### **590. Leiospora bellidifolia (Danguy) Botsch. & Pachom.**

**Synonyms:** *Parrya bellidifolia* Danguy

Phytogeographical element: SE, EI-T Habitat: River beds Elevational range: 3200 - 3300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high; f owers in shortly pedunculate racemes.

#### **591. Leiospora pamirica (Botsch. & Vved.) Botsch. & Pachom.**

**Synonyms:** *Parrya pamirica* Botsch. & Vved.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards, screes Elevational range: 3900 - 4950 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10(–15) cm high, often densely pubescent, rarely glabrescent; leaf and calyx trichomes short-stalked, forked, mixed with simple ones; petiole broadened at base, ciliate; fowers on solitary pedicels from center of rosette, 2–7 per rosette; seeds orbicular uni- or biseriate, fattened, broadly winged.

#### **592. Leiospora subscapigera Botsch. & Pachom.**

**Synonyms:** *Parrya subscapigera* Botsch. & Vved.

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2900 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10(–15) cm high, covered with scattered long straight hairs or sometimes wit admixture of forked hairs; leaves glabrous, obovate or roundish, thick, entire, abruptly or gradually narrowed into a long petiole; siliques glabrous.

#### **593. Lepidium cordatum Willd. ex Steven**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 3000 - 3900 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40 cm high, glabrous; cauline leaves sessile, basal and lowermost cauline leaves pinnatifd, upper ones subentire; fruit suborbicular or broadly ovate-cordate.

595

#### **594. Lepidium densiforum Schrad.**

Phytogeographical element: A, I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 1500 - 4100 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant (10–)25– 50(–65) cm high; cauline leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate or linear, irregularly serrulate or dentate, rarely subentire; fruit broadly obovate, widest above middle; raceme papillae terete or subclavate.

#### **595. Lepidium didymum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Coronopus didymus* (L.) Smith

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 850 - 1250 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; branched mostly from below, glabrous or hairy; basal and lower leaves rosulate, pinnatisect, stalked, 6–10 jugate, 5–10 cm long; upper leaves similar or pinnatifd and only 3–5– jugate, 1.5–3 cm long, sessile or subsessile.

#### **596. Lepidium ferganense Korsh.**

Phytogeographical element: Brassicaceae, I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 2100 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (25–)35–100(–110) cm high; uppermost cauline leaves shortly petiolate or sessile, glabrous; fruit wingless, carinate; seeds 1.5–2.2 mm.

#### **597. Lepidium latifolium L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, loose sandy screes, ruderal, f elds, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 3950 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant stems 35–130(–150) cm high; leaf blade elliptic-ovate or oblong silicles pubescent. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **598. Lepidium paniculatum (Regel & Schmalh.) Al-Shehbaz**

**Synonyms:** *Stroganowia paniculata* Regel & Schmalh.

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 1900 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–100 cm high; sepals pinky, pubescent.

#### **599. Lepidium perfoliatum L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, ruderal, f elds, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 900 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant (7–)15–40(–65) cm high; basal and lowermost cauline leaves with petioles; upper cauline leaves sessile; upper leaves amplexicaul-perfoliate, basal leaves 2- or 3-pinnatisect; f owers yellow; seeds winged all around.

Usefulness: Med.

597 598 599

#### **600. Lepidium seravschanicum Ovcz. & Junussov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, loose sandy screes, screes, forbs Elevational range: 1600 - 2200 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–140 cm high; leaves pubescent, basal and lower stem leaves serrate only near apex; involucres pubescent.

#### **601. Leptaleum f lifolium (Willd.) DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Sisymbrium f lifolium* Willd*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 300 - 4000 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant (0.5–) 2–15(–20) cm high; leaf lateral lobes f liform; fruit linear. Usefulness: For.

#### **602. Litwinowia tenuissima (Pall.) Woronow ex Pavlov**

**Synonyms:** *Euclidium tenuissimum* (Pall.) B. Fedtsch., *Vella tenuissima* Pall*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 3500 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (7–)15–40(–51) cm high; siliques 2–3 mm with 2.5–4 mm long style. Usefulness: For.

#### **603. Matthiola chorassanica Bunge ex Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Matthiola integrifolia* Kom*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 900 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (10–)15–45(–53) cm high; petals after fowering wrapping inside a fower; stigma conically sharped.

#### **604. Matthiola obovata Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Matthiola runcinata* Regel

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt marshes, steppes Elevational range: 450 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 14–58 cm high; pubescent with long, branched hairs, often glandular.

#### **605. Megacarpaea gigantea Regel**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Screes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1000 - 3300 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 0.8–2 m high; stems glabrous; siliques segments 2, almost eliptical, arranged with one another at an acute angle. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **606. Nasturtium microphyllum (Boenn. ex Rchb.) Rchb.**

**Synonyms:** *Dictyosperma olgae* Regel ex Schmalh*., Pirea olgae*  Regel & Schmalh*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, fens and mires, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 800 - 2900 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–60 cm high; siliques 16–25 × 1(–2) mm, with seeds in one row. Usefulness: Med.

#### **607. Neotorularia korolkowii (Regel & Schmalh.) Hedge & J. Léonard**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 1000 - 2800 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–45 cm high covered with stalked, 1- or rarely 2-forked trichomes; basal leaves rosulate, oblong to lanceolate 1–6 cm 2–10 mm, margin entire, repand, or dentate; fruiting pedicels erect or ascending, 4–6 mm; sepals 2 × 1.5 mm; petals white, sometimes with yellowish center; fruit cylindric 1–3 cm × 1 mm, mostly arcuate, pubescent with forked trichomes.

#### **608. Neotorularia sulphurea (Korsh.) Ikonn.**

**Synonyms:** *Torularia sulphurea* (Korsh.) O.E. Schulz, *Sisymbrium sulphureum* Korsh*.*

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3600 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant (1.5–)8– 45(–60) cm high; fruiting pedicels narrower than fruit, (3–)4–6(–8) mm; petals 5–7 mm.

#### **609. Neslia apiculata Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall.**

**Synonyms:** *Neslia paniculata* (L.) Desv. subsp. *thracica* (Velen.) Bornm.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 700 - 3800 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (14–)25–75(–90) cm high; petals 2–2.5 mm long, silicles 2–3 mm, seeds yellow. Usefulness: For.

#### **610. Pachypterygium brevipes Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes, felds Elevational range: 1100 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–42 cm high; silicles rigid violin-shaped, 4–6 mm long, together with peduncles directed upwards, greenish.

#### **611. Pachypterygium multicaule (Kar. & Kir.) Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Pachypterygium densiforum* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1000 - 3400 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–25 cm high; inforescence bent downwards at the top, silicles 2–4 mm long, elliptic.

#### **612. Parrya asperrima (B. Fedtsch.) Popov**

**Synonyms:** *Neuroloma asperrimum* (B. Fedtsch.) Botsch.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2200 - 5500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high, cespitose, glandular throughout or eglandular, glabrous; basal leaves rosulate 2–12 cm, glabrous; leaf blade lanceolate, linear, spatulate, or oblong 3–11 cm × 4–10 mm, base cuneate; racemes 2–20-fowered; fruiting pedicels erect–ascending 2–7 cm; sepals linear 7–11 × 1.5–3 mm, glabrous or glandular; petals pink with yellowish center, broadly obovate, 1.6–2 cm × 6–10 mm; fruit linear to linearlanceolate 4–7 cm × 4–7 mm.

#### **613. Parrya darvasica Botsch. & Vved.**

**Synonyms:** *Achoriphragma darvazicum* (Botsch. & Vved.) Soják, *Neuroloma darvasicum* (Botsch. & Vved.) Botsch.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 2000 - 2650 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant a dwarf shrub up to 25 cm high; sparsely pubescent with simple hairs; leaves lanceolate, serrate; sepals pubescent at apex.

#### **614. Parrya fruticulosa Regel & Schmalh.**

**Synonyms:** *Achoriphragma fruticulosum* (Regel & Schmalh.) Soják, *Neuroloma fruticulosum* (Regel & Schmalh.) Botsch.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, alpine swards, alpine steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2200 - 2900 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 14–40 cm high; annual stems glabrous or covered with long straight hairs; leaves linnear, entire.

#### **615. Parrya pinnatifda Kar. et Kir.**

**Synonyms:** *Achoriphragma pinnatifdum* (Kar. & Kir.) Sojak

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 2750 - 3700 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 8-20 cm high, glandular or eglandular, sparsely to densely pubescent with simple trichomes to 1.5 mm; fruit linear to linear-lanceolate, 3-8(-10) cm × 2-2.5(-3) mm, valve margin fat, replum fattened, style 2.5-6 mm.

#### **616. Parrya runcinata**

#### **(Regel & Schmalh.) N. Busch**

**Synonyms:** *Achoriphragma runcinatum* (Regel & Schmalh.) Soják

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes, moraines and snow-beds, forbs Elevational range: 2400 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant a dwarf shrub, 8–25 cm high; sparsely pubescent with simple hairs; leaves oblong with pubescent petioles; sepals glabrous.

#### **617. Parrya schugnana Lipsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Achoriphragma schugnanum* (Lipsch.) Soják, *Neuroloma schugnanum* (Lipsch.) Botsch.

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2650 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (7–)10–26 cm high, covered with glandular hairs; leaves usually eliptic or obovate, dentate or sometimes entire; siliques 2–6 cm long, 3–5 mm wide; petals purple.

**Brassicaceae 283**

616

#### **618. Parrya turkestanica (Korsh.) N. Busch.**

**Synonyms:** *Achoriphragma turkestanicum* (Korsh.) Soják, *Neuroloma turkestanicum* (Korsh.) Botsch.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2700 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (3–) 7–20(–27) cm high, covered with long glandular and straight hairs; siliques 1.8–6.5 cm long, 4–8 mm wide.

**619. Phaeonychium surculosum Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Parrya surculosa* N. Busch, *Wakilia afghanica* Gilli

Phytogeographical element: SE, EI-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 3150 - 4000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; branches of caudex densely covered with remnants of dead leaves; petals 5–6 mm long, 3–3.5 mm wide, at the tip with no notch.

#### **620. Pseudoclausia kuramensis Ovcz. & Junussov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1800 - 2200 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant 15–33 cm high; stem and siliques densely glandular. Usefulness: For.

#### **621. Pseudoclausia turkestanica (Lipsky) A.V. Vassil.**

**Synonyms:** *Clausia turkestanica* Lipsky

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes Elevational range: 1800 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant (27–)40–70(–120) cm high; stem and siliques glabrous or almost glabrous; petals 12–21 mm long, emarginate at apex; peduncles of siliques 7–20 mm, siliques 1.5–3 mm wide. Usefulness: For.

#### **622. Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All.**

**Synonyms:** *Myagrum rugosum* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Ruderal, f elds Elevational range: 750 - 1500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 41–82 cm high; peduncles apressed towards inf orescence axis; silicles 4–6 mm long (without horn) with a conical or awl-shaped horn 2–3.5 mm long.

#### **623. Sisymbrium altissimum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, f elds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 10–90 cm

high; plant pubescent; sepals at f owering time bent aside. Usefulness: For.

623

#### **624. Sisymbrium brassiciforme C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Sisymbrium ferganense* Korsh*., S. iscandericum* Kom*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1500 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant 40–100(–125) cm high, glabrous; siliques bent down.

#### **625. Sisymbrium irio L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Ruderal, f elds Elevational range: 400 - 900 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 10–60 cm high; plant softly pubescent; petals 3–3.5 mm long.

#### **626. Sisymbrium loeselii L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, f elds Elevational range: 300 - 2800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte, Hemicryptophyte; plant 20–125 cm high, stem in the lower part cover by rigid hairs; petals 5–7.5 mm long; legumes 1.5–4.6 cm long.

#### **627. Sisymbrium subspinescens Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Brassica subspinescens* Fisch. & C.A. Mey.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 18–45 cm high; leaves obovate or oblong, feshy; sepals 6–8 mm long; petals 11–13 mm long.

#### **628. Smelowskia calycina (Stephan) C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Hutchinsia pectinata* Bunge*, Lepidium calycinum*  Stephan

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine swards, screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2500 - 4900 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (3.5–) 7–30(–40) cm high; fruit ovoid, pyriform, ellipsoid, oblong, or rarely linear-ellipsoid; seeds (or ovules) 4–10(–12) per fruit; fruiting pedicels suberect, ascending, or rarely divaricate; inforescence often simple.

#### **629. Smelowskia sisymbrioides (Regel & Herder) Lipsky ex Paulsen**

**Synonyms:** *Hutchinsia sisymbrioides* Regel & Herder, *Sophiopsis sisymbrioides* (Regel & Herder) O.E. Schulz

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, rocks, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2200 - 3600 Flowering period: VII - VIII

Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant (7–)12–45(– 55) cm high; fruiting pedicels divaricate, not appressed to rachis, glabrous or glabrescent; racemes ebracteate; stems erect or rarely ascending; uppermost leaves 2-pinnatisect; fruit slightly 4-angled; ovules 4–8 per ovary.

#### **630. Solms-laubachia fabellata (Regel) J.P. Yue, Al-Shehbaz & H. Sun**

**Synonyms:** *Ermania fabellata* (Regel) O.E. Shulz*, Oreoblastus fabellatus* (Regel) Suslova*, Parrya fabellata* Regel

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, alpine steppes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3300 - 4800 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–15 cm high; racemes ebracteate; pedicels on a distinct rachis, not arising directly from a rossette; sepals free, narrowly oblong.

#### **631. Strigosella africana (L.) Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Hesperis africana* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes, felds, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 4000 Flowering period: III - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–60 cm high; petals ca. twice as long as the sepals, usually violet or pinkish; siliques usually 4–7 cm long, 1.5 mm broad, often pubescent with short and long mixed hairs (rarely hairs suppressed). Usefulness: For.

#### **632. Strigosella hispida (Litv.) Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Fedtschenkoa hispida* (Litv.) Dvořák, *Malcolmia hispida* Litv*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Deserts, felds Elevational range: 350 - 3800 Flowering period: V - VII

Remarks: Therophyte; plant (5–)10–30 cm high; densely hispid at least basally with exclusively simple subsetose trichomes to 3 mm; fruit strongly fattened straight. Usefulness: For.

#### **633. Strigosella scorpioides (Bunge) Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Fedtschenkoa scorpioides* (Bunge) Dvořák

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 2200 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant (5–)8–30(–35) cm high, covered mostly with thick forked protruding hairs, sometimes with admixture of other hair types; sepals 2.5–3.5(–4) mm long; petals (5–)6–9 mm long; siliques cylindrical, 3–6 cm long, ca. 1 mm wide, covered with forked and thick straight hairs, twisted at the tip.

#### **634. Strigosella stenopetala (Bernh. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Fedtschenkoa stenopetala* (Bernh.) Dvořák, *Malcolmia stenopetala* Bernh. ex Ledeb.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Riverside forests, salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 800 Flowering period: III - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (4.5–)15–30(–45) cm high, sparsely to densely pubescent with short–stalked, forked or subdendritic trichomes sometimes mixed with simple subsetose ones, rarely glabrescent; fruit quadrangular, not torulose, straight.

#### **635. Strigosella tenuissima (Botsch.) Botsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, semi-deserts, salt marshes, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 800 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant (6–) 10–35(–45) cm high,

covered with 2–3-branched hairs, stems in an upper part sometimes glabrous; sepals 3.5–4 mm long; petals 7–11 mm long; siliques 2.8–6.5 cm long, 0.6 mm wide, entire or partly covered with straight and 2-branched hairs.

#### **636. Strigosella trichocarpa (Boiss. & Buhse) Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Malcolmia africana* (L.) R. Br. var*. trichocarpa*  (Boiss. & Buhse) Boiss., *M. trichocarpa* Boiss. & Buhse

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, meadows, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 2600 Flowering period: III - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–60 cm high; stem usually densely covered with 2-branched hairs; leaves covered with 2–3-branched hairs; sepals 4.5–5.5(–6) mm long; petals 8–10 mm long; siliques 3–8 cm long, 1.3 mm wide.

#### **637. Strigosella turkestanica (Litv.) Botsch.**

# **LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, felds, steppes, thermophilous shrubs

Elevational range: 500 - 1700

Flowering period: III - VII

Remarks: Therophyte; plant (5–)10–40(–50) cm high; lower leaves usually entire; sepals (2–)2.5–3.5(–5) cm long; petals 1–1.5 cm long; siliques 3–4.5 cm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **638. Stubendorffa aptera Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1100 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 16–35 cm high; sepals glabrous; peduncles pubecent; silicles swollen-like, obcordate to reversed wedge shaped.

Usefulness: For.

#### **639. Stubendorffa orientalis Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1400 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–150 cm high; sepals pubescent; peduncles glabrous; silicles not swollen-like, obovate to roundish. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **640. Tauscheria lasiocarpa Fisch. ex DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Tauscheria oblonga* Vassilcz*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 3800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–60 cm high; siliques canoeshaped with pectinate edge. Usefulness: For.

#### **641. Tetracme bucharica O.E. Schulz**

**Synonyms:** *Tetracmidion bucharicum* Korsch*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt marshes, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 900 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant (5–)14–37 cm high; horns of silicles oriented straight upwards or slightly diverging.

642

#### **642. Tetracme pamirica Vassilcz.**

**Synonyms:** *Tetracme adpressa* Rech. f.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1900 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (4–) 10–30(–50) cm high; siliques 10–14 mm long, fattened, adjacent to stem. Usefulness: For.

#### **643. Tetracme quadricornis (Steph. ex Willd.) Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Erysimum quadricorne* Stephan ex Willd*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, deserts Elevational range: 400 - 3800 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (3–)5–20(–25) cm high; siliques 5–8 mm long, 4-angled, adjacent to stem only at base. Usefulness: For.

#### **644. Thlaspi arvense L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Pastures, felds Elevational range: 350 - 3800 Flowering period: III - X Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–70 cm high; leaves 2–10 × 0.5–3 cm, dentate. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **645. Thlaspi ceratocarpum N. Busch**

**Synonyms:** *Carpoceras ceratocarpum* (Pall.) N. Busch, *Lepidium ceratocarpum* Pall*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 2800 - 2850 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–30 cm high; silicles triangular fattened with 2 sharp-pointed diverging ciriform horns.

#### **646. Thlaspi cochleariforme DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Noccaea cochleariformis* (DC.) A. Löve & D. Löve

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Juniper forests, forbs Elevational range: 1900 - 3500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (5–)8–25(–45) cm high; silicles reversed lanceolate to wedge-shaped with a narrow keel.

#### **647. Thlaspi kotschyanum Boiss. & Hohen.**

**Synonyms:** *Neurotropis kotschyana* (Boiss. & Hohen.) Czerep.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Screes, meadows Elevational range: 1800 - 3100 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–35 cm high; silicles widely obovate, 6–10 mm long, 6–12 mm wide.

The hilly pastureland in Kulob county in south-western Tajikistan in spring.

#### **648. Thlaspi perfoliatum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Microthlaspi perfoliatum* (L.) F.K. Mey.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Juniper forests, screes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 450 - 2400 Flowering period: II - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–30 cm high; silicles widely obovate, 5–6.5 mm long, 4–6 mm wide. Usefulness: For.

#### **649. Winklera silaifolia Korsh.**

**Synonyms:** *Heldreichia silaifolia* Hook. f. & Thoms., *Uranodactylus silaifolius* Gilli

649

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, forbs Elevational range: 2800 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant stem 10–50 cm high; silicles wrinkled tuberous.

#### **650. Butomus umbellatus L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, Orient, M Habitat: Littoral vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 1050 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–120 cm high; fowers pink or whitish with pedicels 4–8 cm long.

#### **651. Adenophora himalayana Feer**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, Himal Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards Elevational range: 3000 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; leaves usually broadly linear; calyx lobes entire, very occasionally with verrucose denticles on margins; disk 2–3 mm in (diam.); style usually slightly exserted.

#### **652. Asyneuma argutum (Regel) Bornm.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Forbs Elevational range: 1100 - 3200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–100 cm high; calyx bellshaped; corolla blue or azure; fower bracts 3–8 mm long.

#### **653. Campanula eugeniae Fed.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 800 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–15 cm high; leaves with petioles 1.5–2 times longer than blades; calyx and corolla glabrous.

#### **654. Campanula glomerata L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Riverside forests, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 3600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–100 cm high; basal leaves long petiolate; blade ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 6–15 × 2–7 cm, base cordate, margin serrulate, apex acute; cauline leaf blade elliptic; corolla blue–purple or blue, tubular-campanulate, 1.5–2.5 cm; lobes equaling tube. Usefulness: Med.

#### **655. Campanula incanescens Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Campanula fedtschenkiana* Trautv*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 400 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants up to 30 cm high; stems pubescent; leaves numerous, subsessile to shortly petiolate lanceolate to oval, hoary pubescent, 5 mm to 3 cm long, margin entire to widely dentate; inf orescence in lax corymbs; corolla pale violet to blue, up to 2 cm long.

#### **656. Campanula lehmanniana Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Campanula lehmanniana* subsp*. integerrima* R. Kam*.* 

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 400 - 2000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–15 cm high, calyx and corolla minutely hairy.

**298 Campanulaceae**

#### **657. Campanula capusii (Franch.) Fed.**

**Synonyms:** *Campanula lehmanniana* Bunge subsp. *capusii* (Franch.) Victorov

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1600 - 3100 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–15 cm high, calyx and corolla glabrous.

#### **658. Campanula stevenii M. Bieb. subsp. alberti (Trautv.) Victorov**

**Synonyms:** *Campanula alberti* Trautv*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 500 - 1900 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants 20–50 cm tall; middle cauline leaves longer than 2 cm; calyx lobes 5–9 mm; corolla 15–20 mm, violet.

#### **659. Codonopsis clematidea (Schrenk) C.B. Clarke**

**Synonyms:** *Glosocomia clematidea* (Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Fisch. ex Regel, *Wahlenbergia clematidea* Schrenk

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Forbs, springs Elevational range: 400 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants with unpleasant smell, 1 m

or more tall or decumbent; leaves ovate-lanceolate; calyx segments broad, triangular, overlapping at base, sinus acute.

Usefulness: Med.

658

#### **660. Ostrowskia magnif ca Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests Elevational range: 1200 - 2300 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 150 cm high; stem erect; leaves 10–21 cm; corolla 7–8 cm, blue or white. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **661. Sergia regelii (Trautv.) Fed.**

**Synonyms:** *Asyneuma regelii* (Trautv.) Bornm., *Phyteuma regelii*  Trautv*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1450 - 2820 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; corolla covered by bristle-hairs.

#### **662. Capparis herbacea Willd.**

**Synonyms:** *Capparis sicula* Duhamel subsp*. herbacea* (Willd.) Inocencio, D. Rivera, Obón & Alcaraz

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 400 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant perennial, 1–2 m high; leaves ovate, f owers 5–8 cm in diameter. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

#### **663. Capparis rosanowiana B. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Capparis mucronifolia* Boiss. subsp*. rosanowiana*  (B. Fedtsch.) Inocencio, D. Rivera, Obón & Alcaraz

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 500 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 35–50 cm high; leaves linearlanceolate; fowers 1.5–2 cm in diameter; fruit 1.5–2 cm long.

#### **664. Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes Elevational range: 700 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 1 m high; bracts glumelike.

#### **665. Dipsacus dipsacoides (Kar. & Kir.) V.I. Botsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Cephalaria dipsacoides* Kar. & Kir., *Dipsacus azureus*  Schrenk

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, broad-leaved forests, screes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 3000 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant 50–130 cm high; leaves not connate at base; corolla blue or pink-violet.

#### **666. Dipsacus laciniatus L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Ruderal, felds, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 600 - 1700 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant 1–2.5 m high; upper cauline leaves connate at base, laciniate or pinnatifd.

#### **667. Lomelosia olivieri (Coult.) Greuter & Burdet**

**Synonyms:** *Scabiosa olivieri* Coult*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fields, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 500 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 3–40 cm high; involucres 3–8 mm long, not ciliate at the edge.

#### **668. Lonicera korolkowii Stapf**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, broad-leaved forests, riverside forests Elevational range: 650 - 3700 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub, 3–4 m high; fower peduncles 1–3 cm. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **669. Lonicera microphylla Willd. ex Schult.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes Elevational range: 2400 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 2 m high; bracteoles obsolete or minute; calyx lobes obsolete, margin undulate; berries connate, red. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **670. Lonicera olgae Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1700 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; Small shrub 50(–80) cm high; often procumbent (and then up to 20 cm high); leaves entire 1–2 × 0.8–1.5 cm, ovate or elliptical, glabrous or sparcely hispid; peduncles present at the axils of middle and lower pairs of leaves; corolla yellow; bracteoles not fused with ovary; berries orange. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **671. Lonicera semenovii Regel**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 3400 - 4800 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; Dwarf shrub 10(–20) cm high, sometimes cushionlike; young shoots glabrous or sparcely pubescent; leaf blade 0.5–1.5 cm long, narrowly elliptical to lanceolate; bracts 0.7–1 cm long, ovate to nearly rounded; fused only at the base; corolla 1.5–2.5 cm long, glabrous on the outer side, yellow; berries orangered.

Usefulness: Orn.

#### **672. Lonicera spinosa (Decne.) Jacq. ex Walp.**

**Synonyms:** *Lonicera alberti* Regel

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: River beds Elevational range: 2600 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 1(–1.2) m high; leaves linear, entire or only little incised; peduncles present in leaves' axils at the middle and lower, or only the lower part of a shrub; all four bracteoles fused with cup-like involucrum, surrounding lower part of ovary; berries 0.5–0.8 cm in diameter, spherical, white with a reddish tint, becoming black when dry. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **673. Lonicera stenantha Pojark.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, juniper forests, riverside forests, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2200 - 3700 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 2.5 m high; leaves more than 2 cm long; bracts linear, bracteoles connate; corolla yellow; berries blue, on short peduncle up to 10 mm long. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **674. Lonicera zaravschanica Pojark.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, screes, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 1(–1.5) m high, or

procumbent up to 30 cm high; young shoots grey; leaves broadly ovate or nearly rounded, 1–2.5 cm long, at basal part covered with short, protruding trichomes with admixture of longer hispid trichomes and pedunculate glandular trichomes; peduncles present only in the axiles

of lower pairs of leaves; corolla yellow, pubescent on the outer side; bracts lanceolate, up to 1 cm long, not fused, densely hispid with admixture of gladular trichomes; bracteoles not fused with ovary; berries up to 0.7 cm long, pinkish-red.

Usefulness: Orn.

#### **675. Morina coulteriana Royle**

Phytogeographical element: , I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 3800 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 75 cm high; crown up to 3.5 cm, calyx up to 2 cm.

#### **676. Morina persica L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Screes, forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 3100 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–70 cm high; leaves aristate.

#### **677. Pterocephalus afghanicus Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Pterocephalus sarawschanicus* Lipsky*, Scabiosa afghanica* Aitch. & Hemsl.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1000 - 3100 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–15 cm high; with multiple stems; leaves 1.5–3.5 cm long, 3–7 mm wide, sessile, glabrous (or nearly glabrous); peduncles 2–4 cm long, densely strigose; inforescence a head, ca. 3 cm in diameter; bracts bristle-like.

#### **678. Scabiosa alpestris Kar. & Kir.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, forbs Elevational range: 2800 - 3200 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–35 cm high; stem usually single (sometimes several), hispid, with 2–3(4) internodes; leaves 4–20 cm long, 0.5–1.5 cm wide; peduncles 8–12 cm long, tomentose; head 5–6 cm in diameter; achene "crown" with sinuate margin (not toothed).

#### **679. Scabiosa songarica Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1000 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (20–)35–80(–100) cm high; several stems, with 4–7 internodes, densely hispid; leaves 10–30 cm long, 2–3 cm wide; peduncles 10–30 cm long, hispid; head 2.5–5.5 cm in diamater; "crown" of achene with toothed margin.

#### **680. Valeriana fedtschenkoi Coincy**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2800 - 4200 Flowering period: VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; basal leaves with long petioles; terminal leaf blade lobe of cauline leaves large, ovate or lanceolate; inf orescence a compoung cyme consisting of dense, spherical clusters; corolla pink, 4–6 mm long; usually 3 stamens (rarely 4); seeds with pappus.

Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **681. Valeriana fcariifolia Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 650 - 3400 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–75 cm high; rhizomes reduced; roots fascicled; stem singular, thick, fstulose, sulcate, shining; basal leaves with long petiole (3–9 cm); blade broadly ovate or cordate; lower cauline leaves in 2 or 3 pairs; petiole 2–4 cm, clasping and sheathing; blade lyrate; terminal lobe orbicular to broadly elliptic; lateral lobes 2- or 3-paired, remote, broadly ovate, smaller toward base; corolla white; seeds greyish without yellows spots; pappus with 10–13 trichomes. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **682. Valeriana minuta Wendelbo**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3300 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–9 cm high; basal leaves ovate, with very short petioles or sessile, leaf blade 7–10 mm long, 5–9 mm wide; terminal leafets of cauline leaves small and elongated; inforescence a compound cyme consisting of dense, spherical clusters; corolla bluish, 5–8 mm long.

#### **683. Valerianella coronata (L.) DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Valeriana locusta* (L.) Laterr*.* var*. coronata* L*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Steppes, forbs Elevational range: 700 - 1700 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 6–18 cm high; leaves linear to lanceolate, 20–30 × 2–4 mm, upper often pinnatifd, margin sparsely pubescent; bracts 3–4 mm long, margin white, ciliate; fowers in dense globose clusters; corolla pubescent; calyx 6-lobed; lobes triangular, uncinate; achene 3–5 mm long, ovate. Usefulness: For, Foo.

#### **684. Valerianella dactylophylla Boiss. & Hohen.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 2550 Flowering period: V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; bracts pubescent; corolla glabrous; calyx 6–7 lobed, lobes with hooked, 2–3 mm long teeth at the apices; seeds elongated, densely papillous, with 2 tubercles at the base.

#### **685. Valerianella oxyrhyncha Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1000 - 2750 Flowering period: IV - V

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–23 cm high; stems sparsely pubescent; leaves 1.5–4 cm × 4–8 mm, lanceolate to linear; inforescence loose; bracts triangular or elongated, pubescent; corolla glabrous; calyx much broader and shorter than seed, with 3 asymmetrical lobes or with 1 long, subulate, curved tooth 3–4 mm long; seeds pubescent, elongated, easily separating from each other.

#### **686. Acanthophyllum albidum Schischk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 10–25 cm high; leaves 15–30 × 1–1.5 mm; calyx 6–7 mm long; petals white, rarely pinkish.

#### **687. Acanthophyllum glandulosum Bunge ex Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 2500 - 3700 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 8–15 cm high; leaves 12–25 (–40) × 1 mm; calyx 7–8 mm long; ovary with 8–12 seeds; petals white with pink veins.

#### **688. Acanthophyllum pulchrum Schischk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1400 - 1900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–20 cm high; leaves 7–11 (–16) × 0.5–0.7 mm, f at; calyx 9–10 mm long.

#### **689. Acanthophyllum pungens (Bunge) Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 500 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; leaves 15–30 × 1–1.5 mm, villous; calyx 8–9 mm long; ovary with 4 seeds; petals pink. Usefulness: Med.

#### **690. Acanthophyllum sarawschanicum Golenkin**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1800 - 2500 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 15–30 cm high; leaves (1–)1.5–2 mm wide, fat, linear; taxon similar to *A. elatius,* which has wider leaves (3–12 mm).

#### **691. Allochrusa paniculata (Regel & Herder) Ovcz. & Czukav.**

**Synonyms:** *Acanthophyllum paniculatum* Regel

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 550 - 1000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–50 cm high; stem pale green, short and roughly pubescent; calyx 3.8–4.1 mm long.

#### **692. Arenaria bungei Barkoudah**

**Synonyms:** *Gypsophila alsinoides* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, screes Elevational range: 1400 - 2700 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 mm high with divaricate branching; leaves few, 10–25 × 2–4 mm, linear-lanceolate, acute; fowers in compound dichasial cymes; calyx 2–3 mm, glabrous, lobed almost to the base, 3-nerved; petals slightly longer than calyx, deeply divided into linear lobes; capsule globose, as long as calyx.

#### **693. Arenaria serpyllifolia L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Juniper forests, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 3500 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm

high; leaf blade ovate, 4–12 × 3–7 mm; seeds tuberculate with raised papillae; petals usually slightly shorter than sepals. Usefulness: For.

#### **694. Pseudosaponaria pilosa (Huds.) Ikonn.**

**Synonyms:** *Gypsophila fedtschenkoana* Schischk*.*

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, loose sandy screes, screes, forbs Elevational range: 950 - 1900 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–80 cm high; leaves glabrous, rarely with ciliate edges; calyx and stem with glandular hairs, calyx 5–7 mm long.

697

#### **695. Cerastium dichotomum L.**

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T Habitat: Steppes, meadows Elevational range: 500 - 1900 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–15 cm high with dichotomous or divaricate branching; styles 3, sepals 8–12 mm; calyx somewhat inf ated in fruit; capsule dehiscing by 6 f at teeth.

#### **696. Cerastium dichotomum L. subsp. inf atum Cullen**

**Synonyms:** *Cerastium inf atum* Gren*.* 

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; 5 styles; capsule with 10 teeth; calyx at fruiting time swollen.

#### **697. Cerastium perfoliatum L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds Elevational range: 700 - 900 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–40 cm high, entirely glabrous; petals slightly shorter than calyx; capsule teeth revolute. Usefulness: For.

#### **698. Cerastium pumilum Curtis**

**Synonyms:** *Cerastium dentatum* Moschl.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Steppes, dry meadows Elevational range: 800 - 1900 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 10 cm high; petals lanceolate, hairy, shorter or equally long as the sepals; bracts broadly lanceolate-oblong, viscid, covered with short, dense, glandular and eglandular hairs; sepals and distal bracts with narrow membranaceus margins; petal veins not branched.

#### **699. Cerastium tianschanicum Schischk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, springs Elevational range: 2400 - 4100 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; leaves lanceolate, pubescent; 5 styles; capsule with 10 teeth; sepals 6–8 mm.

#### **700. Dianthus baldshuanicus Lincz.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 930 - 3020 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (25–) 35–45 cm high; leaves 5–9 cm long and 2.5–3 mm wide; calyx 25–28(–35) mm.

#### **701. Dianthus crinitus Sm. subsp. tetralepis (Nevski) Rech. f.**

**Synonyms:** *Dianthus tetralepis* Nevski

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 600 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 40 cm high; fowers solitary; calyx 25–28(–35) mm; leaves 5–9 cm × 2.5– 5 mm; bracteoles ovoid or prolonge–laneolate, acute with appendage 1–2 mm.

#### **702. Dianthus darvazicus Lincz.**

## **LC**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2300 - 3350 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–25(–30) cm high; calyx 16–22 mm long.

#### **703. Dianthus hoeltzeri C. Winkl.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 3300 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 60 cm high; leaves linear-lanceolate, 4–6 cm × 2–4 mm, apex sharply pointed; fowers 1–4; bracts 4, broadly ovate, 1/4–1/3 as long as calyx; calyx reddish purple, cylindric, ca. 2.4 cm; petals deep rose, 2.5–3 × as long as calyx. This species is sometimes regarded as a synonym of Dianthus superbus L.

#### **704. Dianthus kuschakewiczii Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Steppes, screes Elevational range: 1600 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 35 cm high; stems numerous, branched, glabrous; leaves linear 2–8 cm × 0.5–2 mm; fower solitary, bracts 4, oblong to elliptic, 1/3–1/2 as long as calyx, leathery; calyx cylindric, 2.5–3.5 cm × 3–4 mm; petals white, rarely pale rose.

#### **705. Dichodon cerastioides (L.) Rchb.**

**Synonyms:** *Cerastium cerastoides* (L.) Britton

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fens and mires, rocks, screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2800 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; leaves linearlanceolate; styles 3; capsule teeth 6. Usefulness: For.

#### **706. Eremogone griffthii (Boiss.) Ikonn.**

**Synonyms:** *Arenaria griffthii* Boiss*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2200 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20(–30) cm high; leaf blade linear-subulate or subulate; peduncle with 1–7(–9)-fowered, glabrous or glandular hairy with erect or slightly curved hairs.

#### **707. Gypsophila capitulifora Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3800 - 4150 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant up to 25 cm high; stems, caespitose, glabrous; leaves linear, subtrigonous, glabrous; inforescence subcapitate. Usefulness: For.

#### **708. Gypsophila cephalotes (Schrenk) F.N. Williams**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 3400 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; inforescences concentrated into capitula, pedicels 0.5–2.5 mm; bracts and calyx lobes undulate at margin, not ciliate; seeds truncately tuberculate.

#### **709. Gypsophila foribunda (Kar. & Kir.) Turcz. ex Fenzl**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 1000 - 2200 Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–10 cm high with divaricate branches; stems purplish, glandular–pubescent; leaves sessile, 5–10 × 1–2 mm, apex obtuse; inforescence a panicle with fowers in dichasia; bracts minute, lanceolate; calyx 3–4 mm; petals ca. 4 mm, oblong, white or pink at the apex, hardly exceeding the calyx; capsule ca. 4 mm, slightly exserted from the calyx.

#### **710. Gypsophila herniarioides Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, juniper forests, steppes Elevational range: 2700 - 4400 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 7 cm high; caespitose with decumbent to prostrate stems; leaves 4–6 mm, apparently forming dense whorls at the nodes; inforescence capitate.

#### **711. Herniaria glabra L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds, ruderal Elevational range: 800 - 2400 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–8 (–15) cm high; green, glabrous.

#### **712. Herniaria hirsuta L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 1800 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–8(–15) cm high, greygreen, hirsute; calyx and leaves covered with protruding and long hairs; stamens 2–3 (rarely 5); capsule not much shorter than the calyx.

#### **713. Holosteum umbellatum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 400 - 900 Flowering period: II - III Remarks: Therophyte; plant 3–20 cm high; involucres and lower parts of fower peduncles glabrous; stamens 3–5.

#### **714. Holosteum umbellatum L. subsp. glutinosum (M. Bieb.) Nyman**

**Synonyms:** *Holosteum glutinosum* (M. Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey.

Phytogeographical element: Caryophyllaceae, Plurireg Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 400 - 900 Flowering period: II - III Remarks: Therophyte; plant 4–25 cm high; involucres and fower peduncles glandular; stamens 8–10.

#### **715. Lepyrodiclis holosteoides (C.A. Mey.) Fenzl ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 400 - 1500 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50(–100) cm high; petals ovate, slightly emarginate at apex.

#### **716. Lepyrodiclis stellarioides Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Ruderal, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 650 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 9–70 cm high; petals lanceolate, deeply emarginate at apex.

#### **717. Lychnis coriacea Moench**

**Synonyms:** *Coronaria coriacea* (Moench) Schischk. ex Gorschk., *Lychnis coronaria* (L.) Desr.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, Himal Habitat: River beds, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1200 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–80 cm high; plant densely white–villous; calyx 15–20 mm, acuminate, veins prominent and protruding; capsule oblong. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **718. Minuartia bifora (L.) Schinz & Thell.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Alpine meadows Elevational range: 3400 - 3800 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–6 cm high; petals subequaling sepals, oblong; sepal apex obtuse; seeds smooth or rugose.

#### **719. Minuartia hybrida (Vill.) Schischk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 2000 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–17 cm high; leaves with 3 veins; sepals 2.5–3.5 mm long, 1.5–2 × as long as petals.

#### **720. Minuartia kryloviana Schischk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, alpine meadows Elevational range: 1800 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; leaves 5–15 × 0.3-1 mm; sepals ovoid-lanceolate, 3.5-5 mm; petals 2 × as long as sepals.

#### **721. Minuartia meyeri (Boiss.) Bornm.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, screes Elevational range: 600 - 2000 Flowering period: III - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; leaves with 5–7 vains; sepals 5–9 mm long, 4–7 × as long as petals.

#### **722. Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine pastures Elevational range: 3000 - 3600 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high; petals subequaling sepals, petals ovate, sepal apex acute to shortly acuminate; seeds sharply tuberculate.

#### **723. Oberna wallichiana Ikonn.**

**Synonyms:** *Oberna behen* (L.) Ikonn., *Silene wallichiana*  Klotzsch

Phytogeographical element: I-T, Himal Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, meadows, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 3000

Flowering period: V - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–110 cm high; calyx 14–18 mm with 20 veins, glabrous; petals 16–17 mm, dissected up to 5 mm.

#### **724. Petrorhagia alpina (Hablitz) P.W. Ball & Heywood**

**Synonyms:** *Fiedleria alpina* (Habl.) Ovcz.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Juniper forests, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1300 - 3100 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; stamens 10; calyx green, 5-veined, ribbed, teeth shortly triangular,

apex acute; seeds ovoid, tuberculate; petals 5, white without coronal scales.

#### **725. Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood**

**Synonyms:** *Kohlrauschia prolifera* (L.) Kunth

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 650 - 1450 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 50 cm high, glabrous; leaves opposite 12–30 mm, narrowly linear, grass-like; outer involucre bracts obtuse to mucronate, inner obtuse; fowers not very widely opening, petals truncate or shallowly notched with 1 vein; seeds 1.1–1.8 mm, with distinctive reticulate pattern which differentiates them

from *P. nanteuilii* which are tuberculate.

#### **726. Pleconax conoidea (L.) Šourková**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes Elevational range: 900 - 3200 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–50 cm high; calyx 20–32 mm with 30 veins; petals only slightly constricted.

#### **727. Pleioneura griffthiana (Boiss.) Rech. f.**

**Synonyms:** *Saponaria griffthiana* Boiss*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, juniper forests, screes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2300 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 70 cm high; calyx slightly shorter than petals, glabrous.

#### **728. Sagina apetala Ard.**

**Synonyms:** *Sagina ciliata* Fries

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 500 - 1500 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 9 cm high, procumbent, glabrous; leaves 4–7 mm, linear-subulate, apex acute, margins sparsely ciliate at base; fowers solitary, 4-merous, white; sepals 1.5 mm, ovate-oblong, obtuse, persistent; petals small, caducous; capsule exceeding the sepals; seed minute, dorsally grooved.

#### **729. Scleranthus annuus L.**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 2000 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant (2–)5–20(–25) cm high; leaves fliform up to 5 mm long; fower without petals; sepals acute with membraned margins.

#### **730. Silene sarawschanica Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, screes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 900 - 1900 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; calyx 14–16 mm, elongated, cylindrical, glabrous; petals 14-20 mm.

**731. Silene brahuica Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, rocks, screes, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 700 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–45 cm high; calyx 10–14 mm with 10 veins, pubescent; petals 13–16 mm long, dissected up to 3/4; stamen f laments glabrous.

#### **732. Silene conformifolia Preobr. ex Schischk.**

**Synonyms:** *Silene samarkandensis* Preobr. subsp*. conformifolia*  Preobr*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 2450 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–25 cm high; stem leaves, at least lower, similar in size and shape to rosette leaves, inf orescence (2–)3–6-f owered; 18–23 mm long.

#### **733. Silene glaucescens Schischk.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes, semi-deserts Elevational range: 700 - 1700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, glabrous; calyx leathery, clubcylindrical; petals greenish.

#### **734. Silene graminifolia Otth**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes, alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 3100 - 4900 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 17–30(–40) cm high; leaves 1–4 mm wide, linear or linear-lanceolate; calyx 7–11 mm long, bell-shaped, infated; petals dissected up to 1/2.

#### **735. Silene kuschakewiczii**

#### **Regel & Schmalh. s. l.**

**Synonyms:** *Silene incurvifolia* Kar. & Kir. subsp*. nodosa* Ovcz*.* 

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 3100 - 3900 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants up to 10–18 cm high; leaves linear; calyx 17–22(–24) mm with obtuse teeth.

#### **736. Silene longicalycina Kom.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, screes, steppes Elevational range: 2000 - 3500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–50 cm high; leaves linear; calyx 18–25 mm long, with short hairs; claws and stamens glabrous.

#### **737. Silene microphylla Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Silene pamirensis* (H. Winkl.) Preobr.

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 2500 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–35 cm high, gray-green, forming turf, covered with short and straight hairs; leaves spatulate-lanceolate or wide-oblanceolate; calyx 20–25 (–27) mm long.

#### **738. Silene neoladyginae Lazkov**

**Synonyms:** *Silene tianschanica* Schischk*.*

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1200 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high, glabrous; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, cauline in 2–3 distant pairs, 2–6 cm × 1–3 mm with scabrous margin; fowers in a slender, racemiform thyrse; pedicel long, glabrous; calyx tubular–clavate, ca. 10–11 × 2 mm, glabrous with 10 violet veins; petals white, rarely purplish, ca. 20 mm long; limb narrowly obovate, deeply emarginate; capsule ovoid 7–8 × 3–4 mm.

#### **739. Silene nevskii Schischk.**

**Synonyms:** *Silene bogdanii* Ovcz*.*

**VU**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 750 - 2100 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 15–20 cm high; forming

loose sod with the remains of prickly dead stems and leaves; leaves broad- and almost spatulate-oblanceolate; pedicel 1–2-fowered. Sometimes regarded as just variety of *Silene kuschakewiczii* Regel & Schmalh. s.l.

#### **740. Silene quadriloba Turcz. ex Kar. & Kir.**

**Synonyms:** *Melandrium quadrilobum* (Turcz.) Schischk.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, steppes Elevational range: 3000 - 3050 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant up to 20 cm high; basal leaves 3–4 × 5–7 cm, stem leaves 1–2 × 3–4 cm; petals 22–23 mm with 4 lobes.

#### **741. Silene schugnanica B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1300 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–90 cm high; calyx (7–) 9–12 mm with 10 veins, glabrous, membranous; corolla ca. 12.5 mm long; stamen flaments glabrous.

#### **742. Silene turkestanica Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Melandrium turkestanicum* (Regel) Vved.

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, forbs Elevational range: 750 - 2600 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–80 cm high; 3 styles; capsule with 6 teeth; calyx more than 25–30 mm long.

The mountain steppe of *Littledaleaeo alaicae-Stipetum trichoidis* in semi-arid Alai Valley near Sary-Tash.

#### **743. Silene uralensis (Rupr.) Bocquet subsp. apetala (L.) Bocquet**

**Synonyms:** *Gastrolychnis apetala* (L.) Tolm. & Kozhanczikov, *Melandrium apetalum* (L.) Fenzl

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, Arctic Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3500 - 4850 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (3–)10–25(–30) cm high; 5 styles, capsule with 10 teeth, f owers singular.

#### **744. Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl**

**Synonyms:** *Spergularia maritima* (All.) Chiov., *S. marginata*  (DC.) Kitt.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; all seeds winged; stamens 9–10.

#### **745. Spergularia microsperma Asch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 700 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 4–15 cm high; calyx 1.5– 2.5 mm; stamens 2–3; all seeds unwinged, pectinate.

#### **746. Stellaria brachypetala Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Stellaria fontana* Popov

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, springs Elevational range: 2500 - 3800 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–15(–20) cm high; stem glabrous, angular; bracts membranous at edges. Usefulness: Med.

#### **747. Stellaria media (L.) Vill.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Orchards and gardens, ruderal Elevational range: 800 - 2300 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; stem round; calyx ca. 4 mm. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **748. Stellaria turkestanica Schischk.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 2600 - 4400 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high, pubescent; styles 3; petals dissected to 1/3–1/2; capsule splitting to the base by 6 valves.

747

#### **749. Tytthostemma alsinoides (Boiss. & Buhse) Nevski**

**Synonyms:** *Stellaria alsinoides* Boiss. & Buhse

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2200 - 3300 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; sepals 4; stamens 2; capsule splitting to the base by 4 valves.

#### **750. Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert**

750

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 400 - 3600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30–70 cm high; stems graygreen, glabrous; calyx green, 5-angled, submembranous between angles; petals claw greenish, limb pink.

#### **751. Velezia rigida L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 700 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–40 cm high; calyx with 15 veins, petals with emarginate apex.

#### **752. Euonymus nanus M. Bieb.**

**Synonyms:** *Euonymus koopmannii* Lauche

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T, E-S Habitat: Coniferous forests Elevational range: 1400 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 50(–100) cm high; leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, in whorls or opposite, with folded margins; stems densely verrucose.

#### **753. Parnassia laxmannii Pall. ex Schult.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M, Americ N Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 1300 - 3600 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 11–40 cm high; basal leaves broadly cordate, 1–2 cm long, 0.6–1.8 cm wide, glaucous; petals oblong-ovate, obtuse, usually 9-nerved; staminodes 9–17-lobed.

#### **754. Ceratophyllum demersum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Aquatic vegetation Elevational range: 500 - 3800 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant perennial, 40–150 cm high; plant deeply green with rigid and brittle leaves. Usefulness: For.

752

#### **755. Helianthemum songaricum Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 3200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 5–12 cm high; old branches brown, branchlets opposite or nearly opposite, tightly appressed white pubescent when young; leaves opposite, simple, lanceolate or narrowly ovate, both surfaces white puberulous; sepals 5, unequal; petals yellow or orangeyellow, obovate.

#### **756. Cleome lipskyi Popov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes Elevational range: 800 - 850 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; leaves singular, entire, ciliate with two types of glandular hairs; capsule 12–30 mm long and 3–4 mm wide; seeds glabrous.

#### **757. Colchicum kesselringii Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 1500 - 3000 Flowering period: III - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; fowers white; 3–8 leaves, 4–12 mm wide. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

#### **758. Colchicum luteum Baker**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 1500 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; fowers yellow; leaves 2–3(–4), 7–30 mm wide. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

#### **759. Colchicum robustum (Bunge) Stef.**

**Synonyms:** *Merendera robusta* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, forbs Elevational range: 350 - 600 Flowering period: III Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 25 cm high; corm covered with a leathery coat; leaves 3–6, 0.6–2 cm wide; tepal limb 2–6 cm long; fowers (1–)2–3, white or pink. Usefulness: Hou, Orn.

**760. Convolvulus krauseanus Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 650 - 1750 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; dwarf shrub; stem branched; leaves needle like, ca. 0.5 mm wide, silky pubescent; corolla 17–23 mm, white.

#### **761. Convolvulus lineatus L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 3–15(–20) cm high; sepals, leaves and stems silky pubescent; leaves 5–12 cm long.

#### **762. Convolvulus pseudocantabrica Schrenk**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes Elevational range: 700 - 2900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 30–70 cm high; calyx and upper side of leaves glabrous; fowers 1–2 at the end of the shoot or branch. Usefulness: Med.

#### **763. Convolvulus subhirsutus Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Pastures, felds, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 500 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant perennial, 60–100 cm high; sepals and leaves hirsute and sericeous, sepals at fruiting time bend aside. Usefulness: Med, For.

**336 Convolvulaceae**

#### **764. Convolvulus tragacanthoides Turcz.**

**Synonyms:** *Convolvulus spinifer* Popov

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 800 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 4–10(–15) cm high; stems forming a compact cushion; leaves sessile, linear, rarely oblanceolate, base attenuate, apex rounded; fower buds never refexed; fowers 2–6, terminal; sepals elliptic or oblong-obovate, abaxially dull yellow tomentose-villous; corolla pink, funnelform.

#### **765. Cressa cretica L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, felds, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant perennial, 5–30(–35) cm high; fowers 5–6 mm long; stamens longer than corolla; leaves amplexicaul.

#### **766. Cuscuta approximata Bab.**

**Synonyms:** *Cuscuta cupulata* Engelm*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, meadows, felds Elevational range: 300 - 2400 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte; stems fliform, less than 1 mm in diameter; inforescences compact glomerules; fowers sessile; sepals thickened and feshy abaxially; styles 2; stigmas clavate, elongated; style and stigmas as long as or longer than ovary.

#### **767. Cuscuta bucharica Palib.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 900 - 2500 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; stems thread-like, strong, 1.5–3 mm in diameter; inforescences compact glomerules; fowers 5–8 mm in diameter, petals ca. 3x longer than sepals; sepals thickened with pink appendage; styles 1; stigmas ovoid; style and stigmas equaly or almost equaly long.

#### **768. Cuscuta epilinum Weihe**

## **NT**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 900 - 2300 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; stem up to 0.7 mm in diameter, greenish or yellowish; calyx and corolla glabrous, 5-merous; calyx 1.5–2.5 mm; petals pale yellow, ca. 3 mm.

#### **769. Cuscuta gigantea Griff.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, loose sandy screes Elevational range: 2100 - 2800 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; stems thin or stout; inforescences racemose, compact; fowers 5–7 mm, short pedicellate; corolla scales reaching middle of tube, corolla tube not more than 2 × longer as calyx; style 1; stigma ligulate; often parasitic on shrubs.

**338 Convolvulaceae**

#### **770. Cuscuta monogyna Vahl**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, orchards and gardens, felds Elevational range: 350 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; stems thread-like, strong, 1–3 mm in diameter; inforescences dense; calyx cupular with 5 ovate-circular sepals; corolla rose, 3–3.5 mm long; capsule ovoid-globose, ca. 5 mm long.

#### **771. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 350 - 550 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 2–3 m high, short pubescent mixed with longer retrorse hirsute hairs; corolla red, reddish purple, or blue-purple, fading to white center, funnelform, 4–6 cm, glabrous; stamens unequal, longest stamens reaching middle of corolla tube, flaments pubescent basally; ovary 3-loculed; stigma 3-lobed.

#### **772. Clementsia semenovii (Regel & Herder) Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, springs Elevational range: 1850 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 35–60 cm high; inforescence long, dense, spike-like; fowers bisexual, white or pink; fruitlet with long protruding appendage.

#### **773. Pseudosedum condensatum Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, rocks, screes, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1750 - 3600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; roots numerous, thin, with rare small tuberoid thickenings; stamens 12. Usefulness: For.

#### **774. Pseudosedum fedtschenkoanum Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 450 - 2200 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (7–)12(–20) cm high; roots numerous, thin, with oval or round tuberoid thickenings; fowers narrowly bell-shaped; stamens 10, all shorter than corolla.

#### **775. Pseudosedum ferganense Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 1200 Flowering period: IV - V

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 20 cm high; root crown stout, ca. 1.5 cm in diameter; leaves linear 0.5–2 cm long and ca. 2 mm wide; inforescence corymbiform, many fowered; bracts oblong to lanceolate, smaller than leaves, apex obtuse; pedicels 0.5–1 mm; sepals lanceolate–oblong 7–10 mm; corolla reddish, tube ca. 8–9 mm; anthers ca. 1 cm, violet.

#### **340 Crassulaceae**

#### **776. Rhodiola coccinea (Royle) Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2900 - 4800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10-40 cm high; caudex leaves brown, scalelike, 5 × 6-8 mm; stem leaves linearlanceolate, 5-7 × 1-1.5 mm; inforescences corymbiform, compact, 0.8-1 cm in diam., few fowered; fowers unisexual, (4 or)5-merous, petals red or yellow, oblongovate to subobovate, 1.5-4 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **777. Rhodiola gelida Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Rhodiola gelida* Schrenk

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3600 - 4800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–5(–10) cm high; calyx and corolla yellow, sometimes calyx reddish. Usefulness: For.

#### **778. Rhodiola heterodonta (Hook. f. & Thomson) Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 2200 - 4000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (10–)30–40 cm high; leaves fat 0.8–1 cm long, 0.2–0.5 cm wide, slightly dentate. Usefulness: For.

777

#### **779. Rosularia alpestris (Kar. & Kir.) Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1500 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–8 (–12) cm high; petals 6–9 mm, reddish, violet or white; calyx 2 × shorter than corolla.

#### **780. Rosularia glabra (Regel & Winkl.) A. Berger**

780

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 4000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 6–25 cm high, glabrous; fowers yellow or greenish-yellow; petals 5–8 mm long.

#### **781. Rosularia lutea Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2000 - 2900 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–5 (–10) cm high; stems and leaves glabrous, only sometimes with scattered cilia on leaf margin; fowers yellow

#### **782. Rosularia platyphylla (Schrenk) A. Berger**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1100 - 1950 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 11 cm high; rosette leaves rhomboid–obovate to spatulate 15–40 × 12– 20 mm, densely glandular hairy with ciliate margin; fowering stems 1–4, simple, ascending, puberulent; stem leaves remote, 10–15 × 4–5 mm; inforescences cymose– corymbiform, glandular–pubescent, many fowered; sepals ovate ca. 3 mm; corolla white 5–7 mm; tube ca. 2.5 mm; lobes refexed, ovate.

#### **783. Sedum bucharicum Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 650 - 1600 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 4–5 cm high; calyx shorter than corolla; stamens 12.

#### **784. Sedum ewersii Ledeb.**

**Synonyms:** *Hylotelephium ewersii* (Ledeb.) H. Ohba

Phytogeographical element: I-T, Himal Habitat: Rocks, xeric shrubs, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 1700 - 4000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (5–)10–20(–25) cm high; leaves 1.5–2 cm wide; fowers pink or purple.

786

#### **785. Sedum tetramerum Trautv.**

**Synonyms:** *Sedum aetnense* Tineo. subsp*. tetramerum* (Trautv.) Breistr.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 700 - 1300 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 2–5 cm high; calyx longer than corolla; stamens 4.

#### **786. Juniperus polycarpos K. Koch var. seravschanica (Kom.) Kitam.**

**Synonyms:** *Juniperus seravschanica* Kom*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests Elevational range: 1000 - 2500 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; plant 12–18 m high; branchlets 1.2–1.5 mm in diameter; scalelike leaves elongated-lanceolate or oval to rhomboid on the top branchlets, needle-like leaves thin and soft, lanceolate; seed cones spherical, 12–14 mm in

diameter, 2–3-seeded rarely 4-seeded. Usefulness: Ind.

#### **787. Juniperus pseudosabina Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Juniperus turkestanica* Kom*.*

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests Elevational range: 2000 - 3700 Flowering period: III - IV

Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; plant up to 18 m high; branchlets 4-angled or sometimes terete, ultimate branchlets thicker than 1 mm (to 2 mm), branchlets tapering; scalelike leaves decussate or in whorls of 3; pollen cones ovoid or subglobose, 2–3 mm; seed cones ovoid, 1-seeded. Usefulness: Ind.

#### **788. Juniperus sabina L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Alpine shrubs, juniper forests Elevational range: 1800 - 3300 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 1.5 m with grayishbrown bark; on adult plants mainly scalelike leaves, decussate, rhomboid or rhomboid–ovate, 1–2.5 mm, abaxial gland central, prominent, elliptic; seed cones pale brownish green, brown, purplish blue or black when ripe, irregularly globose, 5–8 × 5–9 mm, 1 or 2-seeded; seeds ovoid, slightly fattened, 4–5 mm, ridged, with resin pits.

#### **789. Juniperus semiglobosa Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Juniperus schugnanica* Kom*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests Elevational range: 1600 - 3300 Flowering period: III - IV

Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; plant 10–15 m high; branchlets loosely arranged, terete, 1–2 mm in diameter; leaves scalelike, needle-like only on young plants; pollen cones ellipsoid, 3–5 mm; seed cones obovoid-globose or nearly triangular and widest near ape; fruit 2- or 3-seeded. Usefulness: Ind.

#### **790. Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco**

**Synonyms:** *Biota orientalis* Endl*., Thuja orientalis* L*.*

Phytogeographical element: A, Orient Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 700 - 900 Flowering period: III - V

Remarks: megaphanerophyte; plant more than 20 m high; bark reddish brown to light grayish brown; leaves 1–3 mm, apex bluntly pointed; facial leaves rhomboid, with a conspicuous, linear, glandular groove at center abaxially; pollen cones yellowish green, ovoid, 2–3 mm; seed cones when immature bluish green, subglobose, ca. 3 mm in diameter.

**Cupressaceae 345**

#### **791. Cynomorium coccineum L. subsp. songaricum (Rupr.) J. Léonard**

**Synonyms:** *Cynomorium songaricum* Rupr*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 600 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; stem straight, circular, 1.5–3 cm in diameter; inforescence very dense, club-shaped, many fowered. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **792. Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz. ex Link**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 1000 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 9–30 cm high; stem fattened, in upper section 3-angular.

#### **793. Blysmus rufus (Huds.) Link**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fens and mires, salt marshes Elevational range: 3600 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–20 cm high; culms subterete; nutlet 3.5–4 mm; perianth bristles shorter than nutlet or absent.

**794. Bolboschoenus glaucus (Lam.) S.G. Sm.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Fields, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 850 - 2350 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 150 cm high; widest leaf blade 2–6 mm wide; inforescence mostly branched multiple spike; spikes from dark brown to pale yellow; stigmas 3; nut trigonous 2.5–3.3 mm.

#### **795. Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla subsp. affnis (Roth) T. Koyama**

**Synonyms:** *Bolboschoenus popovii* Egor., B. *affnis* (Roth) Drobow

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt marshes, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 300 - 900 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–50 cm high; glumes pale yellow; stigmas 2; anthers ca. 1 mm; nutlet biconvex 2–2.5 mm. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **796. Bolboschoenus yagara (Ohwi) Y.C. Yang & M. Zhan**

**Synonyms:** *Bolboschoenus yagara* (Ohwi) A.E. Kozhevnikov

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fields, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 1300 - 2100 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–150 cm high; stigmas 3; nutlet 3-sided; inforescence a simple anthela.

#### **797. Carex arcatica Meinsh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires Elevational range: 1600 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; spikes in long sparse inforescence; utricles unveined, with short, smooth beak; 2 stigmas.

#### **798. Carex atrofusca Schkuhr**

**Synonyms:** *Carex oxyleuca* V. Krecz.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 3500 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; leaves 2.5–5 mm wide, fat; spikes all pedunculate; utricles papillose, not lustrous; beak cylindrical, 0.2–0.5 mm.

#### **799. Carex capillaris L.**

**Synonyms:** *Carex karoi* (Freyn) Freyn

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires Elevational range: 2000 - 3100 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (5–) 20–40(–50) cm high; utricules without veins, 2–2.5 mm long; 3 stigmas.

#### **800. Carex decaulescens V.I. Krecz.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires Elevational range: 1600 - 3900 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–130 cm high; terminal spike longer than the others; male fowers mostly with 3 stamens; female fowers with 2 or 3 stigmas and glumes ca. 2.5 mm.

#### **801. Carex diluta M. Bieb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (15–) 30–60(–100) cm high; spikes 1.5–3 cm long; lower bract not longer than inforescence; utricles 3–4 mm with prominent veins; 3 stigmas. Usefulness: For.

#### **802. Carex enervis C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 2500 - 2550 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; leaf blades fat or plicate; utricles papery, nerveless or faintly veined or veined at base. Usefulness: For.

#### **803. Carex koshewnikowii Litv.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1200 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; utricles 5–7 mm, densely pubescent; 3 stigmas.

#### **804. Carex melanostachya M. Bieb. ex Willd.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 900 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; female glumes ovate, aristate at apex, 3.5–4.5 mm; utricles ovate ca. 5 mm, with slightly concave veins; nutlets obovate, ca. 2 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **805. Carex microglochin Wahlenb.**

805

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, Arct Habitat: Fens and mires, salt marshes Elevational range: 2500 - 4400 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; spike single and terminal; stigmas 3; all female glumes obtuse at apex; utricles 3.5–4.5 mm.

#### **806. Carex nebularum Phil.**

**Synonyms:** *Carex pycnostachya* Kar. & Kir.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 3800 - 3850 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–50 cm high; leaf blades rather broad, fat, 4–6 mm wide; utricles papery or membranous, 5–8-veined.

#### **807. Carex orbicularis Boott**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 1500 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–40(–60) cm high; glumes almost black; 2–4 spikelets in dense inforescence; 2 stigmas. Usefulness: For.

#### **808. Carex pachystylis J. Gay**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 350 - 3000 Flowering period: II - III Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–30 cm high; densely tufted plant with basal rosette of leaves and black sheath at base; inforescence terminal, compound spike on 3–7 assembled in compact black head; nutlets 2–2.5 mm convex on both sides, without veins. Usefulness: For.

806 807 808

#### **809. Carex pamirensis C.B. Clarke**

810

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Littoral vegetation Elevational range: 3000 - 4200 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–90 cm high; utricles oblong-ovate or ovate, 4–5.5 mm., apex attenuate into a beak, emarginate, not 2-toothed; male spikes 2 to several, inserted at top of culm; female glumes oblong-lanceolate, slightly shorter than or nearly equaling utricle.

#### **810. Carex parva Nees**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 2500 - 4200 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–35 cm high; spike single and terminal; stigmas 3; all female glumes obtuse at apex; utricles 3.5–4.5 mm.

#### **811. Carex physodes M. Bieb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, deserts Elevational range: 350 - 400 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–25 cm high; stigmas 2; utricles strongly infated bulliform to globose or elliptic at maturity, 10–15 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **812. Carex polyphylla Kar. & Kir.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests Elevational range: 1100 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–120 cm high; plant not cespitose; stigmas 2; utricules 5–6 mm, without veins; spikes singular, sessile.

#### **813. Carex pseudofoetida Kük.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, springs Elevational range: 2400 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–10 cm high; leaf blades linear-involute; utricles faintly veined; female glumes ovate or elliptic, castaneous–brown. Usefulness: For.

#### **814. Carex regeliana (Kük.) Litv.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, meadows, steppes Elevational range: 2300 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–70 cm high; utricles compressed trigonous with long beak; spikes 5–8 with peduncles 3–6 cm; style glabrous.

#### **815. Carex stenocarpa Turcz. ex V.I. Krecz.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine meadows, pastures, steppes Elevational range: 1800 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–70 cm high; leaf blades fat, 3–6 mm wide; rhizome without stolons; stigmas 3; utricles 3–6 mm with long beak; female glumes not ciliate on upper margins; female spikes with peduncles 3–6 cm, pendent.

Usefulness: For.

#### **816. Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. subsp. stenophylloides (V.I. Krecz.) T.V. Egorova**

**Synonyms:** *Carex dimorphotheca* Stschegl., *C. stenophylloides*  V.I. Krecz.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt marshes, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 4500 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; spikes bisexual, sessile; female glumes usually shorter than utricles with narrower hyaline margins; utricles plano– convex, leathery, margins acutely angled; beak serrulate. Usefulness: For.

#### **817. Carex turkestanica Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Carex verae* Ovcz. & Czuk.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 900 - 3500 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (10–) 20–35(–50) cm high; leaves 1.5–3.5 mm wide; stigmas 3; spikelet 0.5–2 cm; utricules glabrous, smooth. Usefulness: For.

#### **818. Carex viridula Michx.**

**Synonyms:** *Carex serotina* Mérat*, C. philocrena* V.I. Krecz.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 2700 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–35(–45) cm high; 3 stigmas; inforescence with 4–7 densely concentrated spikes 0.8–1 cm long; utricules 2.5–3 mm; lowest bract longer than inforescence.

#### **819. Cyperus difformis L.**

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T, Tropic, I-I, Orient Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 350 - 1300 Flowering period: VIII - X Remarks: Therophyte; plant 2–65 cm high; leaf blade 2–6 mm wide, fat or folded; spikelets numerous, densely congested into a dense capitulum.

#### **820. Cyperus fuscus L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 300 - 1600 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 6–30 cm high; plant with fbrous roots, culms tufted; inforescences anthelate, with elongate rays; spikelets ca. 1.5 mm wide; glumes broadly ovate, purplish brown to brown and yellowish green between both lateral veins.

#### **821. Cyperus iria L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 350 - 850 Flowering period: VIII - X Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–80 cm high; leaf blade 2–5 mm wide, slightly folded or fat; rachilla not winged; successive glumes 0.7–0.9 mm apart on same side of rachilla; inforescence a simple anthela.

#### **822. Cyperus laevigatus L.**

**Synonyms:** *Acorellus laevigatus* (L.) Palla

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 350 - 850 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–50 high; glumes acute, pale brown, with clear and numerous veines in the middle.

#### **823. Cyperus rotundus L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 300 - 1300 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–90 cm high; leaf blade bluish green; involucral bracts leafike, usually fat and longer than inforescence; rachilla broadly winged; glumes dark blood–red, ovate to oblong-ovate. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

#### **824. Cyperus serotinus Rottb.**

**Synonyms:** *Juncellus serotinus* (Rottb.) Clarke

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, Orient, I-I, E-S Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 300 - 1000 Flowering period: VIII - X Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 35–100 cm high; leaf blade 3–10 mm wide; inforescence a simple or compound anthela with 5–17 spikelets arranged into spikes.

#### **825. Eleocharis argyrolepis Kierulff**

**Synonyms:** *Heleocharis argyrolepis* Kjerulff ex Bunge, *Scirpus argyrolepis* Meinsh*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Littoral vegetation Elevational range: 750 - 2350 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–75 cm high; leaf sheaths 1 or 2, purplish red, 1–8 cm; persistent style base shortly conic to half–oblong; basal 2 glumes empty.

#### **826. Eleocharis mitracarpa Steud.**

**Synonyms:** *Eleocharis equisetiformis* Meinsh., *E. turcomanica*  Zeinserl*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Littoral vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–100 cm high; spikelet oblong-ovoid to narrowly oblong-ovoid, 15–30 mm, many fowered; glume apex subacute; persistent style base globose or wider than long, mammiform or mitriform (cap-shaped).

824

826

#### **827. Eleocharis quinquefora (Hartmann) O. Schwarz**

**Synonyms:** *Eleocharis* (*Heleocharis*) *meridionalis* Zinserl*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 300 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–30 cm high; spikelets 4–7 mm, 2–7-fowered; persistent style base subconic to 3-angled–subulate; nutlet 1.9–2.5 mm, appearing smooth but fnely cellular–reticulate.

#### **828. Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult.**

**Synonyms:** *Heleocharis uniglumis* (Link) Schult.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 500 - 3600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–35 cm high; spikelets 5–10 mm; lowest glume encircling stem, rarely more than 1/3 as long as spikelet; nuts coarsely punctate.

#### **829. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl**

**Synonyms:** *Fimbristylis annua* (All.) Roem. & Schult., *F. dichotoma* (L.) Vahl, *Scirpus dichotomus* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, I-I Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 350 - 1400 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–50(–100) cm high; rhizomes not prominent, leaf blade more than 1 mm wide; inforescences 5–9 cm, erect; glumes with 3–5 veins; nutlet with oblong reticulation, obovoid, with obvious vertical ribs, not verruculose.

#### **830. Isolepis setacea (L.) R. Br.**

**Synonyms:** *Scirpus setaceus* L., *Schoenoplectus setaceus* (L.) Palla

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fens and mires, springs Elevational range: 850 - 2600 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 1.5–6 (–15) cm high; leaves reduced, usually with one complete leaf at stem base; inforescence 1–2 sessile spikes.

#### **831. Kobresia capillifolia (Decne.) C.B.**

**Clarke**

**Synonyms:** *Kobresia capilliformis* Ivanova

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires, pastures Elevational range: 2800 - 4600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (5–)10–45 cm high; rhizomes short; culm slender 0.6–1 mm in diameter; inforescence spicate; spike more elongate; lower spikelets bisexual. Usefulness: For.

#### **832. Kobresia humilis (C.A. Mey. ex Trautv.) Serg.**

**Synonyms:** *Kobresia persica* Kuk. & Bornm.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, pastures Elevational range: 2800 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–15 cm high; leaves fat, midrib distinct abaxially; lower spikelets bisexual; prophylls with basal female and 2–7 male fowers. Usefulness: For.

#### **833. Kobresia laxa Nees**

**Synonyms:** *Schoenoxiphium hissaricum* Pissjauk*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires Elevational range: 1100 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60(–70) cm high; inforescence branches with leaves; inforescence a loose or sometimes slightly compact panicle, reddish brown, linear or oblong; nutlets pale yellow or brown, narrowly oblong or elliptic-oblong, trigonous, 2–2.5 × 0.5–0.8 mm, slightly beaked.

#### **834. Kobresia schoenoides (C.A. Mey.) Steud.**

**Synonyms:** *Kobresia pamiroalaica* Ivanova

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, pastures Elevational range: 3100 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–60(–70) cm high; leaves basal 1–2 mm wide; bisexual spikelets with 1 basal female fower and (1–)4–7 distal male fowers; inforescence oblong to clavate 1–4 × 0.2–1 cm; nutlets 1.7–3.5 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **835. Pycreus favidus (Retz.) T. Koyama**

**Synonyms:** *Pycreus globosus* (All.) Rchb., *Cyperus globosus* All*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, Orient Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 300 - 1400 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Therophyte, Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; glumes yellowish or pale brown; 2 stamens; 2 stigmas.

#### **836. Schoenoplectiella juncoides (Roxb.) Lye**

**Synonyms:** *Scirpus juncoides* Roxb., *Schoenoplectus juncoides* (Roxb.) Palla

Phytogeographical element: I-T, I-I Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 350 - 750 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant

18–70 cm high; culms tufted 1.5–7 mm thick; spikelets elliptic to subcylindric, 3.5–5 mm wide; glumes brown, broadly ovate to ovate, 3–4 × 1.8–2 mm; nutlets plano–convex; stigmas 2.

#### **837. Schoenoplectiella laterifora (J.F. Gmel.) Lye**

**Synonyms:** *Scirpus lateriforus* J.F. Gmel., *Schoenoplectus oryzetorum*  (Steud.) V. Krecz.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 350 - 850 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–50 cm high; culms, few to many closely packed, ridged, triangular to almost terete; inforescence bract, shorter than culm; spikelets 1–20, sessile or shortly pedunculate.

#### **838. Schoenoplectiella mucronata (L.) J. Jung & H.K. Choi**

**Synonyms:** *Scirpus mucronatus* L., *Schoenoplectus mucronatus* (L.) Palla

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 300 - 900 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–100 cm high; stem clearly 3-angular; 3 stigmas; nutlets 2–2.5 mm. Usefulness: Med.

#### **839. Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) Palla**

**Synonyms:** *Scirpus tabernaemontani* C.C. Gmel.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Littoral vegetation Elevational range: 1600 - 2200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 3 m high; culms terete; involucral bract 1, culmlike, usually shorter than inforescence; spikelets 4–7(–10) mm; glumes abaxially with reddish resinous spots; stigmas 2; nutlet planoconvex.

#### **840. Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla**

**Synonyms:** *Scirpus triqueter* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, Orient, I-I Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 350 - 1850 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–115 cm high; stem only in upper section 3-angular; upper leave longer than inforescence.

#### **841. Schoenus nigricans L.**

841

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 800 - 1500 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; inforescence head-shaped with black-brownish glumes; nutlets whitish.

#### **842. Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják**

**Synonyms:** *Holoschoenus vulgaris* Link

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, felds, springs Elevational range: 500 - 1100 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60(–100) cm high; spikelets in dense, globular spikes.

#### **843. Scirpus triquetriformis (V. Krecz.) T.V. Egorova**

**Synonyms:** *Schoenoplectus triquetriformis* V. Krecz.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 350 - 1700 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–120 cm high; stem only in upper section 3-angular; upper leave shorter than inforescence.

#### **844. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.**

**Synonyms:** *Cystopteris emarginato-denticulata* Fomin*, Cystopteris flix-fragilis* (L.) Borbás, *Cystopteris fragilis* subsp*. emarginatodenticulata* Fomin

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rocks, screes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 850 - 3150 Sporing period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; rhizomes shortly creeping or ascending; fertile fronds (3.5–)20–35 (–49) cm, approximate or caespitose; stipe brown at base, upper part stramineous or chestnut-colored; lamina lanceolate to broadly lanceolate; veins terminating in teeth.

#### **845. Gymnocarpium fedtschenkoanum Pojark.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1400 - 1950 Sporing period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; rhizome up to 4–5 mm in diameter; leaves up to 20–25 cm long, leafet non-leathery; sori circular or elliptical, uniseriate along each side of costule or midrib.

#### **846. Datisca cannabina L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds Elevational range: 600 - 2300 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 2 m high; cauline leaves 15–30 cm long; leafets 5–11, petioled, lanceolate, up to 15 cm long, 2.5–4 cm broad; fowers yellow; fruit 5–9 mm long, 3–4 mm wide. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **847. Diospyros lotus L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests Elevational range: 1100 - 1400 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; plant up to 20 m high; petiole 0.7–1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-oblong, 5–13 cm long and 2.5–6 cm wide; male fowers 1–3, female fowers subsessile; berries pale yellow, becoming bluish black at maturity. Usefulness: Foo, Orn.

#### **848. Elaeagnus angustifolia L.**

**Synonyms:** *Elaeagnus turcomanica* Kozlowsk*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 300 - 600 Flowering period: V Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; plant 5–6(–13) m high; leaves covered by silvery scales; perianth teeth 3-veined. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **849. Elaeagnus orientalis L.**

**Synonyms:** *Elaeagnus angustifolia* L. subsp*. orientalis* (L.) Soják

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 400 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; plant 7–8(–10) m high; leaves covered by silvery scales; perianth teeth with 1 vein. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **850. Hippophae rhamnoides L.**

**Synonyms:** *Elaeagnus rhamnoides* (L.) A. Nelson

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds Elevational range: 400 - 3800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 3–5 m high; leaves 2.5–3 cm long and 0.4–0.7 cm wide; fowers dioecious. Usefulness: Foo.

Steppe vegetation of the Karshitau Mts (West Tajikistan).

#### **851. Bergia ammannioides Roxb. ex Roth**

**Synonyms:** *Bergia ammannioides* Heyne ex Roth

Phytogeographical element: I-I, S-S, M Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 700 - 1200 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; fowers (3–) 5-fold, in bunches.

#### **852. Ephedra equisetina Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Ephedra nebrodensis*  Tineo subsp*. equisetina* (Bunge) Breistr. ex Greuter & Burdet

Phytogeographical element: I-T, EI-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, loose sandy screes Elevational range: 1200 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 100 cm high or more; herbaceous branches virgate, often pruinose, 1–1.5 mm in diameter, rigid; integument tube to 2 mm, straight or slightly curved. Usefulness: Ind.

#### **853. Ephedra foliata Boiss. ex C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Ephedra ciliata* Fisch. & C.A. Mey., *E. kokanica*  Regel*, E. aitchisonii* (Stapf) V.A. Nikitin

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 1800 Flowering period: V

Remarks: Climber; plant 3–5 m high; liana-shaped shrubs, trunk up to 3–6(–8) cm in diameter; young branches 4–6 mm thick, with elongated (up to 7–8 cm) internodes, gray-green, smooth; leaves fliform, 5–30 mm long; pollen cones (2–)4–6 at nodes; seed cones with 1–2 seeds; seeds 7–8 mm long, fat-convex.

**368 Elatinaceae – Ephedraceae**

#### **854. Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf**

**Synonyms:** *Ephedra gerardiana* var*. wallichii* Stapf*, E. gerardiana* Wallich

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Juniper forests, rocks, screes, semi-deserts Elevational range: 2800 - 3500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 15 cm high; woody stems buried in soil, parts above ground scabrous, rarely almost smooth; branchlets directed upwards, usually with 1–3 nodes; internodes 1–1.5(–2) cm; bracts of pollen cones in 3 or 4(–6) pairs; apical pair of bracts of seed cones connate for ca. 3/4 their length at most; seeds 1 or 2, oblong, 4–6 mm long, apex obtuse.

#### **855. Ephedra glauca Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Ephedra heterosperma* V.A. Nikit.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 1500 - 2200 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 1 m high; young branches 3–5 mm in diameter, frst grayish then whitish; seeds widely ovoid up to 6 × 3 mm, longer than fruit, agleam.

#### **856. Ephedra minuta Florin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 550 - 1550 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 5–25 cm high; branchlets erect or slightly spreading, dark green, prominently furrowed, internodes 1.5–3 cm 1.2–1.5 mm; bracts of pollen cones in 1 or 2 pairs; apical bracts of seed cones much longer than others; seeds 6–8(–10) mm, apex acuminate.

#### **857. Ephedra regeliana Florin**

**Synonyms:** *Ephedra pulvinaris* V. Nikit.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 1800 - 4500 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 8(–15) cm high; woody stems above ground, only with several woody basal branches 1–2 cm; bracts of pollen cones in 4–6(–8) pairs; apical pair of bracts of seed cones connate for ca. 5/6 their length or more; seeds 1 or 2, glossy, narrowly ovoid, 3–4.5 mm long.

#### **858. Ephedra strobilacea Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt marshes Elevational range: 400 - 500 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 2 m high; branchlets 5–6 mm thick, green-gray, later white-gray, smooth or slightly rough; seed cones sessile or shortly pedunculate, with thin, drying bracts; 1–2(–3)-seeded; seeds obovate or oval, 6–7 mm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **859. Equisetum arvense L.**

**Synonyms:** *Equisetum arvense* subsp*. boreale* (Bong.) Tolm., *E. boreale* Bong*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Riverside forests, meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 600 - 2800 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–50 cm high; stem sheeth with 10–12 dark–brownish teeth. Usefulness: Med.

#### **860. Equisetum ramosissimum Desf.**

**Synonyms:** *Hippochaete ramosissima* (Desf.) Börner

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 3800 - 4000 Flowering period: III - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–100 cm high; stem branching, grey-greenish; spike acute. Usefulness: For.

#### **861. Acalypha australis L.**

Phytogeographical element: A, I-I, Austral Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 800 - 900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; raylet-leaves ovate, acute, up to 20 mm long, stem leaves lanceolate.

**862. Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. Juss.**

**Synonyms:** *Chrozophora obliqua* (Vahl) A. Juss. ex Spreng., *Croton obliquus* Vahl

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Screes, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1400 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 70 cm high; leaves lanceolate; seeds and cones with tubercles.

#### **863. Euphorbia alatavica Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 50 cm high; stems many, reddish; leaves alternate, slightly spatulate 2–3 × 1 cm, villous, base rounded; inforescence a pseudumbel, primary involucral leaves reddish purple; cyathium sessile, glands 4, brown-yellow, transversely elliptic-orbicular; capsule globose, 3 × 4 mm, tuberculate, glabrous.

#### **864. Euphorbia chamaesyce L.**

**Synonyms:** *Euphorbia canescens* L., *E. chamaesyce* subsp*. canescens* (L.) Prokh., *Chamaesyce canescens* (L.) Prokh.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 1400 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 3–15 cm high, canescent; leaves ovate; the species is the most similar to *Euphorbia canescens* L. and some of researches treat them as conspecifc species. Usefulness: For.

#### **865. Euphorbia cyrtophylla (Prokh.) Prokh.**

**Synonyms:** *Tithymalus cyrtophyllus* Prokh*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2500 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–35 cm high; stalk straight, thick; lanceolate leaves often falcate; glands with short blunt horns.

#### **866. Euphorbia falcata L.**

**Synonyms:** *Euphorbia acuminata* Lam*., Tithymalus falcatus* (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Fields, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 3500 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–20(–35) cm high; ray-leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate to ovate-deltate or -rhomboid; nectaries moon-shaped or oblong or with two short corners; seeds egg-shaped with 5–10 regular transverse grooves.

#### **867. Euphorbia ferganensis B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1000 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 70 cm high, densely hairy with branched stems; leaves ovate to oblong, 5–7 × 3–4 cm, nearly glabrous, ciliate on margins, sessile with obtuse apex, green-purplish; fowers in terminal cymes, involucral leaves 4–5 × 3–4 cm; capsule ovoid-globose 8 × 10 mm, seeds ovoid, compressed.

#### **868. Euphorbia helioscopia L.**

**Synonyms:** *Tithymalus helioscopia* (L.) Prokh.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 600 - 1100 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–35(–50) cm high; glands elliptic, without horns.

#### **869. Euphorbia inderiensis Less. ex Kar. & Kir.**

**Synonyms:** *Tithymalus inderiensis* (Less.) Prokh.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 2700 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 25 cm high; glands with horns, seeds 6-angular; ray-leaves linear.

#### **870. Euphorbia jaxartica Prokh.**

**Synonyms:** *Euphorbia virgata* Waldst. & Kit. subsp*. jaxartica*  (Prokh.) Prokh*.*, *Tithymalus jaxarticus* Prokh*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 350 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–100 cm high; stems at the base pubescent; leaves linear, thick, leathery, straight; glands with horns; seeds glabrous.

#### **871. Euphorbia kanaorica Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Euphorbia polytimetica* Prokh*., Tithymalus polytimeticus* Prokh*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2500 - 3900 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–25 cm high; stems wavy,

thin, fragile; leaves 1–1.5 cm long, obovate or spatulate, with blurred veins; seeds 2.5–3 mm long, blurred 6-sided.

#### **872. Euphorbia maculata L.**

**Synonyms:** *Chamaesyce maculata* (L.) Small.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 350 - 900 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm; leaf blade long elliptic; male fowers 4 or 5, slightly exserted, female fower exserted from involucre; ovary pilose; seeds ovoidtetragonal.

#### **873. Euphorbia pamirica (Prokh.) Prokh.**

**Synonyms:** *Tithymalus pamiricus* Prokh*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2300 - 4100 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–60 cm high; stem-leaves not more than 4 mm wide, narrow, linear, fliform.

#### **874. Euphorbia sarawschanica Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Tithymalus sarawschanicus* (Regel) Prokh.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 4000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30(–50) cm high; leaves entire, well preserved; capsule villous with a short pedicel; cyathia on 5(–6)-ray umbelliferous inforescence; glands without horns.

#### **875. Euphorbia sogdiana Popov**

**Synonyms:** *Tithymalus sogdiana* (Popov) Prokh.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 2100 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 50 cm high; stem straight, strong; leaves 1.5–5 cm long, elliptical or oblong, with 3–5 veins; seeds 3.5–4.5 mm in diameter, 4-sided, rounded.

#### **876. Euphorbia szovitsii Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Tithymalus szovitsii* (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Prokh.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1300 - 3400 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant annual, 5–20 cm high; glands with horns; seeds 4-angular; upper ray-leaves linearspatulate, usually bending.

#### **877. Euphorbia tranzschelii (Prokh.) Prokh.**

**Synonyms:** *Tithymalus tranzschelii* Prokh*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine steppes Elevational range: 2300 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (5–) 10–15 cm high; leaves margins serrate; ray-leaves oblong-ovate; capsule 4–5 mm long, glabrous; seeds 3–3.5 mm long, gray.

#### **878. Ricinus communis L.**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal Elevational range: 350 - 700 Flowering period: VII - X Remarks: Therophyte; plant 2–5 m high; erect, often single-stemmed but sometimes bushlike or treelike; younger parts glaucous, whole plant often reddish or purplish; leaf blade palmately 7–11-lobed; inf orescence up to 30 cm long. Usefulness: Med, Ind.

#### **879. Albizia julibrissin Durazz.**

Phytogeographical element: A, I-T, EI-T Habitat: orchards and gardens, ruderal Elevational range: 500 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; Deciduous tree up to 16 m high; crown open; leaf ets 10–30 pairs, 6–12 × 1–4 mm; panicles terminal; f owers pink; calyx tubiform, ca. 3 mm, pubescent; corolla ca. 8 mm; f laments pink, ca. 2.5 cm.

#### **880. Alhagi kirghisorum Schrenk**

**Synonyms:** *Alhagi maurorum*  Medik. subsp*. kirghisorum* (Schrenk) Yakovlev, *A. sparsifolia*  Shap. ex Keller & Shap.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, f elds, salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 700 - 1600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 80–90 cm high; calyx glabrous with acute teeth.

#### **881. Astracantha chodsha-bakirganica (B.M. Kom.) Czerep.**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus chodsha-bakirganicus* B. Kom., *Tragacantha chodsha-bakirganica* (B. Kom.) Rassulova

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 400 - 600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 40–50 cm high; calyx teeth longer than tube; standard 1.5–1.7 cm.

#### **882. Astracantha dissecta (B. Fedtsch. & N.A. Ivanova) Podl.**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus dissectus* B. Fedtsch. & Ivanova, *A. proximus* (Boriss.) Boriss., *Tragacantha dissecta* (B. Fedtsch. & Ivanova) Boriss.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1100 - 2200 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 20–50 cm high; standard 0.8–1.1 cm, not emarginate on apex; calyx 5–8 mm; leaves with 5–8 pairs of leafets.

#### **883. Astragalus aksuensis Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants 45–100 cm high; leaves 8–12 cm, stipules 10–18 mm, ciliate, leafets in 3–4 pairs, narrowly ovate, 2-6 × 0.5-1.8 cm, glabrous on both surfaces; racemes many fowered, 1-sided, 6–16 cm; calyx

**378 Fabaceae**

shortly tubular 6–8 mm.

#### **884. Astragalus alitschuri O. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus enantiotrichus* Freyn

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3300 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (8–)10–20 cm high; stem reduced, the short branches forming mats, pubescent; leafets 4–9 × 3–6 mm; calyx 12–13 mm long with black or black and white hairs; corolla yellow. Usefulness: For.

#### **885. Astragalus alopecias Pall.**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus leucospermus* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fields, steppes Elevational range: 700 - 1700 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–90 cm high; inforescences cylindric 5–15 cm long, sessile or on peduncles 0.5–4 cm long.

#### **886. Astragalus alpinus L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine meadows Elevational range: 1700 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 20 cm high; leaves 2-8 cm, hairy, leafets in 7-12 pairs, narrowly elliptic, 5-15(-20) × 2-5(-7) mm; legumes nodding, with a stipe 2-5 mm, ellipsoid, 7-13 mm, 3-3.5 mm wide, keeled ventrally.

884

#### **887. Astragalus auratus Gontsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 1650 - 1700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; stem 1–2 cm long or lacking; leaves with 1–2 pairs of leafets; silique 1.2–1.4 cm long.

#### **888. Astragalus babatagii Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 700 - 2350 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 10–30 cm high; calyx tubular–campanulate; standard 0.9–1.2 cm, wings almost equal to standard; fruit 8-seeded.

#### **889. Astragalus beketowi (Krasn.) B. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus polychromis* Freyn*, Oxytropis beketovii* Krassn*.*

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 3800 - 4850 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–15(–20) cm high; leaves with 5–7 pairs of leafets; calyx 5–10 mm; standard 1.5–1.8 mm; wings shorter than standard; fruits strongly infated, marble–spotted.

#### **890. Astragalus borodinii Krasnov**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 1900 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; leaves 2–5 cm; leafets mostly in 2 pairs, obovate, 8-20 × 3-8 mm; stipules 8–10 mm, densely covered with subappressed, subbasifxed to basifxed hairs, at margins ciliate; calyx 11–13 mm, densely villous, hairs up to 2 mm; teeth 2.5–4 mm.

#### **891. Astragalus breviscapus B. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus oophorus* Freyn

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2500 - 4100 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 6–12 cm high; stipule 5–6 mm with white hairs; inforescence peduncles 1–2.5 cm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **892. Astragalus campylorhynchus Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 3000 Flowering period: III - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 6–40 cm high; siliques 3–4.5 cm long, smooth, erected. Usefulness: For.

#### **893. Astragalus charguschanus Freyn**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus pamiricus* B. Fedtsch.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 3300 - 4900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–15 cm high; leaves with 8–15 pairs of leafets; peduncles glabrous; calyx teeth 6–8 mm; standard 1.7–2.4 cm.

Usefulness: For.

#### **894. Astragalus chomutowii B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3600 - 4100 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–7 cm high; leaves 1–3 cm long; fruits sessile with white hairs, oblong, strongly infated. Usefulness: For.

#### **895. Astragalus coluteocarpus Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–110 cm high; stipules white membranous; leaves with 5–7 pair of leafets; calyx teeth 1.5–2 times shorter than tube.

#### **896. Astragalus cystocarpus Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Forbs Elevational range: 2600 - 3000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–70 cm high; leaves with 10–15 leafet pairs; stipules 1.5–2 cm long; fower pedicel 4–5 mm long.

#### **897. Astragalus darwasicus Basil.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 1900 - 2100 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 35–45 cm high; leaves with 6–8 leafet pairs; stipule 1–1.5 cm long; fower pedicel 1–3 mm long.

#### **898. Astragalus dignus Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes, sands Elevational range: 2400 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 18–22 cm high; leafets 4–8 × 0.2–0.3 cm; calyx 1.2–1.5 cm long; wings bifurcated on top; keel wide-ovate.

#### **899. Astragalus dipelta Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Didymopelta turkestanica* Regel & Schmalh., *Dipelta turkestancia* Regel & Schmalh*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fields, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 850 - 2900 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–30 cm high; stipule fused to petiole only at base; petal pale violet or azur; loose racemes with 3–11 fowers; calyx bell-shaped with black and white hairs, teeth equal to tube; legumes sessile, pubescent.

#### **900. Astragalus ferganensis (Popov) A.S. Korol.**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus erioceras* Ledeb. var*. ferganensis* Popov

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 450 - 1300 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; leafets 0.6– 1.4 cm long, circular, oval–circular, elliptic or oblong; calyx 1.7–1.8 cm long; fruits 2.2–2.5 cm long, white–lanate.

#### **901. Astragalus flicaulis Kar. & Kir.**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus leptodermus* Bunge*, Oxyglottis flicaulis*  (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Nevski

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1200 - 2800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–50 cm high; stems, petiole, and rachis closely appressed hairy; calyx 3–4 mm; fruit 6–10 mm with wrinkled walls, covered with short subappressed spreading hairs. Usefulness: For.

#### **902. Astragalus globiceps Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus czuiliensis* Golosk*., A. favicomus* Bunge*, A. jakkabagi* Lipsky*, A. timuranus* Franch*.* 

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1100 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–65 cm high; corolla glabrous; inforescence with 3–8 cm long pedicels.

#### **903. Astragalus heterodontus Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Fens and mires, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3800 - 4300 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant up to 30 cm high; stems loosely covered with very short appressed hairs; petals intensely violet; fruit cross–wrinkled, covered with spreading white and black hairs.

#### **904. Astragalus kabadianus Lipsky**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus cisdarvasicus* Gontsch*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 580 - 1800 Flowering period: V Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 40–95 cm high; calyx 0.9–1.1 cm long with 2 mm teeth; standard 1.5–1.8 long; fruit 2.5–4 × 0.1–0.2 cm, gradually narrowing to beak.

#### **905. Astragalus korovinianus Barneby**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus grandiforus* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 500 - 1500 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 8–30 cm high; leaves with 10–14(–17) pairs of leafets; petioles white and goldenyellowish; standard pubescent; petals yellow during blooming. Usefulness: For.

#### **906. Astragalus krauseanus Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus xanthomelas* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 800 - 1600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; stem 10–30 cm high; leaves with 3–6 pairs of leafets; siliques 6–8 mm long.

#### **907. Astragalus kulabensis Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 850 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm high; stipule 0.6–1 cm long; inforescence spherical or elliptical, sessile or on peduncle 1–1.5 cm long; calyx wide tubular.

#### **908. Astragalus lancifolius Gontsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 700 - 1700 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–50 cm high; leaves 5–14 cm long with 2–7 pairs of leafets; stipules 3–7 mm long; inforescence with 4–9 yellow fowers.

#### **909. Astragalus lasiosemius Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus aridus* Freyn*, A. latistylus* Freyn

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1700 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 10–25 cm high; stems of current year 2–8(–15) cm, hairy, glabrescent with age, internodes 1–1.5 cm; peduncle 0.1–2.5 cm.

#### **910. Astragalus longistipitatus Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 2200 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 26–65 cm high; leaves 10– 25 cm long with 8–13 pairs of leafets; petals 0.7–1 mm long, hairy, violet.

#### **911. Astragalus macropterus DC.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Screes, forbs Elevational range: 1600 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 90 cm high; leafets slightly more than 2 as long as wide; petals purple or yellowish with purple keel; standard 9–11 mm, rounded or retuse; fruits sessile 7–9 mm, glabrous. Usefulness: For.

#### **912. Astragalus mucidus Bunge**

### **NT**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 640 - 1700 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 9–30 cm high; stem 0.6– 13 cm long; leaves 9–15 cm long, imparipinnate, with 14–26 pairs of leafets; calyx with white hairs; peduncle 2–3 cm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **913. Astragalus nematodes Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 2000 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–15(–20) cm high; leafets narrowly linear; fowers red; silique with 6–8 seeds.

#### **914. Astragalus nivalis Kar. & Kir.**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus nathaliae* Meff*., A. orthanthoides* Boriss*., A. orthanthus* Freyn

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3700 - 5000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 8–25 cm high; sparsely caespitose, covered with mostly medif xed hairs; calyx inf ated, spherical to ovoid. Usefulness: For.

#### **915. Astragalus nuciferus Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 1000 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 37–90 cm high; leaves with 5–10 pairs of leaf ets; siliques 3.5–6 cm long, swollen.

#### **916. Astragalus ophiocarpus Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus paulsenii* Freyn*, A. vernicularis*  Hausskn. & Bornm., *Ophiocarpus paulsenii* (Freyn) Ikonn., *Trigonella komarovii* Lipsky

Phytogeographical element: I-T, S-S Habitat: Riverside forests, f elds, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 300 - 3800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–40 cm high; stipule pubescent, partially fused with petiole; leaves with 5–8 pairs of leaf ets. Usefulness: For.

#### **917. Astragalus ovczinnikovii Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 2400 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–37 cm high, stemless; leaves with 18–25 pairs of leafets; fowers yellowishpurple.

#### **918. Astragalus oxyglottis M. Bieb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 350 - 1200 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 17–25 cm high; inforescence less than 5 cm long, with 3–6-fowered clusters; fruit without grooves. Usefulness: For.

#### **919. Astragalus pseudorhacodes Gontsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 750 - 900 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–30 cm high; leaves with 1–3 pairs of leafets; fruits 2–2.6 cm long, with 10–12 seeds, linear.

#### **920. Astragalus quisqualis Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, screes Elevational range: 1300 - 2200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 95 cm high; shoot thick; peduncle 25 cm long, glabrous; inforescence with 10–20 fowers or more; calyx tubular; standard 1.8–2.1 cm long. Usefulness: For, Foo.

#### **921. Astragalus retamocarpus Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T

Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs

Elevational range: 900 - 2000

Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm high, pubescent with long white and short black hairs; leaf compound, ca. 10–20 cm long, leafets ca. 31–61; fruit 7–10 mm long, glabrous, 2-seeded. Usefulness: For.

#### **922. Astragalus rytilobus Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, felds, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 2500 Flowering period: V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–40(–70–80) cm high; stipule triangular, acute; fower bracts with black hairs; calyx 4–5 mm long; legumes ovoid. Usefulness: For.

924

#### **923. Astragalus saratagius Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2200 - 2300 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 27 cm high; calyx teeth 2–5 × shorter than tube; stipule pubescent, scarious.

#### **924. Astragalus sericeopuberulus Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, screes Elevational range: 2500 -3550 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–20 cm high; acaulescent; leaves with 16–21 pairs of leafets; pedicel 2–4 mm long, glabrous; calyx 1.5–2.1 cm long.

#### **925. Astragalus schachdarinus Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Riverside forests, steppes Elevational range: 1800 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high with short stem or stemless; leaves 5–9 cm long with 3–4 pairs of lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leafets; fowers pale violet; fruits with 4 seeds.

#### **926. Astragalus scheremetevianus B. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus lipskyanus* Freyn

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: River beds, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2700 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; bracts 3–5 mm long; calyx with short teeth; fower yellow. Usefulness: For.

#### **927. Astragalus schmalhausenii Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Sewerzowia turkestanica* Regel & Schmalh*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 2100

Flowering period: IV - V

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30-–70 cm high; stem with white and black trichomes; fowers whitish, only at the top with violet spot; fruits with long trichomes (or rarely with small tubercles) on sides and at the edge. Usefulness: For.

#### **928. Astragalus sieversianus Pall.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Ruderal, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1000 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–150 cm high; calyx 20–22 mm, densely hairy, teeth 8–10 mm; standard widely ovate, 34–39 × 17–21 mm, apex deeply emarginate; wings 28–34 mm; keel 27–31 mm; legumes 15–20 mm, ca. 15 mm in diameter with a beak ca. 3 mm. Usefulness: For, Foo.

926

#### **929. Astragalus skorniakowi B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine swards, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2000 - 4000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; ovary anf fruits glabrous; fruits swollen. Usefulness: For.

#### **930. Astragalus spinescens Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 500 - 1200 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 15–30 cm high; leafets glabrous on top; fruits 2-seeded with beak turned into a thorn; fowers yellow.

#### **931. Astragalus taschkendicus Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 2300 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; leafets oblong-ovate to elliptic; stipule 0.8–1.8 cm long; peduncle with white hairs; petals dark purple.

#### **932. Astragalus tecti-mundi Freyn**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires, springs Elevational range: 2400 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 95 cm high; stipule grassy-shaped; peduncle glabrous; standard 2–2.3 mm long; fruits 2.5–4.5 cm, covered with black hairs, slightly grooved dorsally. Usefulness: For.

#### **933. Astragalus thlaspi Lipsky**

**Synonyms:** *Thlaspidium thlaspi* (Lipskyi) Rassulova

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 1800 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; leaves 4–6 cm long, with 4–5 pairs of leafets; leafets 6–10 mm long, obovate or oblong-elliptic; calyx with black hairs; raceme 2–6-fowered; legume broad, 2.5–3 × 1.5 cm, 2–4-seeded.

#### **934. Astragalus tibetanus Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Astragalus talievii* Sirj*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, alpine meadows Elevational range: 1600 - 3800 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–35 cm high, standard 16–22 mm; wing limbs distinctly obliquely emarginate; calyx teeth distinctly shorter than tube; legumes covered with predominantly black hairs. Usefulness: For.

932

#### **935. Astragalus trachycarpus Gontsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 800 - 2900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high, white pubescent; calyx tubular, teeth 2–3.5 × shorter than calyx tube; standard 3–4 cm long.

#### **936. Astragalus tribuloides Delile**

**Synonyms:** *Oxyglottis tribuloides* (Delile) Nevski

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 2700 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 40 cm high, with appressed to ascending white hairs 0.2–1.5 mm; calyx 3–5 mm; leafets on both surfaces densely appressed hairy; legumes at base distinctly bigibbous. Usefulness: For.

#### **937. Astragalus viridiforus Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Fields, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; bracts with white and black hairs; calyx tubular; fowers 4–5.5 cm long.

#### **938. Astragalus wachschi B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 570 - 1300 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 1 m high, with spines; inforescence with 3–5 fowers.

#### **939. Calophaca grandifora Regel**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 950 - 2100 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 1.5 m high; leafets 1–2.6 cm long; calyx 1.2–1.5 cm long. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **940. Caragana acanthophylla Kom.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1350 - 1600 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 1.5 m high; leaves 1–2 cm long, paripinnate with 2–4 pairs of leafets; leaf petioles turn into thorns. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **941. Caragana alaica Pojark.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1600 - 1900 Flowering period: V Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 1–3 m high; leaves imparipinnate with 5–7 leafets; fruits 2.5–3 cm long. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **942. Caragana jubata (Pall.) Poir.**

**Synonyms:** *Robinia jubata* Pall*.*

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, Arctic, E-S Habitat: Screes, forbs Elevational range: 2600 - 3700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 1–3 m high; leaves pinnate, 8–12-foliolate; leafet blades oblong, 11–15 × 4–6 mm, base rounded, apex rounded to acute; calyx tube tubular, 1.4–1.7 cm; corolla white or pink, 2.5–3.9 cm; ovary villous; legume to 3 cm, densely villous. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **943. Caragana turfanensis (Krasn.) Kom.**

**Synonyms:** *Caragana laeta* Kom*.*

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes, screes Elevational range: 800 - 1900 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrubs to 1 m high; branches yellowish brown; leaves digitate, 4-foliolate; petiole 0.7–1.3 cm; leafet blades obovate 4–6 × 2–3 mm with acute apex; corolla yellow, standard obovate, 1.7–2.2 cm; legume 3–4.5 cm 4–6 mm.

#### **944. Cercis griffthii Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 300 - 2200 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; plant up to 5 m high; fowers purple-violet; siliqua with 3–5 mm wide wings. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **945. Chesneya badachschanica Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 3100 - 4100 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high; pedicel ca. 1 mm long; fowers up to 2 cm long; calyx 0.9–1 mm long.

#### **946. Chesneya crassipes Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 1400 - 3050 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–7 (–12) cm high; leaves pinnate with 5–7 pairs of leafets; fower peduncles 1.5–4 mm; calyx 1.2–1.5 cm long.

#### **947. Chesneya ferganensis Korsh.**

**Synonyms:** *Chesniella ferganensis* (Korsh.) Boriss.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 700 - 2100 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high with deep tap roots, procumbent; leaves 1–2.5 cm long with 2–4 pairs of leafets, pubescent; fowers with campanulate 6–10 mm calyx; corolla rose–purple, 2 × longer than calyx, keel shorter than wings; legume oblong 12–17 mm, densely tomentose, seeds 2–3 reniform.

#### **948. Chesneya gracilis (Boriss.) R. Kam.**

948

949

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 500 - 1100 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant prcumbent, pubescent, with stems up to 10 cm; leaves 1.5–2.2 cm long with 2–4 pairs of leafets; pedicels 4–9 mm; fowers solitary; calyx 5–7 mm; corolla yellow, brownish, standard 1.3–1.7 cm; legume oblong 1.5–2 cm, densely pubescent; seeds 3–4 reniform, ca. 3 mm long.

#### **949. Chesneya ternata (Korsh.) Popov**

**Synonyms:** *Kostyczewa ternata* Korsh*.*

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 1000 - 2400 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–7(–15) cm high; leaves with 3 leafets; calyx with white and black hairs.

#### **950. Chesneya turkestanica Franch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 1600 - 3900 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–12 cm high; leaves with 4–5 pairs of leafets; calyx 3–3.5 cm long; fowers yellow.

#### **951. Cicer baldshuanicum (Popov) Lincz.**

**Synonyms:** *Cicer fexuosum*  Lipsky subsp*. baldshuanicum* Popov

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1450 - 2700 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–70 cm high; standard pubescent; leafets glabrous on top; calyx up to 4 mm long.

#### **952. Cicer fedtschenkoi Lincz.**

**Synonyms:** *Cicer songaricum* DC. var*. schugnanicum* Popov

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2700 - 4450 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–35 cm high; standard glabrous; peducle ended with a leafet.

#### **953. Cicer macracanthum Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 2400 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 16–42 cm high; leaves with spicule at apex; calyx with wide, triangular teeth. Usefulness: For.

#### **954. Cicer mogoltavicum (Popov) A.S. Korol.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 900 - 1900 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 33–80 cm high; leaves with 6–10 pairs of leafets, glandular; standard pubescent; calyx 7–15 mm long.

#### **955. Cicer pungens Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Cicer spinosum* Popov

**NT**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1800 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–35 cm high; leaves with spicule at apex; stipule 2–7 mm, leaf-shaped.

#### **956. Cicer songaricum DC.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 4100 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 13–70 cm high; leaves with 6–10 pairs of leafets, 0.7–1.1 cm long, glandular; standard pubescent; calyx 1–1.5 cm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **957. Colutea paulsenii Freyn**

**Synonyms:** *Colutea canescens* Shap., *C. mesantha* Shap. ex Ali, *C. rostrata* Sumn*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 2 m high; leaves with (2–)3–4 pairs of leafets, leafets elongate-elliptic or ovoid; inforescens with 3–5 fowers; keel equals wings, standard 2–2.2 cm; calyx campanulate-tubular.

#### **958. Cullen drupaceum (Bunge) C.H. Stirt.**

**Synonyms:** *Psorelea drupacea* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 1400 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 70–130 cm high, erect; stem glandular, pilose to villous; stipules lateral, 5–15 mm long, glandular, yellow-punctate; leaf alternate, unifoliolately compound; leafets dentate, pilose and nigro–punctate on both sides; inforescence a panicle; calyx ca. 3.5 mm long, villous, punctate, teeth unequal, 1–1.5 mm long; fruit villous, 4 × 3 mm, 1-seeded. Usefulness: For, Ind.

**Fabaceae 403**

956

#### **959. Glycyrrhiza glabra L.**

**Synonyms:** *Glycyrrhiza glabra* subsp*. glandulifera* (Waldst. & Kit.) Ponert, *G. glandulifera* Waldst. & Kit., *G. hirsuta* Pall*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 350 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–80(–120) cm high; calyx 5–7 mm; siliques straight or slightly bent, 2–3 cm long and 4–6 mm wide. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

**960. Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.) Voss**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, salt shrubs Elevational range: 300 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 2 m high; bark yellowish, furrowed; rachis and stipules forms thorns; fowers violet or pink. Usefulness: Foo, Orn.

#### **961. Hedysarum baldshuanicum B. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Hedysarum chaitocarpum* Regel & Schmalh. var*. baldshuanicum* (B. Fedtsch.) B. Fedtsch

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1200 - 2700 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–70 cm high; leaves with

6–10 pairs of leafets; stipules membraneous; calyx teeth longer than tube; wings and keel shorter than standard; legumes with spines; articles of siliqua with inconspicuous tubercles.

#### **962. Hedysarum denticulatum Regel & Schmalh.**

**Synonyms:** *Hedysarum lehmannianum* var*. pubescens* B. Fedtsch., *H. lehmannianum* var*. glabrescens* B. Fedtsch., *H. lehmannianum* var*. subacaules* B. Fedtsch.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, felds, steppes Elevational range: 1200 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–60 cm high; leaves with 8–14 pairs of leafets; calyx 6–7 mm, pubescent; fowers 1.6–2.5 cm long, lilac.

#### **963. Hedysarum ferganense Korsh. var. poncinsii (Franch.) L.Z. Shue**

**Synonyms:** *Hedysarum poncinsii* Franch., *H. pumilum* B. Fedtsch.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Alpine steppes Elevational range: 4200 - 4250 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–10 cm high; leaves with 3–4 pairs of leafets; bracts 3–4 mm long; calyx 7–8 cm long; fowers dark purple. Usefulness: For.

#### **964. Hedysarum favescens Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 2100 - 3200 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–100 cm high; leafets at the bottom with hairs; inforescences 6–18 cm long, distinctly longer than leaves; fowers yellow. Usefulness: For.

The sandstone rocks in the vicinity of Tavildara on the way to the Khoburobot Pass (3,252 m a.s.l.).

#### **965. Hedysarum minjanense Rech. f.**

**Synonyms:** *Hedysarum cephalotes* Franch

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2400 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 6–20 cm high; leaves with 3–6 pairs of leafets; bracts 6–8 mm long; calyx 1–1.5 cm long, fowers pink or lilac. Usefulness: For, Orn.

#### **966. Hedysarum omissum Korotkova ex Kovalevsk.**

**Synonyms:** *Hedysarum fedtschenkoanum* Regel

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1300 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 8–23 cm high; stemless; leaves ternate, rarely with 1–2 pairs of leafets; peduncle 5–10 cm long.

#### **967. Lathyrus cicera L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 550 - 1600 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–80 cm high; stem and petiole narrowly winged; petiole 0.5–1.5 cm long, standard 1–1.4 cm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **968. Lathyrus inconspicuus L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 1700 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–37 cm high; fowers sessile; leaves with 2–5 mm awn at apex. Usefulness: For.

#### **969. Lathyrus mulkak Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, moraines and snow-beds, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 3000 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 65–120 cm high; leaves with (2–)3–4 pairs of leafets; fowers 3–4 cm long. Usefulness: For, Orn.

#### **970. Lathyrus pratensis L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, forbs Elevational range: 1100 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–110 cm high; stipule 1–3.7 cm; siliques with 6–12 seeds. Usefulness: For.

#### **971. Lathyrus sativus L.**

**Synonyms:** *Lathyrus asiaticus* (Zalkind) Kudr., *L. sativus*  subsp*. asiaticus* Zalkind

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 1800 - 3000 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30–100 cm high; stem winged; leafets narrowly lanceolate; peduncle 1-fowered, 3–6 cm long; calyx 7–10 mm long; calyx teeth subequal, longer than the tube; corolla blue, red or white; fruit 2.5–3.3 cm long.

Usefulness: For, Foo.

#### **972. Lathyrus tuberosus L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, felds, forbs Elevational range: 1600 - 3700 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 100 cm high; stipule 0.5–1.5 cm long; siliques with 3–6 seeds. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

#### **973. Lens culinaris Medik.**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 550 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–75 cm high; leaves 3–4 cm long; stipules 4–4.5 mm; fowers white or pink; ovary ovoid; siliqua 8–10 mm wide. Usefulness: For, Foo.

#### **974. Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. orientalis (Boiss.) Ponert**

**Synonyms:** *Ervum orientale* Boiss*., Lens orientalis* (Boiss.) Schmalh.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Screes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 500 - 1700 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; stipules 2–3 mm long; fruits 3.5–6.6 mm wide; fowers violet bluish or pink with violet tint. Usefulness: For, Foo.

#### **975. Lotus krylovii Schischkin & Serg.**

**Synonyms:** *Lotus confusus* Serg*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 490 - 3400 Flowering period: V - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 50 cm high; fowers 8–10 mm; corolla yellow, becoming red or purple after pollination; style 3–4 mm; narrow part of 2 upper calyx teeth more than half their length.

#### **976. Medicago lupulina L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 3300 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–60 cm high, glabrescent to pubescent; stems decumbent, prostrate, much branched; leafets elliptic, ovate, 5–20 4–6 mm, pubescent, margin distally obscurely serrate; fowers 10–20 in small heads; calyx ca. 2 mm. Usefulness: For.

974

#### **977. Medicago minima (L.) L.**

**Synonyms:** *Medicago minima* (L.) Bartalini*, Medicago polymorpha* L. var. *minima* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires, felds, steppes Elevational range: 300 - 1200 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–35 cm high; legume 3–5 mm in diameter, spiny, sparsely villous. Usefulness: For.

#### **978. Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal.**

**Synonyms:** *Medicago polymorpha* L. var. *orbicularis* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, felds, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–100 cm high; inforescence a 1–5-fowered peduncled raceme; fruits without spikes, glabrous. Usefulness: For.

#### **979. Medicago orthoceras (Kar. & Kir.) Trautv.**

**Synonyms:** *Trigonella orthoceras* Kar. & Kir.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, salt shrubs, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 850 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–15 cm high; leafets glabrous at the upperside; stipules 2–3 mm long; peduncles hardly developed; pedicels 1.5–3 mm long, pubescent; inforescence 1–4 fowered; fowers 4–7.5 mm long; calyx campanulate; ovary and fruit glabrous. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **980. Melilotus albus Medik.**

**Synonyms:** *Melilotus offcinalis* (L.) Pall. var. *albus* (Medik.) Ohashi. & Tateishi

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, felds, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 700 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 30–150 cm high; leaves serrate only in upper part; fowers 3.5–7 mm long; siliqua 3–5 mm long. Usefulness: For, Foo, Ind.

#### **981. Melilotus indicus (L.) All.**

**Synonyms:** *Trifolium melilotus* L.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 400 - 1000 Flowering period: V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 12–50 cm high; stipule 4–8 mm long; fowers yellow up to 3 mm; pedicels less than 1 mm.

#### **982. Meristotropis bucharica (Regel) Kruganova**

**Synonyms:** *Glycyrrhiza bucharica* Regel*, G. kulabensis* Masl*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 700 - 1700 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 80–100 cm high; leaves 6–15(–20) cm long; fowers white, 5–7 mm long, glabrous; fruits 1–2 cm long. Usefulness: Med.

**Fabaceae 413**

982

#### **983. Onobrychis baldshuanica Sirj.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 1800 Flowering period: V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–80 cm high; standard pubescent; calyx 7–10(–12) mm long; siliqua shortly pubescent; leafets ovate.

#### **984. Onobrychis chorassanica Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Onobrychis chorassanica* Bunge*, Xanthobrychis chorassanica* (Bunge) Galushko

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 850 - 1700 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–80 cm high; standard pubescent; calyx 8–12 mm long; plant densely villous.

#### **985. Onobrychis echidna Lipsky**

**Synonyms:** *Onobrychis darwasica* Vass*.*

Usefulness: For.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 2400 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 20–80 cm high; with spinescent leave rachis, siliques with teeth on back side.

#### **986. Onobrychis grandis Lipsky**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1100 - 2450 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (40–)60–100 cm high; stipule 10–20 mm long; standard pubescent; fowers rose. Usefulness: For.

#### **987. Onobrychis laxifora Baker**

**Synonyms:** *Onobrychis laxifora* subsp*. schugnanica* (B. Fedtsch.) Ali, *O. laxifora* var*. schugnanica* (B. Fedtsch.) Ali, *O. schugnanica* B. Fedtsch.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1100 - 2500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–70 cm high; standard pubescent; calyx 4–7 mm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **988. Onobrychis pulchella Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, felds, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 2200 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–75(–80) cm high; stem and siliques glabrous; leaves 5–15(–17) cm long, paripinnate with 3–6(–7) pairs of leafets. Usefulness: For.

987

#### **989. Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.**

Phytogeographical element: A, I-T Habitat: Ruderal, steppes Elevational range: 900 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–120 cm high; leafets 4–8 mm wide; calyx 6.5–8 mm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **990. Oxytropis bella B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Salt marshes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 1600 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–10 cm high; caespitose, densely gray pubescent; leaves 5–9(–15)-foliolate; calyx (4.5–)6–8 mm; corolla standard (6–)7–9 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **991. Oxytropis capusii Franch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, loose sandy screes Elevational range: 2000 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (15–)20–40 cm high; leaves with 12–25 pairs of leafets; keel tooth up to 2 mm; siliques with peduncles 0.5–1 mm long.

#### **992. Oxytropis chionobia Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2800 - 4600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–10 cm high; acaulescent, tuft- or cushion-forming, covered by dense silvery trichomes; leaves 1–3 cm; leafets verticillate with 6–12 whorls, 4–6 blades per whorl; racemes 1- or 2-fowered; calyx cylindric, 10–15 × 2–4 mm, with whitish cottonlike trichomes; corolla bluish purple; standard 1.4–2.2 cm, keel 1.4–1.6 cm, beak 0.5–1 mm; legume sessile, ellipsoid 1.3–2 × 0.6 cm, slightly infated, leathery.

#### **993. Oxytropis guntensis B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 3250 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; stem 1–2 cm long; standard 7–9 mm long; fruits oblong or ovateoblong, with straight beak. Usefulness: For.

#### **994. Oxytropis hirsutiuscula Freyn**

**Synonyms:** *Oxytropis glabra* DC. var. *pamirica* B. Fedtsch. ex O. Fedtsch.

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Alpine steppes Elevational range: 3400 - 4100 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (3–)5–10 cm high; hispidous; leaves with 7–12(–13) pairs of leafets; peduncles shorter that leaves (or almost equal); standard 7–10 mm long; fruit straight.

Usefulness: For.

#### **995. Oxytropis humifusa Kar. & Kir.**

**Synonyms:** *Oxytropis lapponica* var. *humifusa* (Kar. & Kir.) Baker

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine meadows Elevational range: 3800 - 4400 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–5(8) cm high; stipules

lanceolate, free part ca. 5 mm, 1-1.2 cm, membranous to leathery, persistent, adnate to petiole; peduncles thick, straight; calyx campanulate, 5-6 mm, with dense black short and white long trichomes; corolla purple, standard 0.8-1.3 cm. Usefulness: For.

#### **996. Oxytropis michelsonii B. Fedtsch.**

996

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Alpine steppes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2300 - 3300 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; stems

inconspicious; leaves with (10–) 14–24 pairs of leafets; stipules white or pinkish, glabrous, fused together at almost whole their length and at the base also with the petiole; calyx teeth 1.5–2 × shorter than calyx tube; keel sharply pointed,

1.5–2 (–2.5) mm long; fruit 9–13(–15) mm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **997. Oxytropis microphylla (Pall.) DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Oxytropis chiliophylla* Royle

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine steppes Elevational range: 3200 - 4700 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–25 cm high with irony glandular leafets, 3–6 in a whorl. Usefulness: For.

#### **998. Oxytropis pamiroalaica Abdusal.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 2300 - 3700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; hirsute; stipules 8–15(–20) mm long, with long ciliae, up to 1/3–1/2 fused with petiole, their free ends initially green, later becoming reddish; standard 8–10 mm long; fruits with hairs not tightly appressed to the fruit surface; fruit pedicel 1–2 mm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **999. Oxytropis platysema Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, alpine meadows Elevational range: 2300 - 5200 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–8 cm high; acaulescent, forming loose tufts; stipules membranous, glabrous or only ciliate, free or slightly adnate to petiole; leaves 2-6 cm, (11-)13-19(-21) foliolate; leafet blades ovatelanceolate, 3-10(-12) × 1.5-4 mm; racemes compact, 3-7-fowered; peduncle 2-6.5 cm; calyx 6-9 mm with black and white hairs, teeth as long as tube; fower 9–12 mm, violet.

#### **1000. Oxytropis puberula Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 1400 - 2100 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–120 cm high; shortly pubescent; leaves with 3–7 pairs of leafets; stipules (3–)5–12 mm long, hairy, fused together up to 1/2 of their length; peduncles longer than leaves; standard 5–7(–8) mm long.

1000

#### **1001. Oxytropis rosea Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 850 - 1850 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; spreading pilose; stipules 7–10 mm, membranous, fused with stipule; leaves ca. 7–17 cm long, imparipinnately compound, leafets 10–18 pairs, ca. 5–10 × 2–4 mm, entire, silky pilose on both sides; calyx 5–8 mm, teeth ca. 4–6 mm; fower 10–13, standard 10–12 mm; wing 11–11.5 mm; keel ca. 9–10 mm; legume 10–20 × 4–5 mm.

#### **1002. Oxytropis savellanica Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Oxytropis savellanica* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2650 - 4400 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 3–7 cm high, cushionlike dwarf shrub; stems 3–25 cm long; leaves 2–4 cm long; leafets 1.5–3 mm long; stipules very thin, nearly transparent, fused up to 1/2–2/3; fowers small, 8–10 mm long.

Usefulness: For.

#### **1003. Oxytropis tachtensis Franch.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes Elevational range: 1700 - 2900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; keel tooth 3–5 mm long; siliques with pedicels 1.5–2 mm and tooth 1.5–3 mm.

#### **1004. Oxytropis trichosphaera Freyn**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2500 - 4600 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10(–12) cm high; densely pubescent; stem inconspicious or up to 1 cm long; leaves with 2–5 pairs of leafets; standard 9–11 mm long; keel sharply pointed (1.5–)2–2.5 mm long; calyx 7–10 mm long, calyx teeth equal to calyx tube or longer; fruit 8–10 mm long, completely hidden in the calyx. Usefulness: For.

#### **1005. Pisum sativum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Pisum arvense* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 800 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant annual, up to 100 cm high; leafets often serrate; calyx 8–10 mm long. Usefulness: For, Foo.

#### **1006. Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) J.F. Macbr.**

**Synonyms:** *Lagonychium farctum* (Banks & Soland.) Bobr., *Mimosa farcta* Banks & Sol.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Fields, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 500 - 900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte, Nanophanerophyte; plant 30–100 cm high; thorny shrub; stamens 10, siliques 1.5–5 cm long. Usefulness: Foo, Ind.

#### **1007. Sophora alopecuroides L.**

**Synonyms:** *Goebelia alopecuroides* (L.) Bunge ex Boiss., *Pseudosophora alopecuroides* (L.) Sweet, *Vexibia alopecuroides* (L.) Yakovl.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds, salt shrubs Elevational range: 500 - 1700 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–90 cm high; keel apex acute; fowers pale yellow; siliques thin. Usefulness: Hou.

#### **1008. Sophora pachycarpa C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Goebelia pachycarpa* (Schrenk ex C.A.Mey.) Bunge, *G. pachycarpa* (Schrenk ex C.A. Mey.) Bunge ex Boiss., *Vexibia pachycarpa* (C.A.Mey.) Yakovl.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, salt shrubs, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 1600 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 27–40(–50) cm high; keel apex obtuse; fowers light yellow; siliques thick, cylindrical.

#### **1009. Sphaerophysa salsula (Pall.) DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Phaca salsula* Pall*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 400 - 1400 Flowering period: IV to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant perennial, 60–120 cm high; siliqua swollen; style pubescent under stigma.

#### **1010. Thermopsis dolichocarpa V. Nikit.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T (E) Habitat: river beds, salt shrubs, steppes Elevational range: 960 – 2800 Flowering period: V-VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 50-80cm high; leaves with 2-4 cm long petioles; calyx 13–15 mm; corolla yellow; legume linear, 7–11 × 0.8–1 cm, densely pubescent.

#### **1011. Thermopsis turkestanica Gand.**

**Synonyms:** *Thermopsis lanceolata* R. Br. subsp. *turkestanica* (Gand.) Gubanov

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Meadows Elevational range: 1200 - 2000 Flowering period: V fo VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; leave stipules lanceolate 1.8–3.2, leafets narrowly lanceolate 3.5–8 × 0.5–1 cm, densely puberulent abaxially, glabrous adaxially; racemes 4.5– 20 cm; fowers in 5 or 6 whorls; calyx 15–20 mm; corolla yellow 2.3–2.5 cm; legume linear, 4.5–7 × 0.8–1.3 cm, densely pubescent.

#### **1012. Trifolium fragiferum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Amoria fragifera* (L.) Roskov, *Galearia fragifera* (L.) C. Presl

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fens and mires, salt marshes Elevational range: 2300 - 2300 Flowering period: V to IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; erect to decumbent; abundantly leaved, green; internodes and leaves slightly pubescent; leafets 1.5–3.0 cm long, obovate to broadly elliptic, obscurely dentate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, free portion abruptly mucronate; inforescence a dense head, sessile or rarely pedunculate; fowers without bracts; calyx pubescent, with 10 nerves, calyx cup ca. 3 mm long; corolla reddish-purple to pink, rarely whitish; standard emarginate; fruit 1-seeded. Usefulness: For.

#### **1013. Trifolium lappaceum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Roadsides, fallows, arable felds, steppes, shrubs Elevational range: 700 - 1200 Flowering period: V to VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; leafets obovate to oblanceolate and villous on both surfaces; fowers in nearly sessile, globose to ovoid heads; calyx with 5 lobed, and with long, bristle-like hairs, tube with 20 nerves; corolla white to pinkish, shorter to slightly longer than calyx.

#### **1014. Trifolium pratense L.**

**Synonyms:** *Trifolium ukrainicum* Opperm. ex Wissjul.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 2500 Flowering period: V to IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–70 cm high; leaves palmately 3-foliolate, leafets 1.5–3.0 cm long; inforescence sessile or rarely pedunculate; calyx teeth almost twice the length of the cup; calyx cup ca. 3 mm long; corolla reddish-purple to pink, rarely whitish. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

#### **1015. Trifolium repens L.**

**Synonyms:** *Amoria repens* (L.) C. Presl

Phytogeographical element: E-S, I-T, M, Arctic Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, fens and mires

Elevational range: 400 - 3000

Flowering period: IV to IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–35 cm high; leafets pubescent on both sides; stipules 5–6 mm long; inforescence 1–2 fowered (rarely 3–4); corolla white; wings 5–6 mm long; standard 6–7.5 mm long, ovate, emarginate; fruit 2.5–4.7 cm long, with wide, nearly square–shape 'cells', and short (up to 1 mm) beak at the apex.

Usefulness: For.

#### **1016. Trigonella badachschanica Afan.**

**Synonyms:** *Melilotoides badachschanica* (Afan.) Soják, *Melissitus badachschanicus* (Afan.) Ikonn.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 2100 - 2100 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (20–)30–40 cm high; standard 10–12 × 3.5–4 mm, oblong-elliptic; wings 7–8 mm long; fowers pale yellow.

#### **1017. Trigonella geminifora Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Trigonella monantha* C.A. Mey. subsp. *geminifora*  (Bunge) Rech. fl.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, semi-deserts, felds, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 2600 Flowering period: III to VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–25 cm high; leafets glabrous at upperside; stipules 2–4 mm long; peduncles very short,

rarely 1 cm in length; inforescence 1–4 fowered; calyx campanulate; corolla yellow; fowers 4–7.5 mm long; ovary and fruit covered with appressed trichomes. Usefulness: For.

#### **1018. Trigonella pamirica Boriss.**

**Synonyms:** *Melilotoides pamirica* (Boriss.) Soják, *Melissitus pamiricus*  (Boriss.) Golosk.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes Elevational range: 2000 - 4300 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (18–) 25–30(–45) cm high; standard 8–11 × 5–6(–7) mm; fowers bright yellow; legume (1–)1.1–1.5 cm long and 3.5–4 mm wide, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, brownish-yellow. Usefulness: For.

#### **1019. Trigonella verae Sirj.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1300 - 2200 Flowering period: IV to VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–15 cm high; leafets glabrous adaxially; inforescence 1–4-fowered, peduncle undeveloped; calyx 3–5 mm long, bell-shaped; standard 5–7.5 mm long; legumes glabrous.

#### **1020. Vicia angustifolia L.**

**Synonyms:** *Vicia sativa* L. subsp. *nigra* (L.) Ehrh.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, meadows Elevational range: 700 - 2600 Flowering period: III to V Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 10–75 cm high; inforescence 2-fowered; calyx 1.1–2 cm long; fower purple; siliques blackish. Usefulness: For, Foo.

#### **1021. Vicia kokanica Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1700 - 2900 Flowering period: V to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–70 cm high; leaves 5-10 cm with 2-6 pairs of leafets; inforescence 3–5(7)– fowered on 1.5-3 cm long peduncles; calyx 3.5–6 mm with unequal teeth; standard 1-1.4 cm. Usefulness: For.

#### **1022. Vicia michauxii Spreng.**

**Synonyms:** *Vicia peregrina* L. subsp. *michauxii* (Spreng.) Ponert

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, felds, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 1850 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant annual, 20–65 cm high; stipule pubescent; standard 1–1.7 cm; silique pubescent 2.3–4 cm.

#### **1023. Vicia peregrina L.**

**Synonyms:** *Vicia megalosperma* M. Bieb., *Vicia peregrina*  subsp*. megalosperma* (M. Bieb.) Ponert

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 900 - 1700 Flowering period: IV to VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–100 cm high; inforescence 1–2-fowered; calyx 6–7 mm with unequal teeth; standard glabrous. Usefulness: For.

#### **1024. Vicia tenuifolia Roth**

**Synonyms:** *Vicia cracca* L. subsp. *tenuifolia* (Roth) Gaudin

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1100 - 3300 Flowering period: V to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–160 cm high; leaves with 6–12 leafet pairs, paripinnate, terminated with tendril;

leafets 1–5 cm long. Usefulness: For, Foo.

1023

#### **1025. Vicia villosa Roth**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 1000 - 1000 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 70–100 cm high; leaves 4–9 cm long, with 6–8(–10) leafet pairs; inforescence 5–30-fowered.

#### **1026. Frankenia bucharica Basil.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 400 - 800 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 20–40(–55) cm high; stem covered with straight hairs 1–2 mm long; oblong-ovate leaves with slightly curled edges, fowers 8–9 mm long.

#### **1027. Frankenia pulverulenta L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: salty places Elevational range: 400 – 500 Flowering period: IV-VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant procumbent; leaves spathulate to obovate, 3-7 mm long, 1-3 mm broad; fowers sessile, axillary solitary or in dichasial cymes; petals 5, pink, c. 4 mm long, obovate.

#### **1028. Fumariola turkestanica Korsh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1500 - 2000 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; Tiny plant up to 13 cm high, green, glabrous; leaves biternate, composed of oblong segments, apex obtuse, margin entire; racemes 2–4 cm, 2–10-fowered; calyx ca. 2 mm, glabrous, petals pale yellow, ca. 5 mm long; capsule obovoid 3 mm long.

#### **1029. Centaurium erythraea Rafn**

**Synonyms:** *Centaurium umbellatum* Gilib*., C. umbellatum*  subsp*. austriacum* Ronniger*, C. minus* Moench

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 1350 Flowering period: V to IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–40 (–50) cm high; calyx 5–7 mm long; fowers 1.4–1.6 cm long.

#### **1030. Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce**

**Synonyms:** *Gentiana pulchella* Sw*., Centaurium candelabrum*  Lindb. fl

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, fens and mires, felds Elevational range: 400 - 3500 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 3–25 (–40) cm high; calyx 6–9 mm long; fowers 1–1.3 cm long.

#### **1031. Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fritsch**

**Synonyms:** *Gentiana spicata* L., *Erythraea spicata* Pers*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, felds, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 1000 Flowering period: VI to X Remarks: Therophyte; plant (4–)10–15 cm high; basal leaves widely ovate, early withering; inforescence a spicate cyme.

#### **1032. Comastoma falcatum (Turcz.) Toyok.**

**Synonyms:** *Gentiana falcata* Turcz*., Gentianella falcata* (Turcz.) H. Smith

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires, alpine swards Elevational range: 3600 - 4200 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 4–25 cm high; stem leaf blades 3–4(–6) mm wide; calyx 4- or 5-lobed, not enveloping corolla tube, ca. 1/2 as long as corolla, lobes falcate, apex acuminate; corolla blue, dark blue or blue-purple, with blackish veins, salverform.

#### **1033. Comastoma tenellum (Rottb.) Toyok.**

**Synonyms:** *Comastoma dichotomum* (Pall.) Holub, *Gentiana tenella* Rottb*., Gentianella dichotoma* (Pall.) H. Smith., *Lomatogonium tenellum* (Rottb.) Á. Löve & D. Löve

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards Elevational range: 2500 - 4200 Flowering period: VI to IX

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–10 cm high; branched from base; basal leaves spatulate 5–8 × 2–3 mm; fowers terminal, solitary; pedicel to 8 cm; calyx lobes slightly unequal, lanceolate, 7 3 mm, apex acute; corolla 7–11 × 3 mm; scales 2, fmbriae ca. 1.5 mm, apex obtuse; ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 7 mm.

**430 Gentianaceae**

#### **1034. Gentiana algida Pall.**

**Synonyms:** *Gentianodes algida* (Pall.) Á. Löve & D. Löve, *Pneumonanthe algida* (Pall.) F.W. Schmidt

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards Elevational range: 1500 - 4200 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 20 cm high; basal leaves in 1–3 erect rosettes, linear-elliptic to lanceolate 2–5.5 cm 3–5 mm; fowers solitary, rarely in terminal 2 or 3-fowered cymes; calyx obconic 2–2.2 cm, tube entire or slightly split on 1 side; lobes 5–6 mm with obtuse apex; corolla 4–5 cm; lobes ovate to triangular 5–6 mm; capsules ovoid-ellipsoid, 2–3 cm.

#### **1035. Gentiana kauffmanniana Regel & Schmalh.**

**Synonyms:** *Tretorhiza kaufmanniana* (Regel & Schmalh.) Soják

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine swards Elevational range: 2500 - 3700 Flowering period: V to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (8–)10–25(–40) cm high; calyx (1.8–)2–3 cm long with blunt incisions between calyx teeth; corolla 4–5(–5.5) cm long.

#### **1036. Gentiana leucomelaena Maxim.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 1700 - 4300 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 2-10 cm high, stem ascending, branched from base; calyx campanulate, 4-5 mm; corolla

pale blue or white, 0.8-1.3 cm, lobes ovate, 2.5-3 mm; capsules obovoid, 3.5-5 mm.

#### **1037. Gentiana olivieri Griseb.**

**Synonyms:** *Tretorhiza olivieri* (Griseb.) Soják

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 300 - 3700 Flowering period: IV to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (10–)12–30(–40) cm high; calyx 1.1–1.3(–1.5) cm long, sharp incisions between calyx teeth; corolla 2.5–3 cm long.

#### **1038. Gentiana prostrata Haenke**

**Synonyms:** *Ciminalis prostrata* (Haenke) Á. Löve & D. Löve, *Varasia prostrata* (Haenke) Soják

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, alpine swards, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3900 - 4800 Flowering period: VII to IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 3–7 cm high; stems usually papillate; leaves usually lax, not in well-defned ranks, stem leaf blades spatulate to obovate; corolla tubular; stamens inserted at middle of corolla tube; flaments 2–5 mm; seeds without spongy edges.

#### **1039. Gentiana prostrata var. karelinii (Griseb.) Kusn.**

**Synonyms:** *Gentiana karelinii* Griseb., *G. prostrata* Haenke var*. karelinii* (Griseb.) Kusn*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires, alpine swards Elevational range: 2800 - 4300 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 7 cm high; stems glabrous; leaf margin smooth or less papillate; calyx usually 3/4 as long as corolla.

**432 Gentianaceae**

#### **1040. Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb.**

**Synonyms:** *Ciminalis squarrosa* (Ledeb.) Zuev, *Varasia squarrosa* (Ledeb.) Soják

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 2600 - 3500 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 2–8 cm high; basal leaves well developed, 6–10 mm, petiole 1–2 mm, densely papillate; calyx 5–8 mm, tube outside sometimes densely papillate, lobes recurved; corolla blue to dark blue, throat unmarked, lobes obtuse, scarcely exceeding calyx; seeds dark brown.

#### **1041. Gentiana tianschanica Rupr. ex Kusn.**

**Synonyms:** *Gentiana kirilowii* Turcz., *Tretorhiza tianschanica*  (Rupr.) Soják

Phytogeographical element: I-T, Himal Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards Elevational range: 1500 - 3900 Flowering period: VI to IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–25 cm high; stem simple and glabrous; basal leaves linear-elliptic 8–16 × 0.8– 1.8 cm; cymes axillary or terminal; fowers sessile; calyx tube 7–9 mm, lobes linear 7–10 mm, unequal; corolla funnelform, 2–3 cm, lobes ovate-elliptic 4–6 mm, apex obtuse; capsules narrowly ellipsoid, 1.2–1.5 cm.

1040

#### **1042. Gentianella pygmaea (Regel & Schmalh.) Harry Sm. ex S. Nilsson**

**Synonyms:** *Gentiana pygmaea* Regel & Schmalh., *Gentianella pygmaea* (Regel & Schmalh.) Ikonn.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 3800 - 4800 Flowering period: VII to VIII

Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant (1.5–)3–5(– 6) cm high; leaves petiolate, blade base narrowed, apex obtuse to rounded; fowers 4 or 5-merous; calyx lobes elliptic to rhomboid, erect; corolla pale yellow to violet.

#### **1043. Gentianella saposhnikovii (Pachom.) Czerep.**

**Synonyms:** *Gentiana saposhnikovii* Pachom*.*

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, Himal Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards Elevational range: 3300 - 5300 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 1–5 cm high; stems much branched from base; leaves spatulate to obovate, 3–9 × 1–1.2 mm including petiole, apex obtuse; fowers 4-merous; calyx 3–4 mm; corolla 4.5–5.5 × 3–4 mm, lobes oblong, 2–2.5 mm; capsules ovoid-ellipsoid, 5.5–6 mm; seed coat reticulate.

#### **1044. Gentianella sibirica (Kusn.) Holub**

**Synonyms:** *Gentiana pamirica* Grossh*., G. umbellata* M. Bieb. var*. sibirica* (Kusn.) Serg., *G. sibirica* (Kusn.) Grossh., *Gentianella pamirica* (Grossh.) Holub.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires, alpine swards Elevational range: 2500 - 4000 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant (5–)10–25(– 30) cm high; fowers 4–5-merous, pale blue, yellowish or whitish; calyx (4–)5–7 mm, split up to 1/3–1/2, teeth lanceolate; corolla 5–9(–10) mm, slightly longer than calyx, splited to 1/3.

**434 Gentianaceae**

#### **1045. Gentianella turkestanorum (Gand.) Holub**

**Synonyms:** *Gentiana turkestanorum* Gand*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 2500 - 3500 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant (7–)10–45(– 60) cm high; petals with appendages 1 mm; calyx lobes apiculate, uneven; fowers (0.9–)1–1.7(–2) cm long, arranged in gable heads surrounded by leaves, light blue or yellowish.

#### **1046. Gentianopsis stricta (Klotzsch) Ikonn.**

**Synonyms:** *Gentiana stricta* Klotzsch*, Gentianopsis stricta*  (Klotzsch) Holub

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Alpine swards Elevational range: 3100 - 4500 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant (15–)20– 40 cm high; calyx teeth equal or almost equal, shorter than corolla tube by 4–9 mm.

#### **1047. Lomatogonium carinthiacum (Wulfen) A. Braun**

**Synonyms:** *Lomatogonium carinthiacum* (Wulfen) Rchb., *Pleurogyne carinthiaca* (Wulfen) Griseb.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Riverside forests, alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 2500 - 4500 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant annual or biennial, 5–20 cm high; calyx tube 1–1.5 mm long, with lobes elliptic to lanceolate, apex obtuse to acute; corolla blue to white–blue, usually 0.8–2 cm in diameter.

#### **1048. Pleurogynella brachyanthera (C.B. Clarke) Ikonn.**

**Synonyms:** *Pleurogyne brachyanthera* C.B. Clarke

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires, alpine swards Elevational range: 3100 - 4400 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 3–15 cm high; leaves in the rosette and cauline; corolla funnel-shaped, corolla tube 2.5–3 mm long, petals connate; anthers up to 1 mm long.

#### **1049. Swertia gracilifora Gontsch.**

### **NT**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2300 - 3800 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; calyx lobes with narrow indistinct membranous margin; nectaries 2 per corolla lobe, cupular, with pilose fmbriae 2–2.5 mm.

#### **1050. Swertia juzepczukii Pissjauk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3700 - 3800 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–80 cm high; basal leaves 4; nectaries close together but not united; anthers with short appendages.

**436 Gentianaceae**

#### **1051. Swertia lactea Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 1800 - 3600 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 70 cm high; fowers 4-merous, white or bluish; nectaries rounded or reniform, with appendages along the edges.

#### **1052. Swertia marginata Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 2600 - 4600 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–35 cm high; calyx lobes with broad distinct membranous margin; nectaries 2 per corolla lobe, cupular, with pilose fmbriae 3–4 mm.

#### **1053. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér.**

**Synonyms:** *Geranium cicutarium* L.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, ruderal, salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 3100 Flowering period: III to IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 15 cm high; stems reduced, inconspicuous, 3–5 cm tall; plants green; mericarp awn not plumose; peduncle with (2–)3–10 fowers, glandular.

#### **1054. Erodium oxyrhinchum M. Bieb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, ruderal, salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 500 - 2400 Flowering period: III to VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; stems and petioles densely, shortly pubescent (tomentellous); leaves with 3–5 segments (terminal segment usually larger); peduncle with (1–)2–3 f owers; capsule valves transversally ribbed; mericarp awn plumose, pending out.

#### **1055. Geranium collinum Stephan ex Willd.**

**Synonyms:** *Geranium collinum* var*. wakhanicum* Pauls*., G. minutum* Ikonn*., G. wakhanicum* (Paulsen) Ikonn.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, meadows, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 3800 Flowering period: V to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–120 cm high, without tubers; stem one or several; leaves (2–)3–6(–12) cm in diameter, palmately dissected; leaf segments ovate or wide rhomboid, sinuate-dentate; peduncles with two f owers; pedicels 2–6(–9) cm long; f owers violet, purple-violet, pink or rarely white; petals obovate; seeds 2.5–3 mm long, with f ne-meshed surface. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **1056. Geranium dissectum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Geraniaceae, Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 800 - 1500 Flowering period: IV to V Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 10–50 cm high; leaves round-shaped, deeply dissected, sepals long aristate.

**438 Geraniaceae**

#### **1057. Geranium divaricatum Ehrh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, rocks, loose sandy screes, felds Elevational range: 600 - 2500 Flowering period: IV to V Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; leaves 5-angular; sepal mucros 0.7–1 mm; mericarps with appressed nonglandular trichomes up to 0.5 mm long, with transverse ribs.

#### **1058. Geranium linearilobum DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Geranium linearilobum* subsp*. transversale* (Kar. & Kir.) P.H. Davis, *G. transversale* (Kar. & Kir.) Vved. ex Pavlov, *G. tuberosum* L. var*. transversale* Kar. & Kir*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 600 - 2800 Flowering period: IV to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; with several small, rounded tubers, distinctly joined; stem singular; basal leaves present; leaves 3–5(–6) cm in diameter; peduncles 2–3(–4) cm long, with (1–)2–3 fowers; corolla violet or pinkish-violet.

#### **1059. Geranium pusillum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 2800 Flowering period: IV to X Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50 cm high, often decumbent, pilose and eglandular; leaves opposite, 1.5–3.8 cm, segments 5, obtriangular; cymules solitary, 2-fowered; bracteoles linear-lanceolate; sepals 3–4.5 mm, petals pale purple, 2–3 mm, erect to patent, glabrous with emarginate apex; fruit 0.9–1.1 cm, erect when immature; mericarps smooth, rostrum 7–9 mm.

#### **1060. Geranium regelii Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Forbs Elevational range: 2500 - 4000 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (5–) 10–30 cm high, without tubers; stem not developed or short, climbing (rarely erect); plant covered with semi-appressed trichomes, directed downwards; leaves 1–3(–4) cm in diameter, palmately lobed; peduncles 5–17 cm long, with 2 fowers; pedicels 1.5(–2) cm long; fowers brightly bluish–violet, rarely white; petals widely obovate. Usefulness: For.

#### **1061. Ribes heterotrichum C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Ribes orientale* Desf. var*. heterotrichum* (C.A. Mey.) Jancz.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1800 - 3500 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 0.2–1 m high; almost entire plant, except older shoots, densely pubescent, admixed with straight glandular hairs; stipules longlanceolate, persistent with ripe fruits; fowers dioecious.

#### **1062. Ribes meyeri Maxim.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, riverside forests Elevational range: 2000 - 4300 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 2–2.5 m high; leaves clearly lobed, fruits black. Usefulness: Foo.

**440 Geraniaceae – Grossulariaceae**

#### **1063. Ribes trilobum Meyen**

**Synonyms:** *Ribes villosum* Wall. ex Roxb., *R. orientale* Desf. var*. schugnanicum* B. Fedtsch*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1900 - 4300 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 1(–1.5) m high; leaves, shoots and rachis densely pubescent, with an admixture of sedentary glandular hairs; stipules lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, falling soon after fowering; fowers dioecious.

#### **1064. Myriophyllum spicatum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Aquatic vegetation, springs Elevational range: 400 - 4100 Flowering period: V to X Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with branched stem, 100- 250 cm high, densely leafy in upper part; submerged leaves 4- or 5-whorled, pectinate, broadly ovate in outline, 3-3.5 × 1-2.5 cm; fruit 4-loculed, subcylindric, ca. 2 1.5 mm.

#### **1065. Najas graminea Delile**

**Synonyms:** *Caulinia graminea* (Delile) Tzvelev

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields, aquatic vegetation Elevational range: 400 - 850 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant with stem up to 35–40 cm long; leaves linear, 10–40 × 0.5–1 mm, acute; sheaths prolonged with narrowly triangular auricles; male fowers without spathe; seeds greenish brown; areole quadrangular, rectangular-hexagonal.

#### **1066. Najas marina L.**

**Synonyms:** *Najas major* All*.*

1067

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields, aquatic vegetation Elevational range: 400 - 750 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant with stem up to 50–55 cm long, more than 1 mm thick; leaves oblong-linear, 1–3.5 mm × 2–6 mm, prominently spinose-dentate on the margins.

#### **1067. Hypericum perforatum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Hypericum komarovii* Gorschk., *H. nachitschevanicum* Grossh*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 700 - 3000 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; stem rough from hard small glandular warts; petals 5–8(–10) mm long; stamens longer than petals. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **1068. Hypericum scabrum L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, screes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 750 - 3400 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 100 cm high; stem 2-lined, with few black glands on line; inforescence 5–15 cm long; stamens ca. 1 mm long. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1069. Crocus korolkowii Maw & Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Crocus korolkowii* Regel ex Maw

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 950 - 1900 Flowering period: II to V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–15 cm high; tepals yellow; external tepals and perianth tube with purple streaks. Usefulness: Foo, Orn.

#### **1070. Iris bucharica Foster**

**Synonyms:** *Juno bucharica* (M. Foster) Vved.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 1800 Flowering period: IV to V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; stem with (1–)2–4 f owers; tepals 3.5–4.5 cm long, yellow; perianth tube 3.5–4.5 cm long, greenish–yellow. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1071. Iris darwasica Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Iris suworowii* Regel

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1500 - 2800 Flowering period: IV to V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–35 cm high; stem erect with two f owers; tepals violet, with clear veins, outer tepals obtuse at apex. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1072. Iris halophila Pall. var. sogdiana (Bunge) Grubov**

**Synonyms:** *Iris sogdiana* Bunge*, Xyridion sogdianum* (Bunge) Nevski

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, meadows Elevational range: 500 - 2200 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (20–)40–60 cm high; perianth tube ca. 1.5 × shorter than tepals; tepals not bearded; capsule (1.5–)3–4 mm with beaked apex and 6 sharply protruding ribs. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1073. Iris hoogiana Dykes**

**Synonyms:** *Iris splendens* O. Fedtsch.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 3000 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–70 cm high; stem erect, with two f owers; tepals pale purple. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1074. Iris korolkowii Regel**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1100 - 2300 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–40 cm high; stem with 2 f owers; tepals 6.5–8 cm long, 2.5 × longer than perianth tube. Usefulness: Orn.

**444 Iridaceae**

#### **1075. Iris loczyi Kanitz**

**Synonyms:** *Cryptobasis loczyi* (Kanitz) Ikonn., *Iris tianschanica*  (Maxim.) Vved. ex Woronow

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2250 - 4350 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 35 cm high, forming hard tussocks; leaves linear, 20–40 cm long and ca. 3 mm wide, rigid; fowering stems not or only slightly emerging above ground; fowers pale violet. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1076. Iris narbutii O. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Juno narbutii* (O. Fedtsch.) Vved.

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Forbs Elevational range: 600 - 2100 Flowering period: III to IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high; stem internodes not visible during blooming; internal tepals 2.5–3.5 cm long, ca. 1.5 × shorter than external tepals. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1077. Iris nicolai (Vved.) Vved.**

**Synonyms:** *Juno nicolai* Vved*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 900 - 1900 Flowering period: I to IV

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 20 cm high; perianth tube 8–15 cm long; fowers pale pinkish-purple; external tepals with dark purple stain at the tip. Usefulness: Orn.

1076

**Iridaceae 445**

#### **1078. Iris stolonifera Maxim.**

**Synonyms:** *Iris leichtlinii* Regel

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 800 - 2200 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–70 cm high; stem erect, with two, violet-brown f owers. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1079. Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult. f.**

**Synonyms:** *Ixiolirion tataricum* (Pall.) Herb., *Amaryllis tatarica*  Pall*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes Elevational range: 380 - 2300 Flowering period: IV to V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; corms ovoid; basal leaves usually 3–8, linear; inf orescence an umbel or short raceme, 3–6-f owered; perianth azure to dark violet or light blue; perianth segments spreading, free, sometimes laxly connivent proximally into a pseudotube; f lament purple; anther basif xed. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1080. Juglans regia L.**

**Synonyms:** *Juglans fallax* Dode*, J. regia* subsp*. fallax* (Dode) Popov

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, Orient Habitat: Broad-leaved forests Elevational range: 1000 - 2400 Flowering period: IV to V Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; Trees up to 25 m high; leaves 25–30 cm with 5–9 leafets; leafets abaxially glabrous except in axils of midvein and secondary veins, margin entire to minutely serrulate; nuts 4–6 cm, 4-chambered at base; husk irregularly dehiscent; nut shell wrinkled, without prominent ridges. Usefulness: Foo, Orn.

#### **1081. Juncus articulatus L.**

**Synonyms:** *Juncus geniculatus* Schrank*, J. lampocarpus* Ehrh*.* ex Hoffm., *J. subarticulatus* Zak. & Novopokr*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, fens and mires, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 4000 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (10–)15–50(–80) cm high; stem terete with 2-6 cauline leaves; leaves linear transversely 15–25 septate-nodose, 1–2 mm broad; basal sheaths usually brownish, auricled; inforescence terminal, often branched, with many shortly stalked, semiglobose heads 5–10 mm across, with (4)6–10(–12) fowers each; fowers (2–)2.5–3 mm long, brownish to greenish, sessile; capsules oblong-ovoid abruptly beaked.

#### **1082. Juncus bufonius L.**

**Synonyms:** *Juncus erythropodus* V.I. Krecz.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 900 - 3500 Flowering period: V to IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant (3–)5–30(–50) cm long; stem branched, slender usually with several basal leaves and one cauline leaf; leaves usually 1–5 cm × 1–1.15 mm, setaceous or fliform, with a non-auricled broader sheathing base, deeply channeled; inforescence a much branched to subsimple panicle, with distantly placed (2–)3–5 (or more) fowers on each branch; individual fower subtended by a pair of short, hyaline bracteoles at the base.

#### **1083. Juncus heptopotamicus V.I. Krecz. & Gontsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 2400 - 2500 Flowering period: VI to VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; rhizome creeping; stems terete with 2–4 basal leaves; leaf sheath 3–6 cm; leaf blade linear, slightly fattened or margin involute and seemingly narrower and channeled, apex acute; inforescences 1.5–3 cm, 2–5-branched; involucral bract longer than inforescence; fowers in clusters of 2–5, yellowish green, apex obtuse; capsule trigonous ellipsoid to trigonous ovoid-oblong.

#### **1084. Juncus inf exus L. subsp. brachytepalus (Trautv. ex V.I. Krecz. & Gontsch.) Novikov**

**Synonyms:** *Juncus brachytepalus* V. Krecz. & Gontsch., *J. inf exus* var*. brachytepalus* (Trautv. ex V. Krecz. & Gontsch.) Kitam.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, salt marshes Elevational range: 600 - 3000 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–90 cm high, gray-green; stems leaf ess, with only one orange-red leaf sheath at the base; inf orescence with branch.

#### **1085. Juncus nastanthus V. Krecz. & Gontsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Juncus bufonius* L. subsp*. nastanthus* (V.I. Krecz. & Gontsch.) Sóo, *J. hybridus* Brot. subsp*. nastanthus* (V.I. Krecz. & Gontsch.) Novikov

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, fens and mires Elevational range: 800 - 2600 Flowering period: V to VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 4–15 cm high; stems numerous, spreading or ascending; apical leaves often longer than inf orescences; f owers 4–6 mm long, mostly 2–3 together.

#### **1086. Juncus rigidus Desf.**

**Synonyms:** *Juncus nevskii* V. Krecz. & Gontsch.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, salt marshes, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 400 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–80 cm high; plant dense, bluish-green; leaf sheaths brick-brown; inforescence lateral; fowers 2–3, greenish or straw-yellow; capsule up to 4 mm, oblong-ovate, longer than perianth.

#### **1087. Juncus thomsonii Buchenau**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires Elevational range: 2600 - 4200 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant tufted (5–)10–20(–30) cm high; stems with usually 2 sub-basal leaves; leaf sheath reddish brown, acute, membranous; leaf blade linear, 1–10 cm; inforescences terminal, head solitary, 5–10 mm in diameter, 2–8-fowered; bracts 3 or 4, spreading outward; stamens longer than perianth; capsule reddish brown to dark brown, trigonous ellipsoid.

#### **1088. Triglochin maritima L.**

**Synonyms:** *Triglochin maritimum* L.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires, salt marshes Elevational range: 2700 - 4400 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–80 cm high; all 6 carpels fertile; fowers densely arranged; capsule 3–5 mm, oblongovoid, rounded at base. Usefulness: For.

#### **1089. Triglochin palustris L.**

**Synonyms:** *Triglochin palustre* L., *Triglochin komarovii* Lipsch. & Pavl.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 400 - 3200 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–60 cm high; only 3 carpels fertile; f owers laxly arranged; capsule 6–7 mm, clavate, tapering at base. Usefulness: For.

#### **1090. Clinopodium graveolens subsp. rotundifolium (Pers.) Govaerts**

**Synonyms:** *Acinos rotundifolius* Pers.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Steppes, screes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 2100 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–12 cm high; leaves 1–2 cm long, 0.4–1 cm wide, oblong-rhomboid, apex acute; calyx 8–9 mm long, veins hairy; corolla 5.5–6.5 mm long, pink.

#### **1091. Clinopodium integerrimum Boriss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests Elevational range: 1200 - 2500 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 17–43 cm high; calyx 6–9 mm long, with 14 veins; corolla 0.9–1.2 cm long; inf orescences head shaped.

#### **1092. Dracocephalum bipinnatum Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 1700 - 3900 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; middle cauline leaves pinnatisect to pinnately lobed; calyx pubescent, ciliate, golden glandular, conspicuously 2-lipped.

#### **1093. Dracocephalum diversifolium Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1900 - 3600 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 19–40 cm high; leaves ovate to lanceolate, entire or crenate unequaly dentate; inforescensce 2–5 cm long; calyx 1.5-1.7 cm; corolla pink or bluish-pink; nutlets 4.2–5 mm, wide-elliptic. Usefulness: For.

#### **1094. Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth.**

**Synonyms:** *Dracocephalum pamiricum* Briq*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 3400 - 4300 Flowering period: VII to IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–15(–30) cm high; leaf blade broadly to narrowly ovate, base cordate, margin shallowly crenate or serrate, ciliolate; teeth of upper cauline leaves spinescent, apex obtuse to rounded; bracts 3–8-spinescent-serrate; calyx conspicuously 2-lipped to ca. 1/2 its length, greenish, sparsely pubescent. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **1095. Dracocephalum imberbe Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Dracocephalum laniforum* Rupr.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 2200 - 4200 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 25 cm high; basal leaves numerous; cauline leaves 2–6-paired, ovate to reniform, sparsely pubescent along veins, base cordate, margin undulate-crenate; verticillasters crowded in capitula; calyx conspicuously 2-lipped to ca. 1/4 its length, pubescent to silky-villous, margin white ciliate; middle tooth of upper lip same shape as lateral teeth. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

#### **1096. Dracocephalum komarovii Lipsky**

**Synonyms:** *Dracocephalum butkovii* Krassovskaja

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 2300 - 3600 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 10–25 cm high, pubescent

with long, curly hairs; bracts linear or lanceolate with entire margins; calyx 1–1.3 cm; corolla witish-yellow or white; nutlets 4.5–5 mm, oblong, triple, cut off at the top. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **1097. Dracocephalum nodulosum Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1700 - 2900 Flowering period: VI to VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; stem ascending purplish at apex; petiole much shorter than blade; leaf blade ovate, pubescent especially along veins; verticillasters in subellipsoid spikes; calyx inconspicuously 2-lipped; middle tooth of upper lip ca. 2 wider than lanceolate lateral teeth, teeth of lower lip lanceolate; middle lobe of lower lip not spotted; corolla densely pubescent outside.

Usefulness: Foo.

1099

#### **1098. Dracocephalum nutans L.**

**Synonyms:** *Dracocephalum nutans* subsp*. subarctium* Kuvajev

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Alpine meadows, coniferous forests Elevational range: 1600 - 3300 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 16–55 cm high; stems densely retrorse puberulent at apex, sparsely puberulent or glabrate basally; leaf blade broadly ovate, pubescent; bracts elliptic to obovate, margin entire, ciliate, apex acute; calyx purplish, veins pubescent, margin ciliate, indistinctly 2-lipped 1/4–1/3 its length; upper lip of corolla slightly shorter than lower lip.

#### **1099. Dracocephalum oblongifolium Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, alpine meadows, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 2200 - 4100 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; leaves 0.8– 2.5 cm long, 0.5–1 cm wide, wrinkled, wrapped inside; corolla dark blue. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1100. Dracocephalum origanoides Steph. ex Willd.**

**Synonyms:** *Dracocephalum origanoides* Steph*.*

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine swards, alpine meadows Elevational range: 1600 - 3500 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 7 cm high; stems purplish, densely retrorse pubescent; leaf blade pinnatipartite, adaxially pubescent, abaxially densely white tomentulous; apex of bracts 3-toothed, rarely entire, pubescent, ciliate; calyx pubescent, ciliate, 2-lipped to 1/2 its length; corolla up to 12 mm.

#### **1101. Dracocephalum paulsenii Briq.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine steppes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2700 - 5000 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 5 cm high, caespitose with a thick branched woody rootstock; stems with a spreading eglandular pilose indumentum; leaf margins deeply crenate to pinnatifd, revolute, canescent above, whitish tomentose below, eglandular; inforescence a dense terminal ovoid head; upper lip of calyx with a broad ovate median lobe clearly larger than lateral. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **1102. Dracocephalum scrobiculatum Regel**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 2900 - 3800 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 10–20 cm high; leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, 1–2.5 cm long and 1.5–5 mm wide, edges wrapped inside; upper leaves violet in middle; calyx 1.8–1.9 cm; corolla pink; nutlets 5–6 mm, oblong, winged along the ribs, above with membranous appendage.

Usefulness: Foo.

#### **1103. Dracocephalum stamineum Kar. & Kir.**

**Synonyms:** *Fedtschenkiella staminea* (Kar. & Kir.) Kudr.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2800 - 4600 Flowering period: VII to IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–27 cm high, cespitose; stems purple-red, numerous, ascending, unbranched or with a few branches; leaf blade broadly ovate, sparsely pubescent, abaxially golden glandular, base cordate, margin crenate-dentate, apex obtuse; verticillasters in uppermost 1–3 stem nodes, crowded in capitula; foral leaves leafike, serrate with an apical spine to 3.6 mm; corolla ca. 0.8 cm; stamens long exerted. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1104. Drepanocaryum sewerzowii (Regel) Pojark.**

**Synonyms:** *Nepeta sewerzowii* Regel

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 2700 Flowering period: IV to VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–45 cm high; stems usually unbranched, fnely glandular pilose; leaves green or greyish green, sometimes tinged purple, with scattered glandular hairs on both surfaces, sometimes with few

sessile oil globules beneath; calyx broad tubular, basally gibbous; corolla scarcely exserted from calyx teeth; nutlets prominently tuberculate, basally clearly concave with a broad ventral areole.

#### **1105. Eremostachys desertorum Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Paraeremostachys desertorum* (Regel) Adyl., R. Kam. & Machmedov

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 1800 - 2000 Flowering period: IV to V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants 20–30 cm high; sparsely white pilose, glandular hairy especially on nodes; basal and stem leaves pilose especially on veins abaxially, corrugate adaxially; spikes interrupted toward base; verticillasters many fowered; calyx teeth with a soft apical spine. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1106. Eremostachys isochila Pazij & Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1200 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–40 cm high; plant densely pubescent; calyx campanulate or broadly campanulate, 2.5–3 cm long, with an apical spine 2–4 mm long. Usefulness: Orn.

1106

#### **1107. Gontscharovia popovii (B. Fedtsch. & Gontsch.) Boriss.**

**Synonyms:** *Micromeria gontscharovii* Vved*., M. popovii*  (B. Fedtsch. & Gontsch.) Vved.*, Satureja popovii* B. Fedtsch. & Gontsch.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 400 - 1800 Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 20–45 cm high; stems with a glandular indumentum of very short spreading or retrorse hairs; leaves with reddish punctate glands; verticillasters forming elongated spikes 7–15 cm long; calyx ca. 4 mm long, with spreading short hairs and red punctate glands; corolla white or pale rose, 5–6.5 mm long.

#### **1108. Hypogomphia bucharica Vved.**

**Synonyms:** *Hypogomphia purpurea* (Regel) Vved. ex Koczk.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Fields, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 1700 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–55 cm high; verticillasters distant; corolla pink, 2.2–2.7 cm long, upper lip strongly tilted.

#### **1109. Hypogomphia turkestana Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Hypogomphia elatior* (Regel) Vass.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 1100 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 6–44 cm high; verticillasters connected; corolla white, 1.1–1.5 cm long; upper lip slightly tilted.

#### **1110. Hyssopus seravschanicus (Dubj.) Pazij**

**Synonyms:** *Hyssopus ferganensis* Boriss*., H. offcinalis* L. var*. seravschanicus* Dubj*., H. tianschanicus* Boriss*.,*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 19–50 cm high; calyx 7–8 mm long, dark violet; corolla 1–1.2 cm long, bluishviolet. Usefulness: Med, Hou.

#### **1111. Kudrjaschevia jacubi (Lipsky) Pojark.**

**Synonyms:** *Nepeta jacubi* Lipsky

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 2100 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 9–30 cm high; leaves lanceolate, broadly lanceolate or oblong-ovate, margins entire or dentate (with 3–5 teeth); calyx 4–5 mm long.

#### **1112. Kudrjaschevia korshinskyi (Lipsky) Pojark.**

**Synonyms:** *Kudrjaschevia allotricha* Pojark*., Nepeta korshinskyi* Lipsky

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1700 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; leaves crowded at the bottom of the stem, oblong-obovate, on both sides covered with short, straight and glandular hairs, serrate; calyx 7–9 mm long.

#### **1113. Lagochilus kschtutensis Knorring**

**Synonyms:** *Lagochilus kschtutensis* subsp*. pubescens* R. Kam. & Zuckerwanik

**NT**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1000 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 15–25 cm high; calyx 1.2–1.5 cm long, calyx teeth shorter than tube. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1114. Lagochilus paulsenii Briq.**

**Synonyms:** *Lagochilus diacanthophyllus* (Pall.) Benth. var*. paulsenii* (Briq.) Knorring

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1700 - 2700 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 25–50 cm high; calyx 2.8–3.2 cm long, with 4 teeth; teeth 1.8–2 cm long.

#### **1115. Lagochilus seravschanicus Knorring**

**Synonyms:** *Lagochilus schugnanicus* Knorring

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1600 - 3900 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 12–45 cm high; calyx 2.2–3 cm long, with 5 teeth; teeth 1.2–1.8 cm long, almost equal. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1116. Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth.**

**Synonyms:** *Dracocephalum inderiense* Less. ex Kar. & Kir., *D. royleanum* Benth*., Nepeta erodiifolia* Boiss*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 2700 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–20 cm high; leaf blade ovate, sparsely pubescent, base cuneate, margin crenate, apex obtuse; verticillasters in terminal spikes; calyx tubular, 5–7 mm long, spreading pubescent, puberulent, sometimes intermixed with yellow glands, veins conspicuous; corolla 5 mm long; nutlets adaxially ribbed, glabrous.

Usefulness: Med.

#### **1117. Lamium album L.**

**Synonyms:** *Lamium dumeticola* Klokov*, L. turkestanicum*  Kuprian*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; upper leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate; f oral leaves similar to cauline leaves but subsessile; corolla tube with hairy annulus near base inside; anthers black-purple, villous. Usefulness: Foo.

1117

#### **1118. Lamium amplexicaule L.**

**Synonyms:** *Lamium stepposum* Kossko ex Klokov

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 500 - 3000 Flowering period: III - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 30 cm high; leaf blade circular to reniform; corolla without hairy annulus inside; anthers hirsute, with orange pollen. Usefulness: Med, Ind.

#### **1119. Leonurus turkestanicus V.I. Krecz. & Kuprian.**

**Synonyms:** *Leonurus cardiaca* L. subsp*. turkestanicus*  (V.I. Krecz. & Kuprian.) Rech. f.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1100 - 3500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 70–150(–200) cm high; leaves numerous; lower stem leaves not early deciduous; lobes broadly cuneate, lobules broadly lanceolate; calyx with 5 veins, anterior teeth of calyx dilated in fower. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **1120. Lophanthus ouroumitanensis (Franch.) Kochk. & Zuckerw.**

**Synonyms:** *Lophanthus lipskyanus* Ikonn. Gal. & Nevski*, Nepeta ouroumitanensis* Franch*., L. schtschurowskianus* (Regel) Lipsky var*. kulabensis* Lipsky

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–70 cm high; leaves ovatecordate or oblong-ovate, apex acute; verticillasters on long peduncles; corolla tube 1–1.1 cm long; calyx 8–10 mm, teeth 3–4 × shorter than calyx tube.

#### **1121. Lophanthus subnivalis Lipsky**

**Synonyms:** *Lophanthus tomentosus* Regel*, Nepeta newesskyi* Lipsky

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes Elevational range: 2200 - 3600 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–50 cm high, white pubescent; leaves ovate, apex obtuse; two stamens protrude distinctly from corolla.

#### **1122. Marrubium anisodon C. Koch**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 700 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30-40 cm high; leaves reduced upward, adaxially polished, abaxially densely scabrid strigose-villous; calyx 10-veined, teeth 10, main 5 long, alternate with to 5 accessory teeth, 1-4 mm, subulate, hooked; corolla white, ca. 9 mm. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1123. Melissa offcinalis L.**

**Synonyms:** *Melissa bicornis* Klokov

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, orchards and gardens Elevational range: 600 - 1800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 35–90 cm high; leaf blade

ovate, adaxially villous, abaxially villous along veins; calyx villous outside, villous inside apically, with upper lip short 3-denticulate or undulate, lower lip slightly longer than upper; corolla creamy white, villous outside.

Usefulness: Med, Foo, Hou.

#### **1124. Moluccella fedtschenkoana (Kudr.) Ryding**

**Synonyms:** *Otostegia fedtschenkoana* Kudr*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes Elevational range: 500 - 1800 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 50–100 cm high; bracts are equal to the tube of calyx or longer, oval or wide elliptical, calyx 2–3 cm long.

#### **1125. Moluccella olgae (Regel) Ryding**

**Synonyms:** *Otostegia olgae* (Regel) Korsh.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1100 - 1800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 1 m high; leaves lanceolate 2.5–7.5 × 1–2.7 cm, rounded at the base, pubescent abaxially; fowers sessile, 1.5–1.8, two-lipped, whitish or cream-colored; sepals 2–2.5 cm long with decorative creamy lobes, pubescent abaxially and reticulate; whorls 5–6-fowered, bracts rigid, tricuspidate.

#### **1126. Nepeta bracteata Benth.**

**Synonyms:** *Nepeta globifera* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: Lamiaceae, I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 1800 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–12 cm high; leaves and petioles pubescent with short hairs; fowers at top of stems and branches in dense capitula, with compact verticillasters; calyx on fruits ca. 9 mm long; calyx teeth 1.5–3 mm long; nutlets ca. 1.5 mm long.

#### **1127. Nepeta cataria L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, meadows, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs

Elevational range: 1400 - 2300

Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–150 cm high; stems white pubescent; leaf blade ovate to triangular-cordate, adaxially yellow-green, hirtellous, abaxially whitish pubescent especially on veins; fowers in cymes; calyx tubular, white pubescent; middle lobe of lower corolla lip concave, margin with incurved lobes or teeth, not swollen, base villous. Usefulness: Med, Foo, Hou.

1126

Pamir peaks (Abu Ali Ibn Sino, 6,940 m a.s.l. and Lyapnazar, 5,990 m a.s.l.) in Rushan Valley near Barchidev.

#### **1128. Nepeta daenensis Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 2100 - 4000 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (2.5–) 4–25 cm high; stem purplish, with very short papillose-eglandular and glandular hairs; leaves few, linear-elliptic, entire or with few small teeth; calyx on fruits ca. 6 mm long; nutlets 1.2–1.3 mm long, elliptic.

#### **1129. Nepeta foccosa Benth.**

**Synonyms:** *Nepeta pseudofoccosa* Pojark*., N. vakhanica* Pojark*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes Elevational range: 2800 - 3700 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 35 cm high; stems with dense, whitish foccose-tomentose hairs, purplish basally; leaves cordate to triangular-cordate, rigid, thick, corrugate, densely white tomentulose and glandular, margin crenulate; verticillasters capitate, 6–8-fowered; calyx violet, sparsely white tomentose, scaly glandular; corolla densely puberulent, glandular; nutlets glabrous. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1130. Nepeta formosa Kudrjasch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1700 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 120 cm high; leaves green, pubescent with short hairs on both sides, ovate or triangular-ovate, at apex obtuse or acuminate, obtuse or acute crenate-dentate (with 5–20 teeth), at base cordate, 4.5–14 cm long, 2.5–8 cm wide; corolla 1.2–2 cm long; nutlets 1.5–2 mm long, glabrous.

#### **1131. Nepeta longibracteata Benth.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3500 - 4900 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 9–12 cm high; lower internodes of stems long, sparsely short hairy, minutely white glandular, upper minutely long hairy and white; leaf softly gray tomentose; inf orescences usually globose; f oral leaves purplish, longer than f owers. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1132. Nepeta nuda L.**

**Synonyms:** *Nepeta pannonica* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1300 - 2400 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants 50–120 cm high; leaves oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, adaxially greenish, sparsely puberulent or subglabrous, abaxially pale, pubescent, margin crenate or serrate; cymes (2–)5–11-f owered, in narrow long panicles; nutlets apex minutely tuberculate, sparsely hairy. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **1133. Nepeta olgae Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 3400 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–80 cm high; leaves wide ovate, cordate or rounded at base, margins f nely serrated; corolla 1.1–1.2 cm long, middle lobe of the lower lip wavy.

#### **1134. Nepeta pamirensis Franch.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3400 - 4900 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 9–25 cm high, covered with dendroid hairs; calyx 6.5–9 mm long; corolla 1.2–1.7 cm long with 1–1.4 cm tube. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **1135. Nepeta podostachys Benth.**

**Synonyms:** *Nepeta maracandia* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 4100 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 70 cm high; leaves greygreen, on both sides, nearly glabrous or pubescent, lanceolate to rhomboid; fowers at top on stems and branches in verticillasters, gathered in contiguous spiciform inforescences 3–9 cm long; calyx teeth, linear-lanceolate, equal to calyx tube; bracts almost equal to calyx. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **1136. Nepeta pungens Benth.**

**Synonyms:** *Nepeta fedtschenkoi* Pojark*., N. microcephala* Pojark*., Ziziphora pungens* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - VII

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–25 cm high; stems pubescent, apex with short-stalked or sessile glands; cauline leaf blade ovate, adaxially olive green, sparsely puberulent, abaxially pubescent; cymes 3–5-fowered, 2 or 3 upper pairs sessile, in dense ovoid capitula; calyx throat subregular, teeth straight, subequal; stamens arcuate-ascending under upper lip of corolla; nutlets smooth, shiny.

#### **1137. Nepeta saturejoides Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 900 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–55 cm high; stems ascending or upright, branching nearly from base, violet; leaves grey-green, linear- lanceolate, lanceolate or ovate, apex acuminate, spaced acute-dentate (with 1–5 teeth); fowers in dense, few fowered verticillasters, surrounded with bracteal leaves; calyx with sharp incisions between teeth.

#### **1138. Nepeta subhastata Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Nepeta knorringiana* Pojark*.* 

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1500 - 1900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 13–25 cm high, pubescent; leaves blade ovoid, 1.3–2 × 1.1–1.6 cm, densely puberulent, glandular, base broadly cuneate, margin remotely dentate with 3–4 aristate teeth; cymes 2–5-fowered in 2 to 5 verticillers; bracts ellipticlanceolate 2–3 mm, rigid, glandular, ciliolate; calyx 8–9 mm, 15-veined, villous, glandular; corolla ca. 20–24 mm; nutlets yellow-brown, obovoid, ca. 1.7 1 mm, triangular with 1 rib.

#### **1139. Nepeta ucranica L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 800 - 2600 Flowering period: IV

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 17–50 cm high; stems subglabrous or with upwardly curved, short, simple hairs; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, adaxially gray-blue, glabrous or sparsely appressed puberulent, abaxially pale, puberulent, yellowish glandular, veins and margin pubescent; cymes pyramidal, compact; lower lip of corolla directed upward, nearly parallel to upper lip; nutlets densely depressed tuberculate.

#### **1140. Origanum tyttanthum Gontsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Origanum vulgare* L. subsp. *gracile* (K. Koch) Ietsw.

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, ruderal, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 2700 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–80 cm high; bracteal leaves and bracts usually green, rarely slightly violet, leaves glaucous, nearly monochromatic, on both sides with reddish-yellow submerged glands; calyx 2.5–3 mm long; corolla 4–7 mm long, white to pale-pink.

Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **1141. Perovskia abrotanoides Kar.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1000 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1(–1.5) m high, aromatic; stems and leaves with a prominent indumentum of small adpressed dendroid-stellate hairs and numerous sessile oil globules; leaves bipinnatisect, with linear or linear-oblong ultimate segments; inforescence showy, large, much-branched with numerous 2–4(–6)-fowered verticillasters; calyx with a dense indumentum of long villous eglandular hairs; corolla upper lip 4-lobed.

#### **1142. Perovskia angustifolia Kudrjasch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 2900 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant up to 1.2 m high, green; leaves 1.5–7 cm long, 0.5–3 cm wide, lanceolate; calyx 6–7 cm long, covered by straight hairs; corolla 1.2–1.4 cm long, inforescence - branchy panicle. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

#### **1143. Perovskia virgata Kudrjasch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 1800 - 2900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant up to 80 cm high, graygreen; calyx 5–6 cm long, covered by straight hairs; corolla 1–1.1 cm long. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

#### **1144. Phlomis bucharica Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 500 - 1900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–60 cm high; densely white tomentose; leaf blades lanceolate 9–13 × 3.5–5 cm, adaxially sparsely minute hispid, abaxially densely tomentose, with apparent veins; verticillasters 2-8 fowered, separate; calyx tubular, stellate tomentose, 16–17 mm; corolla yellow, 26–28 mm, tube 1.4-1.5. Usefulness: For, Ind.

#### **1145. Phlomis hypoleuca Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, pseudosteppes, screes Elevational range: 750 - 1850 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–60 cm high; densely white tomentose; leaf blades lanceolate 9–15 × 2.5–4 cm, adaxially sparsely minute hispid, abaxially densely tomentose, base cuneate, margin entire or minutely serrate; upper stem leaves much reduced; verticillasters many fowered, separate; bracts lanceolate 9–10 mm; calyx tubular, stellate tomentose, 12–14 mm (without teeth); teeth truncate, puberulent 6–14 mm long, apex spinescent; corolla rose-violet, 25–28 mm.

#### **1146. Phlomis salicifolia Regel**

### **NT**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, steppes Elevational range: 700 - 1500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; lower leaves lanceolate; verticillasters on short stalk 1–2 mm long or nearly sessile; upper lip laterally fattened; corolla lily. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1147. Phlomis thapsoides Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, felds Elevational range: 1300 - 1700 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; leaves densely, stellate cordate or ovate, apex acute; upper lip laterally fattened. Usefulness: For, Hou.

#### **1148. Phlomoides arctifolia (Popov) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.**

**Synonyms:** *Eremostachys arctiifolia* Popov, *Phlomis hissarica* Regel

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1100 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 75–130 cm high; leaves densely pubescent on the abaxial side with glands and hairs; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, longer than calyx tube; flament appendages as horizontal scales, located over the ring of bristles; corolla bicoloured. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1149. Phlomoides baldschuanica (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.**

**Synonyms:** *Eremostachys baldschuanica* Regel*, E. trautvetteriana* Regel

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 3200 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–90 cm high; basal leaves elliptic, cuneate at base; calyx 18–22 mm long; bracteole lanceolate, 2 × shorter than calyx. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1150. Phlomoides canescens (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.**

**Synonyms:** *Phlomis canescens* Regel

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes Elevational range: 2300 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–75 cm high; leaves abaxially with stellate hairs; upper lip not fattened with dense beard; flaments of posterior stamens usually with appendages.

1152

#### **1151. Phlomoides fetisowii (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.**

**Synonyms:** *Eremostachys fetisowii* Regel

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 120 cm high; sparsely white pilose, glandular hairy especially in inforescence; basal leaf blade ovate 10–20 cm, white pilose especially on veins abaxially, margin irregularly crenate, apex obtuse; spikes interrupted toward base; 9–11 verticillasters with 10–12 fowers; calyx campanulate 1.5–1.7 cm; corolla 3.5–4 cm.

#### **1152. Phlomoides hissarica (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.**

**Synonyms:** *Eremostachys hissarica* Regel

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 1900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 80–150 cm high; verticillasters 8–10-fowered, sesille or 0.5–0.8 mm peduncles; calyx 2.8–3 cm long; corolla 4.5–5 cm long, brown-red. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1153. Phlomoides kaufmanniana (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.**

**Synonyms:** *Eremostachys adpressa* Regel, *E. kaufmanniana* Regel*,* 

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 450 - 2100 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–120 cm high; stems glabrous or sparsely pubescent; calyx 1.3–1.5 cm; corolla 2–2.5 cm. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1154. Phlomoides labiosa (Bunge) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.**

**Synonyms:** *Eremostachys diversifolia* Regel*, E. labiosa* Bunge*, E. labiosa* var*. canescens* Regel*, E. labiosa* var*. subvillosa* Regel

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 700 - 1700 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–70 cm high; main or lateral roots tuberous; calyx 1.9–2.4 cm long, covered with a dense indumentum of short stellate-dendroid hairs, corolla 4–4.5 cm long, with lower lip 1.5–2 × larger than upper, yellow.

Usefulness: For.

#### **1155. Phlomoides lehmanniana (Bunge) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.**

**Synonyms:** *Eremostachys lehmanniana* Bunge*, E. olgae* Regel*, E. superba* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Forbs Elevational range: 1300 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 70–130 cm high; verticillasters 4–6-fowered; bracteole lanceolate, 2–3 joint, equal to or shorter than calyx; calyx 1.9–2.1 long; corolla single-colored, lilac. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1156. Phlomoides schugnanica (Popov)**

#### **Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.**

**Synonyms:** *Eremostachys schugnanica* (Popov) Knorring*, E. speciosa* var*. schugnanica* Popov

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 2300 - 4300 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; basal leaves lyratepinnatisect; fower verticillasters distant; calyx 2.1–2.2 cm, lobes obtuse, aristate; upper corolla lip shorter than lower. Usefulness: Orn.

1154

1155

#### **1157. Phlomoides seravschanica (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.**

**Synonyms:** *Eremostachys sarawschanica* Regel

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2200 - 3200 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; calyx 18–22 mm long; corolla 4–4.5 cm long, discontinuous ring of bristles inside tube, yellow. Usefulness: Orn.

**1158. Phlomoides speciosa (Rupr.) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.**

**Synonyms:** *Eremostachys edelbergii* Rech. fl., *E. speciosa* Rupr*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1700 - 3900 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–50 cm high; basal leaves lyrate-pinnatisect; inforescences crowded, dense, elliptical or oblong; calyx 2.4–2.6 cm long; upper lip of corolla equal to the lower. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **1159. Phlomoides tadshikistanica (B. Fedtsch.) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm.**

**Synonyms:** *Eremostachys tadschikistanica* B. Fedtsch.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1000 - 2100 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 2 m high; calyx 1.1–1.2 cm long, glabrous. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1160. Prunella vulgaris L.**

**Synonyms:** *Prunella hispida* Benth*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, fens and mires, felds Elevational range: 800 - 3300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–20(–40) cm high; upper calyx lip fat with 3 teeth. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **1161. Salvia bucharica Popov**

**Synonyms:** *Arischrada bucharica* (Popov) Pobed., *Schraderia bucharica* (Popov) Nevski

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 800 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 30–60 cm high, clump-forming; leaves pinnate, below with a dense tomentose indumentum of antrorse hairs and numerous sessile oil globules; calyx purplish, much enlarged at fruiting time; nutlets with some sessile glands at apex. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **1162. Salvia glabricaulis Pobed.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 1500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–40 cm high; leaves pinnately compound; corolla pubescent and glandular on upper lip.

1161

**1163. Salvia komarovii Pobed.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 2000 - 2100 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–50 cm high; leaves pinnately compound; stem villous; corolla glabrous on upper lip and tube.

#### **1164. Salvia macrosiphon Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Salvia kotschyi* Boiss*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 1700 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; calyx teeth and bract leaves with long spines; calyx 1.8–2 cm long; calyx upper lip teeth equal; inforescence loose with verticillasters in 1.2–4.5 cm distance. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1165. Salvia margaritae Botsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1500 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 100 cm; eglandular and sparsely pubescent; leaf blade lanceolate, 1.5–2.4 × 0.5–0.8, glabrous, abaxially sparsely fne pilose and glandular; inforescences densely pilose; verticillasters widely distant, 2–6-fowered, in terminal racemes 8–15 cm; bracts lanceolate 0.4–0.9 cm × 0.5–1.5 mm; calyx tubular, ca. 1.5–2 cm, pilose, glandular; corolla ca. 2.5–3.5 cm, pubescent and glandular outside.

#### **1166. Salvia nemorosa L.**

**Synonyms:** *Salvia deserta* Schang*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Meadows, felds, steppes Elevational range: 1200 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; stems eglandular; basal leaves petiolate, oblong, cordate or roundet at base, regularly crenate, more or less pubescent; inforescence ussually dense; bracts as long as or longer than calyx, violet.

#### **1167. Salvia schmalhausenii Regel**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1800 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high, stems numerous.

#### **1168. Salvia sclarea L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, broad-leaved forests, screes, ruderal, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–120 cm high; lower stem leaves with large lamina, 8–25 cm long, 5–18 cm wide; bracteal leaves large, up to 3.5 cm long, membranous, pinkviolet or white with greenish veins; calyx 1–1.4 cm long; middle tooth of the upper lip much shorter than laterals. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

#### **1169. Scutellaria adenostegia Briq.**

**Synonyms:** *Scutellaria bucharica* Juz*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 12–35(–40) cm high; leaves up to 3 cm long, on the upper side glabrous, densely pubescent beneath; calyx 2.5–3.5 cm long.

#### **1170. Scutellaria andrachnoides Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1400 - 2100 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–12 cm high; 2, rarely 3 pairs of pilose leaves; petiole 0.5–2 mm, leaf blade leathery, greyish–green, ovate 0.5–1.5 × 0.3–1.3 cm, margin entire, pubescent; racemes ca. 2 cm, compact; bracts ovate-elliptic, ca. 0.5–1 cm × 2.5–6 mm, membranous, densely villous, glandular; calyx ca. 2 mm, sparsely villous, glandular, scutellum ca. 3 mm; corolla pale pink, whitish, purple spotted on lower lip, ca. 1 cm, pilose, glandular.

#### **1171. Scutellaria baldshuanica Nevski ex Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1000 - 1700 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 7–21 cm high, covered with long, protruding hairs; leaves broadly ovate or almost orbicular, 0.3–1.2 cm long, with a well defned petiole; corolla ca. 7 mm long.

#### **1172. Scutellaria glabrata Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 2400 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 10–40 cm high; stem glabrous; upper stem leaves smaller than bracts; inforescence short.

#### **1173. Scutellaria hissarica B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1100 - 1700 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 30–50 cm high; stem sparsely pubescent with fne papillary hairs or glabrous; inforescences pilose with admixture of glandular hairs; calyx oblong, 3–4 mm long and 2.5–3 mm wide, on fruit up to 8 mm long and ca. 6 mm wide.

#### **1174. Scutellaria immaculata Nevski ex Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 700 - 2200 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 3–15 cm high; leaves sparsely glandular; corolla 2.5–3 cm long, with tube sparsely glandular on the outside, lower lip without pattern, fower yellow.

#### **1175. Scutellaria intermedia Popov**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 700 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 21–40 cm high; inforescence composed of several fowers, at the top of the stems; leaves and stems covered with short, curly and adherent hairs.

#### **1176. Scutellaria iskanderi Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1500 - 3300 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant up to 10 cm high; leaves tomentose, 4–12 cm long, lanceolate or ovate or rhomboid; inforescence short, 2–5 cm long.

#### **1177. Scutellaria jodudiana B. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Scutellaria darvasica* Juz*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2000 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–15 cm high, with creeping shoots; inforescences 2.5–6 cm long; bracts broadly oval or elliptical, pilose; corolla 1.5–1.6 cm long.

#### **1178. Scutellaria megalodonta Juz.**

**Synonyms:** *Scutellaria macrodontha* Nevski ex Juz*.*

**NT**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1500 - 1600 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 4–20 cm high, covered with long, protruding hairs; leaves oblong-ovate to reniform, 1–2.7 cm long, gradually turn into petioles; corolla ca. 10 mm long.

#### **1179. Scutellaria mesostegia Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 850 - 1850 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 25 cm high; stems much branched at base, tomentose, reddish; leaves deeply 4–8 pinnatilobed, 7–25 × 4–15 mm, obate–oblong, sparsely hairy adaxially and densely tomentose abaxially; fowers in lax racemes 3–5 cm long, up to 10 cm long in fruit; bracts 8–20 × 4–10 mm, boat–shape with acuminate apex; calyx ca. 33 mm, villous and glandular; corolla 20– 28 mm, yellow, turning reddish on upper lobe and dark purple on lateral lobes, densely pubescent and glandular; nutlets ca. 2 mm.

#### **1180. Scutellaria ocellata Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, steppes Elevational range: 2200 - 3000 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 12–25 cm high; leaves on

both sides covered with densely long and slightly curly hairs; calyx ca. 3 mm long, corolla 2.8–3.3 cm long.

1180

**1181. Scutellaria oligodonta Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine steppes, screes, forbs Elevational range: 2500 - 3400 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 20 cm high; stem purplish; leaf blade ovate, sparsely strigose, stipitate glandular, base rounded to broadly cuneate, margin 1–4-crenate-serrate to occasionally entire; bracts spreading pilose and glandular along veins and margin; calyx densely villous outside, stipitate glandular; corolla densely pilose outside, stipitate glandular, purple spotted on lower lip.

#### **1182. Scutellaria orbicularis Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1200 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 2–10 cm high; leaves densely pubescent; calyx 1.7–2.8 cm with villous and glandular tube; from the inner side glabrous.

#### **1183. Scutellaria przewalskii Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Steppes, screes Elevational range: 900 - 2200 Flowering period: VI fo VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 22 cm high; stems purplish, sparsely fne minute tomentose; petiole fat, narrowly winged, tomentose; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, adaxially sparsely tomentose, abaxially densely gray tomentose, margin 4–7-pinnatipartite with segments fngerlike; calyx stipitate glandular hairy in fruit; nutlets triquetrous, ovoid, densely gray tomentose.

#### **1184. Scutellaria rubromaculata Juz. & Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 2000 - 2200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; dwarf plant 4–7 cm high; crown tube glabrous from the inner side; calyx 2.2–2.4 cm long.

#### **1185. Scutellaria schugnanica B. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Scutellaria hissarica* B. Fedtsch. subsp*. schugnanica*  (B. Fedtsch.) Popov

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1300 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 6–18 cm high; stem evenly densely pubescent along the entire length; calyx almost square, up to 3 mm long and about 2.5 mm wide, on fruit up to 5.5 mm long.

#### **1186. Scutellaria striatella Gontsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 900 - 2100 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 30–40 cm high; calyx curved; leaves entire.

#### **1187. Scutellaria zaprjagaevii Kochk. & Zhogoleva**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1000 - 2900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 3–9 cm high, pubescent and glandular; inforescence dense; fowers pink or violet, 3–5 cm long.

#### **1188. Sideritis montana L.**

**Synonyms:** *Hesiodia montana* (L.) Dumort.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, screes, ruderal, steppes Elevational range: 1300 - 2300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 20 cm high; leaf blade lanceolate to elliptic, sparsely pilose, margin entire or remotely serrulate; verticillasters 6- to many fowered; internodes of inforescence longer than calyx; bracts longer than fowers; calyx tube cylindric. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1189. Stachys betonicifora Rupr.**

**Synonyms:** *Betonica foliosa* Rupr*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, meadows, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1300 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 74–110 cm high; leaves oblong, ovate or lanceolate; inforescence cylindrical, dense, spike-shaped, sometimes lower verticillasters distant; corolla purple-pink. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **1190. Thymus diminutus Klokov**

**Synonyms:** *Thymus aschurbajevii* Klokov

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3800 - 4400 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 2–4 cm high; leaves 3–10 mm long, 1–3 mm wide, with 2 pairs lateral veins; peduncle 2–4 cm high, with 2–3 pairs of leaves.

#### **1191. Thymus marschallianus Willd.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1300 - 2200 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–10 cm high; leaves 4–20 mm long, 1–8.5 mm wide, with 3–4 pairs lateral veins; peduncles 2–10 cm high, with 3–5 pairs of leaves.

#### **1192. Thymus seravschanicus Klokov**

**Synonyms:** *Thymus bucharicus* Klokov, *T. cuneatus* Klokov

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1700 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant up to 25 cm high; densely pubescent; vegetative shoots arising mostly from apical parts, shorter and less numerous than fertile branches; leaves linear-oblong 1–2.8 cm 1–6.5 mm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, calyx tubular-campanulate 2.5– 3.5 mm, glandular in fruit; corolla red-purple, pubescent, ca. 5 mm, exserted.

Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **1193. Vitex agnus-castus L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, S-S Habitat: River beds, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 1200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 1–2(–4)m high; whitish-tomentose, with obtusely quadrangular branches; leaves palmately 5–7-foliolate; cymes sessile or subsessile, forming a subcylindrical, narrow inforescence; fowers fragrant. Usefulness: Med, Foo, Hou, Orn.

#### **1194. Ziziphora interrupta Juz.**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, steppes Elevational range: 700 - 2400 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 28–50 cm high; inforescence vertical with separated verticillasters, spikelike; calyx villous.

#### **1195. Ziziphora pamiroalaica Juz.**

**Synonyms:** *Ziziphora pulchella* Pavlov*, Z. tomentosa* Juz*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 1200 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 7–30 cm high; stems with short, sparse, retrorse, slightly rigid hairs; leaf blade oblong-ovate to subcircular folded, pubescent, conspicuously glandular; capitula globose; calyx with dense long hairs nearly as long as to longer than calyx width; corolla tube slightly exserted, limb large; stamens much exserted; anthers purple. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **1196. Ziziphora tenuior L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Screes, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 2500 Flowering period: III - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–15(–30) cm high, aromatic (peppermint); stems with indumentum of short retrorse eglandular hairs; leaves lanceolate, linear lanceolate to linear; verticillasters mostly axillary, not crowded in a capitulum; foral leaves ciliate, much exceeding fowers;

calyx narrow tubular, with short and long spreading eglandular hairs and sessile oil globules; nutlets fnely granulate.

#### **1197. Lemna minor L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Aquatic vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 900 Remarks: Cryptophyte; aquatic plant; leaves 2–4.5 × 2–3 mm, fat.

#### **1198. Utricularia minor L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 1200 - 2300 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; aquatic plant, stolons dimorphic, bearing either green leaves with narrowly linear segments with few or no traps or bearing colorless much reduced leaves with traps.

#### **1199. Fritillaria bucharica Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Rhinopetalum bucharicum* (Regel) Losinsk.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 900 - 2400 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; bulb 1–2 cm in diameter; leaves oblong to lanceolate, opposite or sometimes whorled, 4–12 cm long; inforescence 3–10-fowered; fowers campanulate, pendent; tepals white or slightly green. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1200. Fritillaria eduardii A. Regel ex Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Petilium eduardii* (Regel) Vved.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 2100 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–80(–150) cm high; bulb 5–8 cm in diameter; leaves lanceolate, opposite or 5–15 cm long; inforescence 4–6(–8)-fowered; fowers campanulate, pendent; tepals orange, 4–5 cm long. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1201. Fritillaria olgae Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 2900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–70 cm high; tepals yellowish-greenish from inner side; upper, unfoliated section of the stem shorter than lower part with leaves. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

#### **1202. Fritillaria regelii Losinsk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 3000 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–40 cm high; tepals brownish-purple from inner side; upper, unfoliated section of the stem equals lower part with leaves. Usefulness: Orn.

**Liliaceae 493**

#### **1203. Fritillaria sewerzowii Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Korolkowia sewertzowii* Regel

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1000 - 2200 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–50(–70) cm high; stem rotund, glabrous; tepals not longer than 2.5–3 cm; nectaries vallecular; fowers reddish-greenish, pendulous. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1204. Gagea chomutovae (Pascher) Pascher**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes Elevational range: 900 - 2600 Flowering period: II - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; bulb tunic leathery; stem glabrous; smaller bulb glabrous; frst leaf cylindric, 1.5–3 mm wide; tepals oblong-lanceolate 0.9–1.2(–1.8) cm long.

#### **1205. Gagea delicatula Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, nitrophilous rock footings Elevational range: 2300 - 3500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; bulb 4–5 mm in diameter; vegetative bulbil single; tepals 6–10 mm long, obtuse, white inside, slightly greenish outside.

#### **1206. Gagea dschungarica Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards Elevational range: 900 - 3400 Flowering period: III - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10(–15) cm high; bulb obliquely drop-shaped, 8–15 mm in diameter; vegetative bulbils brown, in dense group; inforescence branched, 3–6-fowered; tepals lanceolate, tip rounded, 3–8 mm long.

#### **1207. Gagea gymnopoda Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, moraines and snow-beds, springs Elevational range: 2400 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant glabrous 2–6 cm high; bulbs 5–7 mm across, without bulbils at base; stem grayish white pubescent; basal leaves absent; inforescence

3–20-fowered; tepals 5–6 mm, yellow, obtuse at apex.

**Liliaceae 495**

1206

1207

#### **1208. Gagea olgae Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, pastures, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 2900 Flowering period: II - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–6 cm high; bulbs without bulbils at base; stem grayish white pubescent; basal leaves 1 or 2, basal leaves slightly longer than stem; inforescence 1–3-fowered; tepals yellow adaxially, purplish abaxially. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **1209. Gagea reticulata (Pall.) Schult. & Schult. f.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Pastures, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 2400 Flowering period: III - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–12 cm high; bulbs 10-15 mm, without bulbils at base; stem white pubescent; basal leaves grayish, 1 or 2, slightly longer than stem, 1-1.5 mm across; inforescence (1)2(–4)-fowered; tepals yellow 9-12 mm long.

#### **1210. Gagea vvedenskyi Grossh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 900 - 3600 Flowering period: V - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 25 cm high; bulb dropshaped, covered by fber-like tunic; vegetative bulbils in the form of dense group; peduncle leaves longer than the lower inforescences; inforescence 1–3-fowered; tepals 8 mm long, 2–2.5 mm broad.

**496 Liliaceae**

#### **1211. Lloydia serotina (L.) Rchb.**

**Synonyms:** *Gagea serotina* (L.) Ker Gawl.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, Arct, Montane Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards Elevational range: 3350 - 4000 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 25 cm high; fower solitary or inforescence 2(–4) fowered raceme; tepals less than 1.8 cm long, glabrous, white with pinkish-red or purple veins, nectary near the base; flaments glabrous; style as long as or slightly longer than ovary.

#### **1212. Tulipa biforiformis Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, alpine swards, alpine steppes Elevational range: 850 - 2700 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; tunic lined inside with long, undulate hairs; stamen flaments pubescent. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

#### **1213. Tulipa dasystemon (Regel) Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests Elevational range: 2400 - 3600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; bulb ovoid, tunic papery; stamen flaments pubescent; capsule oblong. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1214. Tulipa hissarica Popov & Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes Elevational range: 1300 - 3500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–12 cm high; leaves (2–3)– 4–5; tepals 1.5–2(–3) cm long, yellow, glabrous; stamen flaments glabrous, yellow. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1215. Tulipa linifolia Regel**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1300 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; bulb 1–2 cm across; leaves (6–8) linear, glabrous; tepals red with dark violet patch at the base with pale yellow lining, 2-4 cm long; stamen flaments glabrous. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1216. Tulipa maximowiczii Regel**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 650 - 1500 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; bulb 1–3 cm across; leaves (5–8) lanceolate, ciliate at margins; tepals red with deep blue-blackish patch at the base with pale yellow lining, 2.5–4 cm long; stamen flaments glabrous.

**498 Liliaceae**

Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1217. Tulipa praestans H.B. May**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1000 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40(–70) cm high; bulb 2–4 cm across; leaves (3–5) lanceolate, pubescent, ciliate at margins; tepals orange-red, 3.5–7 cm long; stamen flaments glabrous. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1218. Tulipa tubergeniana Hoog**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1600 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - V

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; bulb 2–3 cm across; leaves (3) lanceolate; tepals red with black, yellow lined patch at the base, 2.5–10 cm long; stamen flaments glabrous.

Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1219. Tulipa turkestanica (Regel) Regel**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Alpine swards, alpine steppes Elevational range: 800 - 3000 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; stamen flaments pubescent, tunic lined inside with short hairs. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1220. Linum altaicum Ledeb. ex Juz. subsp. atricalyx (Juz.) Svetlova**

**Synonyms:** *Linum atricalyx* Juz*.*

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Alpine steppes Elevational range: 3200 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–45 cm high; fowers ca. 3 cm in diameter, in cymes with 3–8 fowers; sepals ovate, ca. 3.5–4 mm long, blackish green; petals deep blue, obovate.

#### **1221. Linum catharticum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 1550 - 1850 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 30 cm high, annual; stems delicate with fowers in a very loose, remote arrangement; leaves narrow, in opposite pairs, 1-veined; fowers 4–6 mm in diameter, white with yellow centre, 5 unnotched petals and 5 stamens.

#### **1222. Linum corymbulosum Rchb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 500 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; stems corymbosely branched apically; fowers axillary or opposite a leaf, solitary or in broad cymes; petals yellow, long obovate, 6–8 × ca. 2 mm.

**500 Linaceae**

#### **1223. Linum macrorhizum Juz.**

**Synonyms:** *Linum mesostylum* Juz*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1900 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; leaves with one vein; fowers ca. 2.5 cm in diameter, solitary or in cymes with up to 5 fowers; sepals ovate, ca. 3.5–4 mm long with 5 veins; petals deep blue, obovate.

#### **1224. Linum olgae Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–50 cm high; sepals lanceolate, ca. 0.7 × 1.2 cm, reddish glandular ciliate at margins; petals rose to purple, obovate, 3–4 cm long.

#### **1225. Linum pallescens Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine steppes Elevational range: 3600 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; fowers solitary or in cymes, ca. 2 cm in diameter; sepals ovate, ca. 3.5 × 2 mm; petals white to blue, obovate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals.

1227

#### **1226. Ammannia auriculata Willd.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, I-I, M, Austral, Americ Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 400 - 1000 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (15–)30–60 cm high; calyx 1.5–2.5 mm long; petals 1.5–2 mm long; capsule 3 mm in diameter.

#### **1227. Ammannia baccifera L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, I-I, M, Austral, Americ Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 700 - 1000 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–70 cm high; leaves basally attenuate to truncate; petals absent; style shorter than ovary.

#### **1228. Ammannia multifora Roxb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, I-I, Austral, Afryk Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 400 - 1000 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–35 cm high; calyx 1–1.2 mm long; petals 0.5–0.8 mm long; capsule 1–1.3 mm in diameter.

**502 Lythraceae**

#### **1229. Punica granatum L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Orchards and gardens, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; plant 2–3 m high; branches and branchlets 4-angled; leaf blade adaxially shiny, lanceolate, elliptic-oblanceolate, or oblong, 2–9 × 1–2 cm, petiole 2–10 mm; foral tube red-orange or pale yellow, campanulate-urceolate; petals 5–9, bright red-orange; stamens numerous; fruit globose, leathery berries. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **1230. Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, I-I Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 700 - 800 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant (5–) 10–25 cm high; leaves obovate, spatulate or elliptic, 7–18 mm long, (2–)4–9 mm wide; calyx 2.5–3 mm long, without appendages; petals 4, pink, minute to ca. 1/2 as long as sepals.

#### **1231. Abutilon theophrasti Medik.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Orchards and gardens, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 350 - 1200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 1–2 m high; epicalyx absent; fruit consisting of many achenes. Usefulness: Ind.

#### **1232. Alcea baldshuanica (Bornm.) Iljin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Orchards and gardens, felds, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 2400 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–120 cm high; densely stellate hirsute; epicalyx cup-shaped, lobes linear to lanceolate.

#### **1233. Alcea nudifora (Lindl.) Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 2900 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 80 cm high; leaves on proximal part of stem deeply lobed, central lobe longer than wide; corolla white. Usefulness: Foo, Orn.

#### **1234. Alcea rosea L.**

Phytogeographical element: A, I-T Habitat: Orchards and gardens, ruderal Elevational range: 550 - 1500 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 2(–3) m high; leaves on proximal part of stem shallowly lobed, central lobe wider than long; corolla often colored, infrequently white. Usefulness: Orn.

**504 Malvaceae**

#### **1235. Althaea cannabina L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 800 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; leaves 3–12 cm long and broad, 5-parted; fruit 6–8 mm across, glabrous. Usefulness: Foo, Ind.

#### **1236. Althaea offcinalis L.**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant erect, ca. 1 m tall; stem densely stellate hirsute; leaf blade ovate-orbicular or cordate, 3-lobed or not lobed; corolla pink, ca. 2.5 cm in diameter; petals ca. 1.5 cm, fruit a disk-shaped schizocarp, ca. 8 mm in diameter.

#### **1237. Gossypium hirsutum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Cultivated Habitat: Cultivated in felds Elevational range: 400 - 900 Flowering period: VII - X Remarks: Therophyte; plant 50–120 cm high; stem covered exclusively by long hairs; leaves 3–10 cm long, broader than long, somewhat orbicular, 3(–5)-lobed, capsule 3–4 cm long 2–3 cm broad, ovoid, beaked, coarsely pitted, 3–5 celled.

**1238. Hibiscus trionum L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, I-I Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 350 - 1600 Flowering period: VI - XI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–60 cm high; leaves dissected; petals pale yellow with purple center.

#### **1239. Malva bucharica Iljin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Ruderal, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 1400 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; epicalyx bracts ovate; tube pubescent with simple hairs; corolla 2–3 × longer than calyx.

#### **1240. Malva neglecta Wallr.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 350 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - X Remarks: Cryptophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 5–45 cm high; epicalyx with 3 linnear bracts; corolla pink, 2–3 × longer than calyx; fruit with (12–)14(–16) dansely pubescent seeds. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

**506 Malvaceae**

#### **1241. Ficus carica L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 1900 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; tree, 4–10 m high; leaves 10–15 (–25) cm with 5 lobes. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **1242. Morus alba L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Shrubs, cultivated Elevational range: 600 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; tree 15–20 m high; leaves soft, glabrous or somewhat scabrous; syncarps purple or white, cylindric, 1.5–2.5 × 1 cm.

#### **1243. Morus nigra L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Shrubs, cultivated Elevational range: 600 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; tree 15–20 m high; leaves somewhat scabrous; syncarps black or dark purple, cylindric, 2–2.5 × 1 cm.

**1244. Nitraria sibirica Pall.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, river-beds, screes Elevational range: 1400 - 1900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 0.5–1.5 m tall with young branches white; leaves in fascicles of 4–6 on current year branchlets, oblanceolate, 6–15 × 2–5 mm; cymes 1–3 cm, pubescent; sepals 5, green, petals oblong, 2–3 mm; fruit dark red, ellipsoid to spherical, 6–8 mm in diameter.

#### **1245. Peganum harmala L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 450 - 3700 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–70 cm high, erect or spreading, glabrous; leaf blade divided into 3–5 lobes, lobes 1.5–3 mm wide; sepals 5, divided into linear lobes, 1.5–2 cm long; petals 5, yellowish-white, obovate-oblong, 15–20 × 6–9 mm.

#### **1246. Tetradiclis tenella (Ehrenb.) Litv.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 400 - 500 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; stem verticillately branched; leaves feshy, up to 10 mm long, ca. 2–3 mm broad, obtuse; sepals triangular, slightly shorter than petals, petals wedge-shaped, ca. 1 mm long; capsule subglobose, 3–4 mm in diameter, infated and cross split at the apex, 4-valved.

**508 Nitrariaceae**

#### **1247. Fraxinus raibocarpa Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1000 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 3–4(–6) m high; leaves 10(–15) cm long, with 1–2(–3) pairs of leafets; corolla present; inforescence terminal or in axils or current year's leaves.

Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1248. Fraxinus sogdiana Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests Elevational range: 1000 - 2000 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; plant up to 20(–28) m high; leaves 15(–24) cm long, with 3–5(–6) pairs of leafets with lower margin entire and upper serrate; corolla absent; inforescence in axils of preceeding year's leave.

Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1249. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.**

**Synonyms:** *Epilobium angustifolium* L.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, fens and mires, littoral vegetation, springs

Elevational range: 1250 - 4000

Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–250 cm high, erect; leaves spirally arranged; fowers showy, zygomorphic; the style defexed, at least before the anthers have dehisced; fora tube absent; inforescence spicate, many fowered; seeds smooth, 1–1.3 mm long.

The mountain steppes *Astragalo lithophili-Stipetum zalesskii* in the Suusamyr Valley in the Tian Shan (Kyrgyzstan).

#### **1250. Chamaenerion latifolium (L.) Th. Fries & Lange**

**Synonyms:** *Epilobium latifolium* L.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S, Arctic Habitat: River beds, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2300 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 12–35 cm tall, leaves sessile or petioles to 2 mm, 2–5(–8) 0.6–1.7(–2.6) cm, subglabrous or strigillose; sepals 1–1.6 cm 1.5–3.5 mm; petals rose–purple or pink, 1–2.4(–3.2) cm × 7–15(– 23) mm; capsules 2.5–8 cm.

#### **1251. Epilobium hirsutum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Epilobium velutinum* Nevski

1251

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 1000 - 2000 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–100(–180) cm high, with long spreading and short erect glandular hairs; leaves clasping; corolla 12–20 mm long; stigma deeply 4-lobed.

#### **1252. Epilobium minutiforum Hausskn.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, fens and mires, littoral vegetation, springs Elevational range: 1100 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; leaves 2–6 cm long and 6–15 mm wide; fowers 3–5 mm long, pink, stigma capitate.

**512 Onagraceae** 

#### **1253. Epilobium palustre L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires, littoral vegetation, springs Elevational range: 2300 - 3000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; leaves sublinear to narrowly lanceolate, subentire to obscurely denticulate; capsules 3–9 cm; seeds 1.3–2.2 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **1254. Epilobium tianschanicum Pavlov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, fens and mires, littoral vegetation, springs Elevational range: 1100 - 3300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–80 cm high; stem pubescent in the upper and glabrous in the lower part; leaves serrate, cuneate with petioles; calyx 4–5 mm; petals 5–7 mm; stigma capitate; stem in middle section glabrous.

**1255. Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H. Raven subsp. stipulacea (Ohwi) P.H. Raven**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Rivers, aquatic vegetation Elevational range: 750 - 800 Flowering period: VIII - IX

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–60 cm, branched; leaf blade oblong, 2.5–10 × 1–3.2 cm; sepals 5, deltoidacuminate, 6–12 mm, glabrous or villous; petals bright golden-yellow with a darker spot at base, obovate, 9–17 × 5–11 mm.

#### **1256. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Juniper forests, alpine swards Elevational range: 2000 - 2550 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–15 cm; frond primordium glabrous; sterile lamina pinnate; sporophore with stalk 4–7 cm, glabrous; panicle 2- or 3-pinnate, racemose, 3–6 × 1.5–2 cm, glabrous; sporangia sessile, large, 0.5–1 mm in diameter. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1257. Ophioglossum bucharicum O. Fedtsch. & B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Riverside forests Elevational range: 500 - 1000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant perennial, 5–20 cm high; spike starts in lower part of the leaf blade; spore whitish; almost smooth.

#### **1258. Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Broad-leaved forests Elevational range: 1500 - 2200 Flowering period: V -VI Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant up to 50 cm high; leaves elliptic, lanceolate 4–16 × 0.5–3 cm, apex acuminate; inforescence 2–20-fowered; fowers 1–1.5 cm; petals subobovate, 7 × 4 mm, 5–7-veined; anthers 2–2.5 mm; stigma stalked.

#### **1259. Coeloglossum viride (L.) C. Hartm.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows Elevational range: 1500 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–25 (–40) cm high; stem leafy; leaves 3–4(–5), narrowed towards the long sheathing base, 7 × 2(–3) cm, the lower elliptic-oblong, obtuse, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute. Inforescence rather dense, short, 3–6(–13) cm long; perianth segments forming a semiglobular hood.

#### **1260. Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires Elevational range: 600 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; inforescence dense; fowers purple to light purple.

#### **1261. Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Riverside forests Elevational range: 1200 - 3300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant perennial, 30–90 cm high; inforescence dense; perianth leaves green, usually obtuse. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1262. Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, fens and mires Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–60 cm high; leaves 7 or 8; ovary, rachis and stem pubescent; epichile of lip oblate to suborbicular, connected to hypochile by a short mesochile

#### **1263. Epipactis royleana Lindl.**

Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–80 cm high; leaves 6–9, glabrous; lip purple or pink with purple or dark red venation; rachis 2–8-fowered; perianths 1.5–2 cm.

#### **1264. Neottia camtschatea (L.) Rchb. f.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–35 high, parasitic, glandular in the upper part of the stem; inforescence

#### **1265. Neottia ovata (L.) Bluff & Fingerh.**

**Synonyms:** *Listera ovata* (L.) R. Br.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Riverside forests Elevational range: 1300 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40(–70) high; leaves two, broad, subopposite in about the middle of the stem, sessile, parallel-nerved; inforescence loosely manyfowered, up to 25 cm, rachis pubescent.

#### **1266. Cistanche mongolica Beck**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, semi-deserts, salt shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–100 cm high; stems unbranched; inforescences spicate, 12–18 cm, 5–6 cm in diameter; corolla rose- or violet-white, tubularfunnelform, 3.5–4.5 cm, glabrous at base; lobes 5, subrounded, subequal, ca. 8 × 10 mm, glabrous. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **1267. Cistanche salsa (C.A. Mey.) Beck**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Riverside forests, semi-deserts, salt shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 1650 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; inforescences 8–20 cm; bract ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 1–1.5(–2) cm, margin densely yellow-white villous, sparsely pubescent abaxially; corolla tubular–campanulate, 2.5–4 cm; tube white or yellow-white; lobes 5, pale purple or purple, subrounded, 5–7 × 5–7 mm; flament base densely white villous. Usefulness: Foo.

1265

#### **1268. Euphrasia fedtschenkoana Wettst. ex Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 3200 - 3800 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plants 2–20 cm high; pubescent throughout with simple and glandular hairs; peduncles 1–2 mm long.

#### **1269. Euphrasia pectinata Ten.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1000 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plants 2–30 cm high; pubescent throughout with eglandular hairs; upper leaves acute, shortly awned.

#### **1270. Leptorhabdos parvifora (Benth.) Benth.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, screes, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 350 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–100 cm high; calyx 3–7 mm, cover with glandular hairs; corolla 4–8 mm, pinkish.

**518 Orobanchaceae** 

#### **1271. Odontites vulgaris Moench**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, Orient, E-S Habitat: Riverside forests, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 2100 Flowering period: VI - X Remarks: Therophyte; plant 3–80 cm high; leaves 1.5–4.5 cm lond and 2–5 mm wide; calyx 4–5 mm, corolla 7–8.5 mm long, softly hairy.

#### **1272. Orobanche amoena C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 350 - 3100 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; inforescence lax; corolla violet; stigma white; host species: *Artemisia* spp.

#### **1273. Orobanche camptolepis Boiss. & Reut.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, S-S Habitat: River beds, screes, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 2500 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 6–20 cm long; corolla 1–1.6 cm long, almost straight; host species: *Polygonum* spp., *Ziziphora* spp, *Artemisia* spp.

#### **1274. Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 1800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; inforescence usually lax and few fowered; corolla pinkish, lightbrownish or yellow; lower lip of corolla glandularciliate; stigma red, rarely yellow; host species: *Galium* spp. and *Asperula* spp.

#### **1275. Orobanche grenieri F.W. Schultz**

1276

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 1900 Flowering period: VII - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 16–38(52); inforescence shorter than remaining stem; corolla 17–18 mm; calyx 7–11 mm, corolla dorsal lines are regularly curved, lower lip with large and broad lobes, bluish–violet, host

#### **1276. Orobanche kotschyi Reut.**

species: *Lactuca* spp.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1700 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–65 cm high; corolla yellowish, 1.6–2.5 cm; host species: *Ferula* spp., *Prangos* spp.

**520 Orobanchaceae** 

#### **1277. Orobanche solenanthi Novopokr. & Pissjauk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 1900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–500 cm high; corolla 2–3 cm long, almost straight, host species: *Solenanthus* spp., *Lindelophia* spp.

#### **1278. Parentucellia favifora (Boiss.) Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 300 - 2400 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant annual, 4–35 cm high; plant densely villous and glandular, calyx 7–12 mm; corolla 1–1.4 mm, yellow.

#### **1279. Pedicularis amoenifora Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2300 - 4200 Flowering period: V - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–15 cm high; stem glabrous, but below inforescence villous; no basal leaves; cauline leaves opposite or in whorls, laceloate, with entire margin; inforescensce with many fowers, dense; corolla pink, 2–2.4 cm long, bent at the right angle; helmet (galea) with one small tooth.

#### **1280. Pedicularis cheilanthifolia Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 3500 - 4700 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–15 cm high; basal leaves present, with petioles; upper side of leaf glabrous, underside scarcely, shortely pubecent; cauline leaves opposite or in whorls; leaf blade margin revolute; corolla pink or white; helmet (galea) falcate, apex with short, conical beak or beakless.

#### **1281. Pedicularis dolichorrhiza Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires, forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant stem 10–85 cm high; calyx 8–12 mm long with equal teeth.

#### **1282. Pedicularis grigorjevii Ivanina**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Alpine steppes Elevational range: 3000 - 3300 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–8 cm high; stem densely hirsute, in the inforescence tomentosus; no basal leaves; cauline leaves on short petioles, lanceolate, pinnately divided with sharply incised segments; leaves opposite or in whorls; inforescense of capitate shape; corolla pale or intense yellow; helmet (galea) nearly stright, beakless; flaments of two stamens fliform; calyx 6–9 mm long, with unequal teeth.

**522 Orobanchaceae** 

#### **1283. Pedicularis inconspicua Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows Elevational range: 1650 - 3350 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with stem 1–5 cm high; basal leaves lacking, cauline leaves opposite or in whorls, almost glabrous; inforescence dense, ovoid, fowers in dense whorls; calyx campanulate 10–13 mm, glabrous or sparsely villous; corolla 24–28 mm long, tube decurved, upper lip apparently 2-dentate; capsule ovate.

#### **1284. Pedicularis korolkowii Regel**

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine meadows Elevational range: 1800 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 20 cm high; basal leaves petiolate 2–6 × 1–2 cm, pinnatisect with lanceolate blade; stem leaves in two whorls, sessile; inforescence dense, fowers in dense whorls, lower distant; calyx campanulate 6–8 mm, membranous; corolla 15–23 mm, tube decurved, lower lip widely trilobate; capsule ovate.

#### **1285. Pedicularis krylovii Bonati**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires, forbs Elevational range: 2100 - 4000 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant stem 18–25 cm high; calyx 1.4–1.5 cm long with unequal teeth.

**Orobanchaceae 523** 1283 1284 1285

1288

#### **1286. Pedicularis ludwigii Regel**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, fens and mires Elevational range: 3200 - 4300 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: hemicryptophyte; plant 5–20(–40) cm; root rod-like, slender; stems single or 3–6 cespitose, erect, unbranched, with lines of hairs; leaves opposite or in whorls; petiole 3–8 mm; inforescence spicate, 1.8–3 cm; calyx campanulate; corolla purple, ca. 2 cm, more than 2x as long as calyx.

#### **1287. Pedicularis oederi Vahl**

# **NT**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires, alpine swards Elevational range: 3800 - 5000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–25 cm high; drying black; stems glabrous in the bottom, woolly in the upper part; leaves mostly basal; petiole to 5 cm, pubescent; stem leaves 1 or 2 alternate; calyx 0.9–1.2 cm, tooth 5, equal; corolla yellow, with purple helmet (galea), more than 2 cm long.

#### **1288. Pedicularis olgae Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 3900 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high, crown pale yellow, going pink to violet. It occurrs also in a pink form (phot. 1313b, c).

#### **524 Orobanchaceae**

#### **1289. Pedicularis peduncularis Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 2200 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; root branched, fusiform–thickened; stem 2–4 × higher than basal leaves; leaves glabrous, alterante; corolla yellowishwhite with pale-violet beak and light-violet spot in the mounth of tube; beak at least as long as helmet.

#### **1290. Pedicularis rhinanthoides Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 2300 - 4400 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; stems multiple, 2–4 higher than basal leaves; cauline leaves alternate; corolla pink to dark violet, with bright spot in the mouth of corolla tube; helmet (galea) with long beak, equal to helmet or longer.

#### **1291. Pedicularis uliginosa Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 3400 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (5–)10–35 cm high; stems 1–4, slightly or 1.5–2 higher than basal leaves; stem leaves alternate; corolla pinkish-violet; helmet (galea) beakless.

1290

#### **1292. Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Pers.) Pomel**

**Synonyms:** *Orobanche aegyptiaca* Pers*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Fields, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 1600 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant; 15–40 cm high; stems often branched, corolla 2.5–3.5 cm, blue or light-violet; stigma white; host species: *Cucurbita* spp., *Solanum* spp.; *Nicotina* spp., and other cultivated plants.

#### **1293. Phelipanche libanotica (Schweinf.) Soják**

**Synonyms:** *Orobanche orientalis* Beck, *Phelipanche orientalis* (G. Beck) Soják

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 450 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; stems up to 40(–60) cm; calyx (7–)9 × 11 (–12) mm; corolla with upper lip deeply 2-lobed, lobes erect, triangular-lanceolate with subulate apex; lower lip deeply 3-lobed, lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute; host species: *Prunus* spp., *Amygdalus* spp.

#### **1294. Rhinanthus borbasii (Dörf.) Soó subsp. songaricus Soó**

**Synonyms:** *Rhinanthus songaricus* (Sterneck) B. Fedtsch.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 1200 - 1900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 65 cm high; calyx 1.6–2 cm long, glandular.

**526 Orobanchaceae** 

#### **1295. Oxalis corniculata L.**

**Synonyms:** *Xanthoxalis corniculata* (L.) Small

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, ruderal, felds, springs Elevational range: 500 - 1500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant creeping, pubescent, rooting at the nodes; fowers 6–7 mm long; capsule 1–2.5 cm long, pubescent; seeds transversely ribbed.

Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

#### **1296. Paeonia intermedia C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, alpine meadows, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–90 cm high; stems 5–15, erect; leaves with long petioles, blades 13–17 cm long; fower 8–13 cm in diameter. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

#### **1297. Corydalis bucharica Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 3200 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–45 cm high; stem slightly furrowed; spur 1.5–2 mm wide, 4–7 mm long, 2–3 × shorter than petals, not saccate; capsule 13–18 mm long.

#### **1298. Corydalis fedtschenkoana Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3100 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high, metallic grayglaucous; root elongate, narrow, branched; raceme dense, 20–40-fowered; capsule globose, infated.

#### **1299. Corydalis fmbrillifera Korsh.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, juniper forests, screes Elevational range: 2000 - 3400 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–30 cm high; stem slightly furrowed; petiole of basal leaves 2–4 × shorter than leaf balde; bracts undulate-margined; sepals 7–10 mm long with long, fliform apex; corolla-limbs fmbriate; capsule 13–16 mm long, fattened.

#### **1300. Corydalis gortschakovii Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3000 - 4600 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; caudex with some residual long pale petiolar bases; basal leaves several; stem leaves 1–3; raceme densely 10–30-fowered; spur as long as petals; capsule 10–12 mm long, oblonglanceolate.

#### **1301. Corydalis ledebouriana Kar. & Kir.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, xeric shrubs, moraines and snow-beds, forbs Elevational range: 900 - 3600 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; tuber like a small potato; stems with 2 opposite, sessile leaves; raceme longer than leaves, 4–10(–14)-fowered; bracts margin entire; spur upwardly curved, 1.5–2 × longer than petals; capsule broadly lanceolate.

#### **1302. Corydalis nudicaulis Regel**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 900 - 3200 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high, leaves on stem at intervals; petiole 5–15 cm long; raceme longer

than leaves, laxly; bracts margin entire; spur upcurved, 2.5–3.5 wide; almost 1.5 × longer than petals; capsule linear-lanceolate.

#### **1303. Corydalis popovii Nevski ex Popov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 900 - 1900 Flowering period: III - IV

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; stems with 2 opposite, sessile leaves; raceme 2–7-fowered, bracts 15– 20 mm long, margin entire; spur downcurved, 3.5–5 mm wide, 2 × loger than petals; capsule broadly lanceolate.

#### **1304. Corydalis ruksansii Lidén**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, juniper forests Elevational range: 1700 - 3300 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; leaves on stem at intervals; petiole 1–3 cm long; raceme longer than leaves, laxly; fowers white with a slight blue or lilac suffusion and thin bluish or blue-grey thread-like lines on the inner petals; spur up-curved, 2–2.5 wide, 1.5 × longer than petal.

#### **1305. Corydalis stricta Steph. ex DC.**

# **LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 2500 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; caudex covered with dry residues of leaves; leaves glaucous; raceme very dense, 20–50-fowered; spur saccate, 3–4 mm wide, 4–5 × shorter than petals; capsule 20–25 mm long, oblong.

#### **1306. Glaucium elegans Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 400 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; fower buds fusiform; petals yellow, reddish and black at base; capsule dehiscing from base to apex.

**530 Papaveraceae**

#### **1307. Glaucium fmbrilligerum Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: loose sandy screes, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 800 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant up to 60 cm high; fower buds fusiform; petals yellow or orange; capsules dehiscing from apex to base. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1308. Glaucium squamigerum Kar. & Kir.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes Elevational range: 2000 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant up to 40 cm high; fower buds oval; petals yellow, not blotched; capsules dehiscing

#### **1309. Hypecoum parviforum Kar. & Kir.**

**Synonyms:** *Hypecoum pendulum* L. var. *parviforum* (Kar. & Kir.) Krylov

from base to apex.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt shrubs, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 750 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 30 cm high; petals sulfur yellow, outer longer than wide; stigma lobes not divergent. Usefulness: For.

#### **1310. Hypecoum trilobum Trautv.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1000 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 35 cm high; petals bright yellow, outer wider than long; stigma lobes diverging.

#### **1311. Papaver croceum Ledeb.**

**Synonyms:** *Papaver angrenicum* Pazij

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine swards, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2900 - 4300 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; all leaves arranged at stem base; stems stiffy hairy, with bright hairs in lower part and reddish in the upper part of stem, sepals with dense reddish hairs; stamens 40–60, distinctly exceed stigma.

Usefulness: Med.

#### **1312. Papaver dubium L.**

**Synonyms:** *Papaver litwinowii* Fedde ex Bornm*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2700 - 2700 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plants 20–35(–45) cm high; sepals almost glabrous; petals with or without black blotch at base; capsule oblong-obovate, glabrous.

**532 Papaveraceae**

#### **1313. Papaver involucratum Popov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, nitrophilous rock footings Elevational range: 2800 - 4600 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25(–30) cm high; all leaves arranged at stem base; corolla bowl-shape, petals ca. 1 mm long; stamens up to 50, slightly exceed stigma; capsule covered with appressed, light bristles.

#### **1314. Papaver pavoninum C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes, felds Elevational range: 380 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50 cm high; sepals densely covered with bristle; petals with black arcuate blotch at base; capsule obovate, up to 10 mm long, densely covered with light, ascending bristles.

#### **1315. Roemeria refracta DC.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 700 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–60 cm high; stems covered with some bright hairs; terminal leaf lobes linear, sepals glabrous or sparsely hairy; petals with black blotch at base, capsule 4–7 cm long, narrowed upwards, ussualy glabrous, rarely covered with appressed bristles. Usefulness: Med.

1313

#### **1316. Sesamum indicum L.**

Phytogeographical element: A, I-T, S-S Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 400 - 1600 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 1.2 m high; stems 4-angled; leaves opposite or alternate, petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate, variously 3-parted, 4–20 × 2–10 cm, upper ones oblong to linear-lanceolate, margin entire; fowers white, pink, sometimes with darker markings; corolla 1.5–3.3 cm; capsule narrowly oblong, 15–30 × 6–7 mm; seeds horizontally arranged. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

#### **1317. Dodartia orientalis L.**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, screes, ruderal, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 2200 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–50 cm high, glabrous; stems with brown-yellow scales near base; leaves opposite or alternate; leaf blade scalelike to broadly linear, 1–4 cm, margin entire or sparsely toothed; racemes elongated, 3–7-fowered; calyx ca. 4 mm, subleathery, lobes broadly triangular; corolla purple to dark purple-red, 1.5–2.5 cm.

Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **1318. Andrachne fedtschenkoi Kossinsky**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1200 - 1800 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 3–15(–20) cm; stems numerous, straight, glabrous, slightly leafy; leaves green, petiolate; fowers 1–2(–3) in the axils of the leaves; petals half as long as sepals, white; anther flamants fused up tu 1/2 of their lenght.

#### **534 Pedaliaceae – Phrymaceae – Phyllanthaceae**

#### **1319. Andrachne pygmaea Kossinsky**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1000 - 1100 Flowering period: V Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 3–10 cm; leaves blue-green, suborbicular to elliptic-ovate, glabrous; sepals 1.3–1.5 mm long; anthers flamants fused only at base.

#### **1320. Andrachne telephioides L.**

**Synonyms:** *Andrachne rotundifolia* C.A. Mey., *Andrachne virgatenuis* Nevski

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, ruderal, steppes Elevational range: 450 - 1900 Flowering period: IV - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 30 cm high; leaves suborbicular to elliptic-ovate, glabrous; stipules white and/or purple; sepals 1.5–2 mm long; anthers flamants fused only at base; seeds almost rounded in outline.

#### **1321. Hippuris vulgaris L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Littoral vegetation, aquatic vegetation, water bodies Elevational range: 2300 - 4100 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high, heterophyllous, wholly or partly submerged; rhizome creeping, stout; leaves 6–12 in a whorl, sessile, 6–16 mm long, 1–2 mm broad, entire, glabrous; submerged leaves longer and thinner; fowers in the axils of short rigid emergent leaves; anther bilobed; fruit ovoid, 1.5–2 mm long, 1–1.5 mm broad.

#### **1322. Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, felds, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 1700 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 13–76 cm, densely pubescent; stems prostrate or decumbent; leaves 0.5–2.7 × 0.4–2.1 cm, pale green with very short petioles; leaf blades ovate to hastate; pedicels 0.7–2.4 cm long, bent; calyx 2.5–5 mm long, densely covered with long protruding hairs; corolla 6–8 mm, yellow purplish with purplish spur, 2–3 mm long.

#### **1323. Lagotis decumbens Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3800 - 4900 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 8–15 cm high; stems 1–3, leafy (not scapose), prostrate to ascending; basal leaves 5–10; petiole 6–7 cm; leaf blade ovate-oblong to ovate-

elliptic, 2.5–6 cm, margin coarsely serrate, apex obtuse; cauline leaves 3 or 4, leaf blade ovate, much smaller than basal leaves, margin obscurely toothed, apex acute; bracts ovate to broadly ovate; lower corolla lip 2- or 3-parted; style shorter than corolla tube.

#### **1324. Lagotis ikonnikovii Schischk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 2700 - 4700 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–38 cm high; stems 1–6(–10), leafy (not scapose), prostrate to ascending; margin of basal leaves entire or fnely dentate; bracts ovate to broadly ovate; lower lip of corolla 2-parted; style longer than corolla tube.

#### **1325. Lagotis integrifolia (Willd.) Schischk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2000 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 8–20 cm high; basal leaves petiolate 3–15 cm; leaf blade ovate-oblong to ovateelliptic, margin coarsely serrate, apex acute; cauline leaves smaller than basal leaves, apex acute; lower corolla lip 2-parted; style shorter than corolla tube.

#### **1326. Lagotis korolkowii**

**(Regel & Schmalh.) Maxim.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 2200 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 1.5–5 cm high; without conspicuous main stem, or with 1–5 very short, leafy stems, sometimes decumbent, producing adventitious roots; basal leaves 1–4.5 cm long, 2–5 mm broad, linear to linear-lanceolate, with entire margin; inforescence ovate, loose; bracts linear-lanceolate.

#### **1327. Linaria badachschanica Junussov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 2100 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–100 cm high; bluish; 2–5 stems; leaves alternate, 4–9 cm long, linear-acicular with strongly revolute leaf margins; inforescence glabrous; fowers large: calyx 2–5 mm; corolla 10–15 mm (without spur), and nectar spur 5–10 mm long; lips of corolla brownish to brownish-violet, corolla tube yellow.

#### **1328. Linaria bungei Kuprian.**

**Synonyms:** *Linaria transiliensis* Kuprian*.*

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Steppe Elevational range: 500 - 2000 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–50 cm high; stem often many branched from middle, glabrous; leaves alternate; leaf blade linear, 20–50 × 2–3 mm, glabrous; inforescences spicate, with several to numerous fowers; calyx glabrous or sparsely with short glandular hairs; corolla purple, 1.2–1.5 cm, spur straight, 1–1.5 cm; capsule subglobose, 6 × 4.5 mm.

#### **1329. Linaria popovii Kuprian.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 1300 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–95 cm high; inforescence glabrous, loose; leaves lanceolate with 1–3 veins; fower peduncles 1–4 mm.

#### **1330. Nanorrhinum ramosissimum (Wall.) Betsche**

**Synonyms:** *Kickxia ramosissima* (Wall.) Janch.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, S-S Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1750 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 7–20 cm, densely pubescent;

stems numerous, prostrate or decumbent; leaves pale green, petiolate; leaf blades hastate, apex acute; pedicels longer than perianth, bent; calyx densely covered with long protruding hairs; corolla yellow to yellow reddish, spur yellow.

#### **1331. Plantago arachnoidea Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2600 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 3–25 cm high; corolla glabrous, 3–4 mm; leaves lanceolate.

#### **1332. Plantago coronopus L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Salt marshes Elevational range: 400 - 3200 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 4–20(– 25) cm high; corolla pilose, 3–4.5 mm; inforescence 0.5–4 cm, leaves oblong-lanceolate, pinnatidentate to (bi-) pinnatifd; segments linear to lanceolate.

#### **1333. Plantago griffthii Decne.**

**Synonyms:** *Plantago gentianoides* Sm. subsp*. griffthsii* (Decne.) Rech. f.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 2300 - 4300 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–20(–25) cm high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, ovate or elliptical; inforescence 0.5–4 cm long; corolla glabrous, 3–4.5 mm long; seeds 4–6, 1.5–2 mm long, almost smooth.

**Plantaginaceae 539**

#### **1334. Plantago lagocephala Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1200 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 3–10 cm high; leaves linear lanceolate or lanceolate; petals pubescent; inforescence 0.7–3 cm.

#### **1335. Plantago maritima L.**

**Synonyms:** *Plantago salsa* Pall.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Salt marshes Elevational range: 3500 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with rosette leaves strigillose, linear, 7–32 × 0.2–0.8 cm, leathery with 3 to 5 veins; spikes cylindric 5–17 cm, densely fowered; peduncle 10– 35 cm, white strigillose; sepals 2.2–3 mm, keel, margin, and apex hirsutulous, keel thick and not extending to apex; corolla yellowish, tube outside pubescent; seeds brown, ellipsoid 1.6–2.3 mm.

#### **1336. Plantago minuta Pall.**

**VU**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 2–7 cm high; pubescent; leaves lanceolate to linear; spikes capitate to shortly cylindric, 0.6–2 cm, densely fowered; peduncle (1–)2– 12 cm, tenuous, along with rachis densely grayish to yellowish villous–lanate or sometimes glabrous; corolla glabrous, up to 33 mm long; calyx sepals free; capsules 2-seeded; seeds yellowish-brown, ellipsoid-ovoid to ellipsoid, (2.5–)3–4 mm, shiny, with a broad groove on ventral face.

**540 Plantaginaceae**

#### **1337. Veronica alpina L.**

**Synonyms:** *Veronicastrum alpinum* Fourr.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards Elevational range: 2900 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10(–15) cm high, covered with protruding hairs; stems simple, slightly procumbent; leaves sessile, ovate, 0.7–2 × 0.5–1 cm, margin subentire,

apex obtuse; inforescences short at anthesis, 2–3 cm in fruit; bracts oblanceolate, 3–4 mm; calyx 3–4 mm, elliptic; corolla longer than calyx; tube 1.5–2 mm, limb dark blue; capsule obcordate-ovoid, slightly compressed.

#### **1338. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields, salt marshes, littoral vegetation, aquatic vegetation

Elevational range: 500 - 2400

Flowering period: IV - IX

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 12–40 cm high; stem glabrous; leaves 2–6.5 × 0.5–2.5 cm, ovate to linear; stem leaves often amplexicaul; corolla longer than calyx; styles short, 1.3–1.8 mm long, 2 × shorter than capsule; calyx teeth equal to capsule or longer.

#### **1339. Veronica anagalloides Guss.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields, littoral vegetation, aquatic vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 2900 Flowering period: V - X Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–60 cm high; stem prostrate, the upper part glandular; leaves sessile, amplexicaul, 1–8 × 0.4–3 cm, lanceolate to linear; cauline leaves opposite; inforescence a raceme; pedicels 4–5 mm long; calyx teeth free (or shortly fused); capsule elliptical, truncate at the top.

#### **1340. Veronica arguteserrata Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 3000 Flowering period: III - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 4–30(–40) cm high; stem pilose, glandular; cauline leaves opposite; inforescence a raceme; pedicels 3–10 mm long; calyx 4-lobed, laterally more shallowly parted to 3/4 of length; corolla 1.5–2 × shorter than calyx; capsule obcordate, shorter than calyx, strongly compressed, 3.5–5 × 4–8 mm, apex notch 1/2–2/3 of capsule length and angled at 30–60; style, 0.8–1.5 mm, reaching about middle of notch.

#### **1341. Veronica beccabunga L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fens and mires, aquatic vegetation Elevational range: 600 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–22 cm high; stem hollow, glabrous; cauline leaves opposite, ovate, obtuse, with short petioles; leaf 7–22 × 3–15 mm; racemes 2–5 cm long, coming from leaves' axils; capsule 3–4 mm long and wide, nearly rounded. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **1342. Veronica biloba Schreb. ex L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, rocks, screes, forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - IX

Remarks: Therophyte; plant (1–)4–15 cm high; stems sparcely pubescent, upper part glandular; cauline leaves opposite, leaf 4–15 mm 2–6 mm; pedicels under fruits straight; corolla 1.5–2 × shorter than calyx; style 0.4–0.8 mm, included in notch, 2 × shorter than capsule lobes; capsule pointing upwards, 3–4 mm long; seeds navicular; seed coat obscurely transversely rugose.

**542 Plantaginaceae**

#### **1343. Veronica bucharica B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 2000 Flowering period: III - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 3–20 (–25) cm high; cauline leaves opposite; leaf 5–25 × 3–15 mm; inforescence a raceme; pedicels pubescent 2–14 mm long; calyx 4-lobed, lobe 3.5–5 mm long; corolla 7–11 mm in diameter, 2 × longer than calyx; capsule reniform 5–7 mm 1–1.5 mm; capsule notched almost to the base; capsule lobes not bent, arranged nearly horizonhighy; seeds navicular; seed coat obscurely transversely rugose.

#### **1344. Veronica campylopoda Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, felds, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 3–20 (–30) cm high; stem shortly pubescent, often glandular; cauline leaves opposite, leaf 5–20 × 2–10 mm, with short petiole; inforescence a raceme; pedicels arcuate, 4–12 mm long; calyx 4-lobed, calyx lobe 4–7 × 1–2 mm; corolla 1.5–2 × shorter than calyx; style 2–3 × shorter than capsule lobes; capsule dropping, obcordate, 3–4 mm wide, notched almost to the base; seeds navicular, narrowly ovoid; seed coat transversely 4–6–folded.

1343

#### **1345. Veronica cardiocarpa (Kar. & Kir.) Walp.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, rocks, screes, felds, steppes Elevational range: 1300 - 3900 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 4–25 cm high; stems erect, pubescent; leaves 4, below inforescence, ovate-oblong, 10–25 × 5–15 mm, widest in middle, base rounded, margin dentate; corolla 2–4 mm in diam.; calyx 4-lobed, 6–12 mm, ca. 2 as long as capsule; capsule obcordate, strongly compressed, 2–4.5 × 4.5–5.5 mm, deeply notched; capsule lobes ovateorbicular, obtuse, apex short acuminate; style 0.5–0.8 mm, ca. 1/2 as long as notch.

#### **1346. Veronica intercedens Bornm.**

1346

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes, felds Elevational range: 550 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–20(–32) cm high; stems with short hairs; leaves 9–35(–45) × 1.5–5(–8) mm, 4 spirally arranged or in two pairs, linear or linear lanceolate; corolla 4–5 mm in diam, bluish; calyx 4-lobed, 5–8 mm during fruiting; capsule 3–4 × 4–5 mm, parted up to 1/3, compressed; style up to 1 mm.

#### **1347. Veronica persica Poir.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Orchards and gardens, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 400 - 2000 Flowering period: II - IX

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–20 cm high, 20–50 cm long; stem diffuse; leaves opposite; leaf entire with short petiole; leaf blade 5–20 × 3–14 mm; leaf margin crenate; racemes terminal, lax, very long; one fower per bracteole's axil; pedicels 1.2–4 cm long, fruiting 2–4 longer than bracteoles; corolla blue, 7–12 mm in diameter, 2 × longer than calyx; capsule obcordate, 2-lobed, pubescent; 4–8 seeds per locule in the fruit.

**544 Plantaginaceae**

#### **1348. Veronica polita Fr.**

**Synonyms:** *Veronica didyma* Ten*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields, steppes Elevational range: 300 - 2000 Flowering period: II - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm high, sparsely pubescent; leaves opposite, 1–3 pairs; leaf blade ovate to suborbicular, 5–11 × 4–9 mm, abaxially whitish hairy, adaxially sparsely pubescent to subglabrous, margin revolute with 2–4 deeply incised teeth per side; pedicels 2–15 mm long, equal to bracteoles; corolla light blue or pinkish, 4–6 mm in diameter, equal to calyx or slightly longer; capsule reniform, 2-lobed, pubescent. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1349. Veronica porphyriana Pavlov**

**Synonyms:** *Pseudolysimachion porphyrianum* (Pavl.) Holub, *Veronica spicata* L. subsp*. porphyriana* (Pavl.) A. Jelen

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, pseudosteppes, screes Elevational range: 1500 - 2750 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 30 cm high; stem densely glandural pubescent; leaves opposite, lanceolate, 2–5 × 0.5–2 cm crenate-dentate with obtuse apex; fowers in dense, terminal spike, bracts narrowly lanceolate; calyx deeply dissected to four lobes, glandular hairy, 3.5–4 mm; corolla dark blue with hairy tube inside; capsule ovoid, 3–3.5 mm, eglandular.

#### **1350. Veronica reuterana Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, felds, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 2300

Flowering period: III - VII

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 4–16 cm high; stem prostrate, glabrous at the bottom, sparcely glandular at the upper part; cauline leaves opposite, (3–)5–12 × (1.5–)2.5–8 mm, ovate or round-ovate; inforescence a raceme; pedicel 3–10 mm long; corolla light blue, longer than calyx; calyx deeply incised, 4-lobed, 2–3 mm long; style equal to capsule lobes; capsule reniform, 2-lobed, notched up to 1/2 of the lenght, 3–3.5 mm long; seeds elliptical, oblate, glabrous.

#### **1351. Veronica spuria L.**

**Synonyms:** *Pseudolysimachion spurium* (L.) Rauschert

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1400 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 80 cm high, erect, apically branched, densely pubescent; leaf blade narrowly oblong to elliptic 3–8 × 1–3 cm, puberulent, margin deeply dentate, upper leaves often subentire; inforescences several to numerous racemes, short glandular hairy; calyx ca. 2 mm;

corolla purple to blue 5–6 mm; capsule 2.5–3.5 × 2–2.5 mm.

#### **1352. Veronica verna L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1100 - 3400 Flowering period: IV - VII

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–25 cm high; stems simple or fastigiate, lower part shortly pubescent, upper with glandular trichomes, often reddish; leaves early deciduous, lower ones short petiolate, middle sessile; leaf blade ovate, pinnatifd, 5–12 × 4–7 mm; pedicels very short 1–2 mm; corolla pale blue to blue-purple, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx; calyx with 4, lanceolate, 3-veined lobes; style less than 1 mm, shorter to almost as high as notch.

**546 Plantaginaceae**

#### **1353. Veronica rubrifolia Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Veronica ferganica* M. Pop

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, alpine pastures, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2000 - 4400 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 1–8 cm high; stems often reddish, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to ovate-oblong, margin entire or shallowly incised; corolla white or pale blue, shorter than calyx; calyx 4-lobed, 3–4.5(–6) mm; capsule 3–3.5 × 4–5 mm, slightly shorter than calyx, parted up to 1/2–2/3 with sharp angle between parts; capsule lobes ovate, margin red glandular ciliate, glabrous or eglandular puberulent; style ca. 0.5 mm.

### **1354. Platanus orientalis L.**

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests Elevational range: 400 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - V

Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; trees deciduous, to 30 m high; fruiting branchlets with (2 or)3–5 infructescences; leaf blade broadly ovate, 9–18 × 8–16 cm, deeply (3 or)5- or 7-lobed, both surfaces gray-yellow pubescent, central leaf lobe longer than wide; stipules less than 1 cm; fowers 4-merous; basal hairs of achenes exserted from infructescence.

Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1355. Acantholimon alatavicum Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes, rocks Elevational range: 1700 - 3600 Flowering period: V - IX

Remarks: Chamaephyte; cushions 30–40(–100) cm wide; leaf blade glaucous, glabrous; inforescences unbranched; peduncle 3–6 cm, densely pubescent; spike ca. 2 cm, with 5–8 spikelets; spikelets 1-fowered; bracts glabrous; calyx 1–1.2 cm, limb white.

#### **1356. Acantholimon alexeenkoanum Czerniak. ex Ikonn.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, rocks, steppes Elevational range: 2000 - 4400 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; cushions 5–25 cm wide; leaf

4–8 cm long and 0.9–1.5 mm wide, glabrous; peduncles 1–1.5 cm high; spike with 1–3 spikelets; calyx ca. 7 mm, limb white; corolla light-pink.

#### **1357. Acantholimon anzobicum Lincz.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, forbs Elevational range: 2400 - 3600 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; cushions 20–40 cm wide, loose, fatted; leaves short 0.5–1.2 cm long and 0.5–1 mm wide; calyx 1–1.1 cm long, limb white-pink; corolla white-pink.

#### **1358. Acantholimon compactum Korovin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, rocks, steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 2000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; cushions 5–15 cm wide; leaf 0.5–1.5 (–2.5) cm long and 1–1.5 mm wide, glabrous; peduncles 15–20 cm high; spike with 5–8 spikelets 2–3-fowered; calyx 10–12 mm, limb pink; corolla pink.

#### **1359. Acantholimon diapensioides Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine steppes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2900 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; cushions 30–70(–120) cm wide; leaf blade usually pale glaucous, lanceolate to linear, 1.5–4(–5) × 0.6–0.9 mm; inforescences without a rachis; spikelets (1–)2 or 3; calyx 5–6.5 mm, limb white; corolla pink.

#### **1360. Acantholimon hedinii Ostenf.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, EI-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 3200 - 4700 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; cushions 20–70 cm wide; leaf blade pale glaucous, lanceolate to linear, 4–8 × 0.6– 0.8 mm; inforescences without a rachis; spikelets (1 or)2 or 3; calyx ca. 7–8.5 mm, limb white; corolla pink.

#### **1361. Acantholimon hilariae Ikonn.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2700 - 4300 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; cushions 25–45(90) cm wide; leaf 0.8–1.6 cm long and 1 mm wide, shortly pubescent; peduncles 1.8–3 cm high; spikelets 3–4(7); calyx 8–10 mm, limb white; corolla white to white-pink.

The arid semi-deserts of the Eastern Pamir.

#### **1362. Acantholimon komarovii Czerniak.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 2500 - 3400 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; cushions 10–20 cm wide; leaf 0.5–1 cm long and 0.5–1 mm wide; peduncles up to 2 cm high; spikelets 3–7; calyx 7–9 mm, limb white; corolla pink.

#### **1363. Acantholimon korolkovii (Regel) Korovin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, rocks, steppes Elevational range: 2200 - 3900 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; cushions 30–40(–60) cm wide; leaf 0.5–1(–1.5) cm long and ca. 1 mm wide, pubescent; peduncles 2–6 cm high, pubescent; spike with 1-fowered spikelets, calyx 7–12 mm, limb white; corolla pink.

#### **1364. Acantholimon laxum Czerniak.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, rocks Elevational range: 2000 - 2500 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; cushions 15–25 cm wide; summer leaf blade glaucous, linear needle-like, 2.0–2.5 cm × 1–1.5 mm, rigid, glabrous, apex shortly awned; spikelets 1-fowered, 11-12 mm; bracts glabrous 4 mm; calyx 10–11 cm, limb purple, corolla rose-purple.

**552 Plumbaginaceae**

#### **1365. Acantholimon parviforum Regel**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; cushions 20–160 cm wide; leaf 2–3.5 (–4.5) cm long and 1–1.5 mm wide; peduncles 15–25(–40) cm high; spikelets 5–7(–10) with one fower; calyx 7–8 mm, limb white; corolla pink.

#### **1366. Cephalorhizum popovii Lincz.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 550 - 1500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; leaves bluish; calyx 7–8 mm long and is covered by a bract not longer than half its length; calyx tube velvety soft as bracts 1.5 mm diameter.

**1367. Chaetolimon setiferum (Bunge) Lincz.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Screes, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 1100 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–35 cm high; calyx 1–1.5 mm in diameter with narrow veins.

#### **1368. Chaetolimon sogdianum Lincz.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 850 - 1400 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–90 cm high; spikelets tightly pressed to the axis of peduncle; calyx almost completely hidden under the external bract.

#### **1369. Goniolimon orthocladum Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1400 - 2700 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–65 cm high; leaves oblanceolate or obovate, 5–14 × 1–3.5 cm, thin, base attenuate, apex acuminate; inforescences capitate, spikes with 7–11 spikelets; spikelets 3–5-fowered; calyx 7–8 mm, tube 1.2–1.5 mm in diameter, veins purple and reaching to or extending beyond middle of limb.

#### **1370. Limonium komarovii Ikonn.-Gal.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Salt marshes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 1000 - 2800 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 35–50(–70) cm high; inforescence loose; fowers with peduncles 1.5–2 mm.

**554 Plumbaginaceae**

#### **1371. Limonium otolepis (Schrenk) Kuntze**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, felds, salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 550 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–90(–120) cm high; leaves on main branches of inforescences clasping, rounded or reniform; calyx obconical, 2.2–2.5 mm. Usefulness: Foo, Orn.

#### **1372. Limonium reniforme (Girard) Lincz.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T

Habitat: Riverside forests, felds, salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 450 - 1400

Flowering period: V - X

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–80(–120) cm high; leaves present on stem and within inforescence, calyx 3–4 mm long.

Usefulness: Ind.

#### **1373. Limonium suffruticosum (L.) Kuntze**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 500 - 700 Flowering period: VII - X Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 10–30(60) cm high; leaves 0.5–7 × 0.2–1 cm; stems covered by lightly colored scarious scales; inforescences interrupted spicate. Usefulness: For.

#### **1374. Psylliostachys leptostachya Roshk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 700 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant (5–)10–20(–50) cm high; leaves (2.5–)4–10(–15) cm long, outline lanceolate very deeply lobed (almost to the middle vein); calyx lobes with a long spike-shaped tip; corolla white or rose. Usefulness: Ind.

#### **1375. Psylliostachys × myosuroides (Regel) Roshkova**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 600 - 1400 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant (10–)15–30(–50) cm high; leaves (5–)10–15(–20) cm long, outline lanceolate very deeply lobed, lobes narrow and linear; calyx lobes with a long spike-shaped tip; corolla pink or dark pink or white.

#### **1376. Psylliostachys suworowii Roshk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fields, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50(–80) cm high; leaves 5–15(–20) cm long with margins entire to deep-lobed; inforescences very dense, thick; corolla pink. Usefulness: Foo, Orn.

**556 Plumbaginaceae**

#### **1377. Achnatherum caragana (Trin.) Nevski**

**Synonyms:** *Stipa caragana* Trin*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1100 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–120 cm high, panicle open; glumes 4–5 mm; awn 7–10 mm.

#### **1378. Achnatherum jacquemontii Jaub. & Spach.**

**Synonyms:** *Achnatherum botschanzevii* Tzvelev

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1900 - 2000 Flowering period: VI - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; panicle contracted; glumes 5–6 mm; awn 20–30 mm.

#### **1379. Achnatherum sibiricum (L.)**

**Keng ex Tzvelev Synonyms:** *Stipa sibirica* (L.) Lam.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, C-A Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 900 - 1100 Flowering period: VII - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 70–150 cm high; panicle contracted; glumes 7–10 mm, yellowish green or purple; awn 15–20 mm.

1378

#### **1380. Aegilops cylindrica Host**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Meadows, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 1050 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–50(–70) cm high; spikelets 6–10 cm long; glumes with 1 awn and 2 teeth. Usefulness: For.

#### **1381. Aegilops tauschii Coss.**

**Synonyms:** *Aegilops squarrosa* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 500 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; glumes 4–6 mm, without teeth or fne dentate. Usefulness: For.

#### **1382. Aegilops triuncialis L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, forbs Elevational range: 375 - 1900 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–45 cm high; spikes 3–6 cm long (excluding the awns), glumes of lowest spikelet 7–10 mm long, usually with 3 teeth, 2–3 of which form awns. Usefulness: For.

#### **1383. Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 2700 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; culm and leaves glabrous; spikelet with 6–8(–10) fowers. Usefulness: For.

#### **1384. Agropyron cristatum (L.) Geartn.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, C Asia Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, semi deserts Elevational range: 500 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte, plant 20–60(–80) cm tall; spike oblong-ovoid, 0.8–1.5 cm wide; spikelets 6–9(–12) mm, with (3–)5–7 forets.

#### **1385. Alopecurus himalaicus Hook. f.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Fens and mires, alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 3100 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–50 cm high; glume apex sharply acuminate to awnlike; lemma shorter than glumes. Usefulness: For.

#### **1386. Alopecurus mucronatus Hack.**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 3000 - 4200 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–12 cm high; glumes with awns. Usefulness: For.

#### **1387. Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, ruderal Elevational range: 350 - 950 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; lemma awned; the awn exceeding the glume tips by 4–8 mm; anthers 3–4 mm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **1388. Alopecurus pratensis L.**

**Synonyms:** *Alopecurus seravschanicus* Ovcz*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 2000 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 100 cm high; glume apices straight or slightly converging; awn long exserted, arising from lower 1/4 of lemma. Usefulness: For.

#### **1389. Anthoxanthum alpinum Á. Löve & D. Löve**

**Synonyms:** *Anthoxanthum odoratum* L. subsp*. alpinum* (á. Löve & D. Löve) Tzvelev

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Meadows, steppes Elevational range: 2000 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–25 cm; leaf blades always glabrous; panicle 2–3 cm, pedicels glabrous; spikelets with glabrous glumes.

#### **1390. Apera interrupta (L.) P. Beauv.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, steppes Elevational range: 900 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–40 cm; leaves 1–3 mm wide; panicle compressed, 3–18 cm; lemma 1.5–1.9 mm with 8–13 mm long awn.

#### **1391. Aristida adscensionis L.**

**Synonyms:** *Aristida heymannii* Regel

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Semi-deserts, deserts, steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–55 cm high; glumes subequal; lemma linear, distinctly longer than upper glume; awn branches arising directly from lemma apex; central branch 1–2.5 cm, laterals slightly shorter. Usefulness: For.

1390

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, ruderal Elevational range: 450 - 900 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–6 m tall; panicle 30–60 cm; lemmas 8–11 mm, hairs 5–6 mm.

#### **1393. Avena sativa L.**

Phytogeographical element: Cultivated Habitat: Cultivated on felds Elevational range: 450 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 40–180 cm high; rachilla tough, spikelets not regularly disarticulating; glumes as long as spikelet; lemmas leathery, distinctly veined in upper half.

#### **1394. Avena sterilis L. subsp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne**

**Synonyms:** *Avena trichophylla* C. Koch

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Meadows, felds, forbs Elevational range: 700 - 2100 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30–120 cm high; glumes equal, awn beneath bent, shortly hispid. Usefulness: For.

#### **1395. Boissiera squarrosa (Sol.) Nevski**

**Synonyms:** *Euraphis squarrosa* (Banks & Sol.) Soják, *Pappophorum squarrosum* Banks & Sol.

Phytogeographical element: , I-T, M Habitat: Juniper forests, loose sandy screes, ruderal, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 2550 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–25 cm high, leaves and sheaths shortly pubescent, panicle very dense, ospikelets several fowered, lemma prominently (5–)9-nerved, the nerves excurrent below the tip as recurved awns fattened at the base.

#### **1396. Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake**

**Synonyms:** *Bothriochloa caucasica* (Trin.) C.E. Hubb.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, ruderal Elevational range: 600 - 1200 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–150 cm high; inforescence more or less dense, with more than 12 racemes.

#### **1397. Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M, Orient Habitat: River beds, felds, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 2300 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–80 cm high; inforescence with 2–10 racemes, subdigitate. Usefulness: For.

#### **1398. Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv.**

**Synonyms:** *Trachynia distachya* (L.) Link

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 1000 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; spikelets 2–3 cm, laterally compressed, forets 10–16; glumes pilose or glabrous, apex acute, lemmas 7.5–10 mm, glabrous, thinly setose or pubescent; awn 7–15 mm; anthers 0.5–1 mm.

#### **1399. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests Elevational range: 800 - 2100 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–110 cm high; tussockforming plant with short rhizomes.

#### **1400. Bromus alaicus Korsh.**

**Synonyms:** *Littledalea alaica* (Korsh.) Petrov ex Kom.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 3000 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–25 cm; panicle with 4–10 spikelets; glumes 1.2–17 mm; lemma 8–10 mm, awnless.

#### **1401. Bromus danthoniae Trin.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, meadows, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2600 - 3000 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; lemmas usually 3-awned, central awn 15–25 mm, base fattened, twisted, recurved, lateral awns 4–10 mm, straight or recurved; palea shorter than lemma. Usefulness: For.

#### **1402. Bromus gracillimus Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Nevskiella gracillima* (Bunge) V. Krecz. & Vved.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2100 - 4100 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–30 cm high; awn 4–6 times length of lemma; lemma apex minutely 2-toothed.

#### **1403. Bromus inermis Leyss.**

**Synonyms:** *Zerna inermis* (Leyss.) Lindm.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1000 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–120 cm high, with spreading rhizomes; panicle ca. 20 cm; lemmas awnless or with very short (up to 15 mm) awn.

#### **1404. Bromus japonicus Thunb.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 500 - 2800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; panicle unilaterale at maturity; lemmas elliptic, 8–10 × ca. 2 mm in side view, awned from 1–2 mm below apex; awn 5–10 mm, longer on upper lemmas than lower lemmas, base slightly fattened, conspicuously recurved at maturity.

#### **1405. Bromus lanceolatus Roth**

**Synonyms:** *Bromus macrostachys* Desf*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Meadows, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 2800 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 25–70 cm high; spikelets broadly elliptic, ca. 10 mm wide; lemma smooth, with apex shallowly toothed, teeth 1–2 mm; panicle slightly contracted, branches not longer than spikelets, obliquely

ascending. Usefulness: For.

#### **1406. Bromus oxyodon Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 650 - 2800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 30–70 cm high; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, ca. 6 mm wide; lemma apex deeply toothed, teeth (1.5–)3–4 mm; panicle open, branches several times longer than spikelets, lower glume ca. 10 mm; lemma 15–18 mm, awn 20–25 mm, lower part slightly fattened, twisted, conspicuously recurved. Usefulness: For.

#### **1407. Bromus paulsenii Hack.**

**Synonyms:** *Bromopsis pamirica* (Drobow) Holub, *Bromopsis paulsenii* (Hackel ex Paulsen) Holub, *Bromopsis paulsenii* subsp*. pamirica* (Drobow) Tzvelev, *Bromopsis paulsenii* subsp*. turkestanica*  (Drobow) Tzvelev, *Bromopsis turkestanica* (Drobow) Holub., *Zerna turkestanica* (Drob.) Nevski

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes Elevational range: 2300 - 3600 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant tufted, 20–40 cm high; pubescent or upper part often glabrous leaf blades densely pubescent; glumes lanceolate, glabrous, lower glume 6–8 mm, 3–5-veined, upper glume 8–10 mm, 3–5-veined; lemmas broadly lanceolate, ca. 10 mm, glabrous, smooth or scabrid; awn 3–5 mm, straight. Usefulness: For.

#### **1408. Bromus scoparius L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, ruderal, felds, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 750 - 2800 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 8–30 cm high; panicle dense, 3–6 mm long, with many spikelets; lemmas 7–8 mm, apical teeth 1.3–2.5 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **1409. Bromus sterilis L.**

**Synonyms:** *Anisantha sterilis* (L.) Nevski

sparse, 1 or 2 per branch.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 700 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30–80 cm high; panicle lax, branches up to 10 cm, with 1 or no branchlets; spikelets

1412

#### **1410. Bromus tectorum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Anisantha tectorum* (L.) Nevski

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Juniper forests, rocks, screes, ruderal, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 3700 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–35 cm high; panicle branches longer or shorter than spikelets, pubescent; spikelets 1–8 per branch. Usefulness: For.

#### **1411. Calamagrostis anthoxanthoides (Munro) Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Stilpnophleum anthoxanthoides* (Munro) Nevski

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 2700 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant tufted, shortly rhizomatous; culms erect, 10–35 cm; panicle very dense, spikelike, broadly oblong to ovate in outline, 2–4 × 1.2–2 cm, light brownish purple becoming golden.

#### **1412. Calamagrostis anthoxanthoides (Munro) Regel. subsp. laguroides (Regel) Tzvelev**

**Synonyms:** *Calamagrostis laguroides* Regel*, Stilpnophleum anthoxanthoides* (Regel) Nevski

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1900 - 2500 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant tufted, shortly rhizomatous; culms erect, 40–90 cm; panicle very dense, spikelike, broadly oblong in outline, 4–6 × 1.2–2 cm, light brownish purple.

#### **1413. Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller f.) Koeler**

**Synonyms:** *Calamagrostis glauca* (M. Bieb.) Rchb.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, Orient, E-S Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 550 - 3250 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–110 cm high; lower glume membranous, 3-veined, inforescence pendent. Usefulness: For.

#### **1414. Calamagrostis tianschanica Rupr.**

**Synonyms:** *Deyeuxia tianschanica* (Rupr.) Bor

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Fens and mires, salt marshes Elevational range: 3300 - 4400 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; panicle dense, spikelike; spikelets 4–6 mm, purple; awn geniculate with twisted column, conspicuously exceeding glumes; anthers 1.5–2 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **1415. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ditches, roadsides Elevational range: 1200 - 3600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–70 cm tall; panicle loose, open, branches to 10 cm; lemma 2–3 mm.

#### **1416. Catabrosa capusii Franch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Littoral vegetation Elevational range: 2500 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–40 cm tall; panicle narrow, contracted; branches adpressed or suberect; spikelets with (1–)2 forets, 3–4 mm long; lemma 2–2.7 mm.

#### **1417. Colpodium leucolepis Nevski**

**Synonyms:** *Paracolpodium leucolepis* (Nevski) Tzvelev

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine pastures, salt marshes Elevational range: 3800 - 4700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm tall; panicle compressed, 5–8 cm with short branches; lemma acute at the apex.

#### **1418. Colpodium parviforum Boiss. & Buhse**

**Synonyms:** *Catabrosella parvifora* (Boiss. & Buhse) E.B. Alexeev ex R.R. Mill

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Wet placeas, roadsides, ruderal habitats, salty places Elevational range: 1900 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm tall; panicle loose, open, 6–12 cm with glabrous and smooth branches; lemma obtuse at the apex.

#### **1419. Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S, Americ Habitat: Fields, salt marshes Elevational range: 500 - 1500 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; inforescence longer than wide; blade of uppermost leaf clearly demarcated from its sheath; palea 2-veined; stamens 3.

#### **1420. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 350 - 2000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 8–40 cm high; rhizomatous or stoloniferous, sometimes sward forming; inforescence digitate or sometimes 2 or more closely spaced whorls; anthers more than 1 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **1421. Dactylis glomerata L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 900 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–120 cm high; spikelets 6–7(–10) mm with 3–4 fowers; lower glume 6–6.5 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **1422. Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Riverside forests, alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 1850 - 3250 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 80 cm high; panicle lax and open, or contracted but not spikelike, 6–30 cm, narrowly oblong to ovate, awn hidden in spikelet, spikelets 4–5 mm long with 2–3 forets. Usefulness: For.

#### **1423. Deschampsia koelerioides Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine pastures Elevational range: 1850 - 2850 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 80 cm high; panicle dense, spikelike, 1–7 cm, ovate to oblong, brownish purple with yellowish sheen. Usefulness: For.

#### **1424. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.**

**Synonyms:** *Dactylon sanguinale* (L.) Vill., *Milium sanguinale* (L.) Roxb., *Paspalum sanguinale* (L.) Lam.

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 500 - 1200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–80 cm high; leaf sheaths pilose; inforescence digitate or subdigitate, axis 1–2 cm; racemes 4–12, stiff, 5–18 cm; spikelets paired.

#### **1425. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link**

**Synonyms:** *Panicum crus-galli* L. subsp*. colonum* (L.) Makino & Nemoto

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 500 - 1200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 60 cm; inforescence narrow, 5–10 cm; racemes 1–2 cm, erect or sometimes stiffy diverging, simple; spikelets plumply ovate-oblong, 2–3 mm.

#### **1426. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 500 - 1100 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant tufted, 10–50 cm high; inforescence digitate; spikelets 3–9-fowered, 4.6–7.8 mm long; lower glume 1.1–3.9 mm long; upper glume 1.8–4.7 mm long; lemmas lanceolate, 2.4–4.8 mm long.

#### **1427. Elymus sibiricus L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, semi deserts Elevational range: 500 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–90 cm tall. Leaf sheath glabrous; spike pendulous, lax, 15–20 cm; rachis margin scabrous, ciliolate; glumes narrowly lanceolate, 4–5 mm; lemma lanceolate, scabrous or puberulent; frst lemma 8–11 mm; awn 15–20 mm.

#### **1428. Elymus transhyrcanus (Nevski) Tzvelev**

**Synonyms:** *Agropyron leptourum* (Nevski) Grossh., *Roegneria leptoura* Nevski

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1600 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant tufted, up to 90 cm high; glumes slightly shorter than the lowest fower in spikelet; lemma glabrous with 2–5 mm long awn.

#### **1429. Enneapogon persicus Boiss.**

## **LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 450 - 1350 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; panicle contracted; glumes sparsely hairy, the lower 5.5–10 mm long, the upper 7–11.5 mm long; fertile lemma with awns 10–13 mm long.

#### **1430. Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign.-Lut. ex Janch.**

**Synonyms:** *Eragrostis megastachya* (Koel.) Link

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields, roads, meadows, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 1500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–25 cm high, glandular on the culms, leaf sheaths, and panicle; spikelets 2–3 mm broad, lower lemma 2.2–2.8 mm.

#### **1431. Eragrostis minor Host.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal habitats Elevational range: 400 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant (5–)15–50 cm high; leaf sheaths usually shorter than internodes, with long silky hairs, along veins glandular.

#### **1432. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, Orient, Amer Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 650 - 1800 Flowering period: VI - X Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; spikelets linear, 0.7–1.2 mm wide; lower glume 1.5–2 times shorter then the upper. Usefulness: For.

#### **1433. Eragrostis virescens J. Presl**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal habitats Elevational range: 900 - 2100 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–50 cm; inforescence branches glabrous, pedicels shorter than their spikelets; spikelets pale green to yellowish.

1431

#### **1434. Eremopoa persica (Trin.) Roshev.**

**Synonyms:** *Eremopoa oxyglumis* Roshev*.*

Phytogeographical element: SE, EI-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; lemma usually obtuse at the tip, sometimes abruptly acute or very shortly acuminate; anthers 1.4–2.5 mm long.

#### **1435. Eremopyrum bonaepartis (Spreng.) Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Deserts, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 450 - 1250 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; spikelets glabrous or scabrous, 12–15 mm; leaf sheath not infated on upper leaves, or slightly dilated on uppermost leaf. Usefulness: For.

#### **1436. Eremopyrum distans (K. Koch) Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 350 - 1950 Flowering period: IV - V

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–25 cm high; spikelets villous or hairy, 13–17 mm; glumes linear; lemma long villous; palea keels prolonged into 2 awned teeth 0.5–1.5 mm; leaf sheath slightly dilated but not infated on uppermost leaf. Usefulness: For.

#### **1437. Eremopyrum triticeum (Gaertn.) Nevski**

**Synonyms:** *Agropyron prostratum* P. Beauv.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 400 - 600 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; spikelets glabrous or scabrous, 6–10 mm; leaf sheath infated on upper leaves. Usefulness: For.

#### **1438. Festuca karatavica (Bunge) B. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Poa karatavica* Bunge*, Leucopoa karatavica* (Bunge) V. Krecz. & Bobr.

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Alpine steppes Elevational range: 2000 - 3700 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm high; panicle 7–12 cm long, with many (up to 100) spikelets; branches smooth. Usefulness: For.

#### **1439. Festuca olgae (Regel) Krivot.**

**Synonyms:** *Leucopoa olgae* (Regel) Krecz. & Bobrov

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine swards, screes Elevational range: 3200 - 4600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant tufted, 25–80 cm hogh;

shoots intravaginal, basal sheaths straw–colored, glossy, not splitting into fbers; leaf sheaths glabrous; panicle loose, branches 3–7 cm, smooth; spikelets 7–11 mm, purplish; anthers 2.7–4 mm; ovary apex densely hairy.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, ruderal habitats Elevational range: 900 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–100 cm high; leaf sheaths glabrous; auricles falcate, glabrous; panicle compact except at anthesis, (6–)10–25 cm; spikelets 8.5–17 mm; glumes glabrous or scabrid; lemmas (5–)6–8 mm, smooth or scabrid, apex hyaline, acute, rarely awn-tipped; awns 0–2 mm.

#### **1441. Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes Elevational range: 700 - 1900 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant densely tufted, 20–40 cm high; leaf blades fliform, green or bluish.

#### **1442. Glyceria notata Chevallier**

**Synonyms:** *Glyceria plicata* (Fries) Fries, *G. turcomanica*  Komarov*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Littoral vegetation, aquatic vegetation, water bodies Elevational range: 550 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–100 cm high; leaf sheaths keeled, scabrid in upper part; leaf blades 6–30 cm × 4–10 mm, apex acute; ligule 3–6 mm; panicle up to 30 cm; spikelets cylindrical 1–2.5 cm, lower glume 1.4–2.3 mm with obtuse tip at the apex.

#### **1443. Henrardia persica (Boiss.) C.E. Hubb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 750 - 1750 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 30 cm high; spikelets 7–10 mm long; glumes rigid, pubescent or glabrous.

#### **1444. Heteranthelium piliferum (Sol.) Hochst. ex Jaub. & Spach**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 650 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plants tufted, 10–30 cm high; glumes 2.5–5 mm long, hairy on the back, with up to 11 mm long awn.

#### **1445. Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires, salt marshes Elevational range: 900 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–80 cm high; lemma of central spikelet grinish, glabrous or subglabrous; culms glabrous throughot. Usefulness: For.

#### **1446. Hordeum bulbosum L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Meadows, steppes Elevational range: 2600 - 2700 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants 50–150 cm high, with bulbous culm base; lemma with awn 1.2–3.6 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **1447. Hordeum distichon L.**

Phytogeographical element: Cultivated Habitat: Roadsides, arable felds Elevational range: 400 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 50–100 cm high; lateral spikelets sterile; spikes with 2 longitudinal rows of fertile spikelets.

#### **1448. Hordeum leporinum Link**

**Synonyms:** *Hordeum murinum* L. subsp*. leporinum* (Link) Arcang.

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 400 - 1700 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–35 cm high; glumes of the middle spikelet ciliate at margins, palea of central spikelet 0.7–0.9 times as long as palea of lateral spikelet; central spikelet with a pedicel 0.9–1.8 mm long; lateral spikelets longer than the central.

#### **1449. Hordeum turkestanicum Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires, steppes Elevational range: 2500 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; lemma of central spikelet densely pinkish violet, pilose or long spinulose. Usefulness: For.

#### **1450. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 350 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–125 cm high; leaf blades 0.2–2 cm wide; panicle 6–20 cm. Usefulness: For.

#### **1451. Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1500 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–60 cm high; woolly especially below panicle, 2–3-noded; leaf sheaths glabrous or pubescent; leaf blades grayish green, usually rolled, sometimes fat; panicle linear-oblong in outline, 1.5–13 cm, lower part often interrupted and lobed, silvery green or tinged purple; axis and branches woolly.

#### **1452. Leymus lanatus (Korsh.) Tzvelev**

**Synonyms:** *Elymus lanatus* Korsh*., Malacurus lanatus* (Korsh.) Nevski

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 3600 - 4000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant tufted, 50–120 cm high; spike dense, 6–13 cm; lemma 7–10 mm, densely pubescent.

#### **1453. Leymus secalinus (Georgi) Tzvelev**

**Synonyms:** *Elymus dasystachys* Trin*., Leymus dasystachys* (Trin.) Pilg.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Deserts, salt marshes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3000 - 4100 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 18–100 cm high, glumes shorter than spikelet, lemma pubescent. Usefulness: For.

#### **1454. Loliolum subulatum (Banks & Sol.) Eig**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 1000 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–15 cm high, inforescence a stiff one-sided spike. Spikelets 3–6(–9)-fowered, laterally compressed.

#### **1455. Lolium multiforum Lam.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Anthropogenic sides, meadows Elevational range: 500 - 1200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30–130 cm high; spikelets 8–30 mm long (excluding the awns), 11–22-fowered; upper glume 5–14(–18) mm long, 0.25–0.5 times the length of the spikelet, not much longer than the lowest foret; lemmas awned.

#### **1456. Lolium perenne L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Roadsides Elevational range: 500 - 2400 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–90 cm high, with non-fowering shoots at anthesis; spikelets 2–10(–14)-fowered; leaf–blades fat or folded when young, lemmas usually awnless.

#### **1457. Lolium persicum Boiss. & Hohen.**

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T, E-S Habitat: Fields, roadsides, meadows Elevational range: 1000 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–90 cm high; spikelets 3–11-fowered; upper glume (5–)7.5–23 mm long, two thirds to as long as the spikelet, lemmas awned.

1457

#### **1458. Lolium temulentum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Lolium cuneatum* Nevski*, Lolium temulentum*  subsp*. cuneatum* (Nevski) Tzvelev

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, pastures, felds, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 1700 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 25–80 cm high; lower glume eliptic-lanceolate, 6–7 mm long; mature caryopsis not more than 3 times as long as wide. Usefulness: For.

#### **1459. Melica altissima L**

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T, E-S Habitat: Forest sides, shrubs, screes Elevational range: 1500 - 2000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–150 cm high; panicle linear-oblong, very dense and with many crowded spikelets, 10–20 cm, 1-sided; branches erect, appressed to main axis, up to 5 cm; spikelets broadly elliptic to obovate, 10–14 mm.

#### **1460. Melica jacquemontii Decne. var. canescens (Regel) M. Nobis & A. Nowak**

**Synonyms:** *Melica canescens* (Regel) Lavr., *Melica persica*  Kunth*, Melica jacquemontii* subsp*. canescens* (Regel) Bor

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 2000 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; the subspecies is similar to *Melica jacquemontii* var. *jacquemontii*, but it has sheaths of the cauline leaves pubescent not glabrous.

#### **1461. Melica persica Kunth subsp. inaequiglumis (Boiss.) Bor**

**Synonyms:** *Melica inaequiglumis* Boiss*., Melica persica* var*. inaequiglumis* (Boiss.) W. Hempel

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1400 - 2700 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; upper glume (7–)8–10 mm and 2–3 times longer than the lower.

#### **1462. Melica secunda Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1100 - 2500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant tufted, panicle linear in outline, lax, usually 1-sided, 10–18 cm; lemmas scaberulous.

#### **1463. Neotrinia splendens (Trin.) M. Nobis, P.D. Gudkova & A. Nowak**

**Synonyms:** *Stipa splendens* Trin*., Achnatherum splendens* (Trin.) Nevski

Phytogeographical element: I-T, C-A, E-S Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes, meadows Elevational range: 1500 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant densely tufted, 80–250 cm high; glumes unequal; lemma apex with two lobes, awn 6–12 mm.

1462

#### **1464. Oryza sativa L.**

Phytogeographical element: Cultivated Habitat: Cultivated in felds Elevational range: 400 - 2000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 40–150 cm high, sterile lemmas oblong or narrowly ovate; spikelets ovate, persistent; fertile lemma awn-less or with a very long fexuous awn; ligule of lower leaves membranous, acute, 15–45 mm.

#### **1465. Paspalum distichum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Paspalum digitaria* Poir*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Wet places, meadows, diches, roadsides Elevational range: 400 - 900 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with rhizomes and stolons, 20–50 cm high; leaf sheaths margins ciliate; ligule 2–3 mm; inforescence of 2(–3) racemes arising together

or separated by a short axis; spikelets single, in 2 rows; lower glume up to 1/2 spikelet length or more; upper glume with distinct middle vein, loosely appressed pubescent.

#### **1466. Pennisetum orientale L.C. Rich.**

Phytogeographical element: S-A, I-T Habitat: Riversides Elevational range: 800 - 1500 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–130 cm high; panicle linear, 8–30 cm long, often interrupted; rachis with 0.5–1.5 mm long hairs, enclosing 1–3(–5) spikelets.

#### **1467. Phalaris arundinacea L.**

**Synonyms:** *Digraphis arundinacea (*L.) Trin*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Riversides Elevational range: 500 - 1000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 0.6–1.5 m high, with spreading rhizomes; panicle contracted, linear-oblong in outline, 8–15 cm; branches short; spikelets oblong, laterally compressed, 4–6 mm; glumes not or very narrowly winged.

#### **1468. Phleum alpinum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 2600 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–40 cm high; panicle broadly cylindrical or ovoid; glumes with 1.5–3 mm awns; spikelets purplish. Usefulness: For.

#### **1469. Phleum paniculatum Huds.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, meadows, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; panicle up to 12 cm long, 3.5–7 mm wide, cylindrical; glumes truncate, swollen at the tip; awn 0.3–0.6 mm long. Usefulness: For.

1471

#### **1470. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Littoral vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 4150 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 1–4 m high; lemma glabrous, hairs originating from tally elongated callus. Usefulness: For.

#### **1471. Piptatherum alpestre (Grig.) Roshev.**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2300 - 3900 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–50 cm high; lemma 3.2– 4.2 mm long, anthers 1.5–1.8 mm long, awn 1.5–3.5 mm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **1472. Piptatherum latifolium Roshev.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1100 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm high; panicle lax; lemma pilose, 1.8–2.2 mm wide; culm leaves 6–13 mm wide.

#### **1473. Piptatherum microcarpum (Pilg.) Tzvelev**

**Synonyms:** *Piptatherum vicarium* Grig

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, steppes, xeric shrubs, rocks Elevational range: 900 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–90 cm high; panicle lax, lemma glabrous, 2.8–3.5 mm long; awn 2.5–4 mm long.

#### **1474. Piptatherum pamiralaicum (Grig.) Roshev.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes, alpine steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2600 - 4150 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; spikelets 4.5–7 mm long, lemma obovate, 2.5–3.5 mm long; covered with densely appressed hairs.

#### **1475. Piptatherum platyanthum Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2450 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–35 cm high; lemma 1.5–2 mm wide, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, covered with appressed hairs but ascending in its apical part.

#### **1476. Piptatherum songaricum (Trin. & Rupr.) Roshev.**

**Synonyms:** *Piptatherum kokanicum* (Regel) Nevski, *Piptatherum tianschanicum* (Drobow & Vved.) Roshev. ex V.A. Nikitin.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, meadows, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1900 - 3300 Flowering period: V-VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–60 cm high; panicle lax, glumes 6–9 mm long, lemma 4–5 mm long shortly acute, awn 5–8 mm. Usefulness: For.

#### **1477. Poa alpina L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires, pastures Elevational range: 2700 - 3700 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; palea keels usually scabrid; panicle branches smooth. Usefulness: For.

#### **1478. Poa bulbosa L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 3000 Flowering period: III - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; culms with bulbous bases due to basally swollen sheaths; spikelets often viviparous. Usefulness: For.

#### **1479. Poa lipskyi Roshev.**

**Synonyms:** *Poa contracta* Ovcz. & Czuk., *Poa pseudodisjecta*  Ovcz.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Pastures, screes, alpine semi-deserts, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3500 - 4800 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm; leaves fat, 2–3 mm wide; spikelets 7–10 mm long; with 3–6 forets. Usefulness: For.

#### **1480. Poa nemoralis L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Screes, steppes, forests Elevational range: 1300 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–70 cm high; leaf sheaths smooth or scabrid, shorter than blade; spikelets lanceolate, 3.5–5(–6) mm, forets mostly 3.

#### **1481. Poa pratensis L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, meadows, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; ligules of cauline leaves short, up to 2 mm long, truncate. Usefulness: For.

The Allaudin Lakes (approx. 2,700 m a.s.l.) in the Fann Mts. close to Alpine Camp in Chapdara Valley.

#### **1482. Poa relaxa Ovcz.**

**Synonyms:** *Poa versicolor* Besser. subsp*. relaxa* (Ovcz.) Tzvelev

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1200 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–60 cm high, culms purple at the bottom; panicle 9–12 cm; lemma with visable vains.

#### **1483. Poa supina Schrad.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires, pastures Elevational range: 1100 - 3500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–20 cm high, perennial; palea keels shortly villous, smooth; lemmas glabrous between veins; anthers (1.2–)1.5–1.8 (–2.5) mm.

#### **1484. Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud.**

**Synonyms:** *Polypogon demissus* Steud*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, I-I, Orient Habitat: Meadows, felds, salt marshes, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 600 - 2100 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50 cm; glumes with awns up to 2 times as long as glume body; lemma with awn 1.5–2 times longer than lemma. Usefulness: For.

#### **1485. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, pastures, river sides, diches Elevational range: 800 - 240 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50 cm; glumes with awns 2.5–4 times as long as glume body; lemma with 1.5–2 mm awn.

#### **1486. Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 2000 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant densely tufted, 40–100 cm high; spikelets ovate 0.8–1 cm, with 2–3 forets; glumes 8–10 mm, scabrous; lemma 6–12 mm, scabrous; awn 2–3.5 mm.

#### **1487. Psathyrostachys kronenburgii (Hack.) Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine steppes Elevational range: 2700 - 3700 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant densely tufted, 30–90 cm high; spikelets narrowly ovate 0.8–1 cm, with 1–2 forets; glumes violet tinged 8–10 mm, pilose; lemma 6–12 mm × 5-veined, pilose, awn 2–3.5 mm.

#### **1488. Psilurus incurvus (Gouan) Schinz & Thell.**

**Synonyms:** *Psilurus aristatus* (L.) Duval-Jouve

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T Habitat: Salty places Elevational range: 500 - 900 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; spikelets with 1 fertile foret, laterally compressed, sessile; terminal spikelet with 2 small 1-nerved glumes, the lower glume absent in the other spikelets.

#### **1489. Ptilagrostis malyschevii Tzvelev**

# **NE**

Phytogeographical element: SE, EI-T Habitat: Alpine swards Elevational range: 3000 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm tall, densely tufted; panicle open; lemma 4–6 mm, pilose below middle, scabrid above; awn 1.5–3 cm, weakly geniculate, column slightly fexuous, plumose, hairs 1.2–1.5 mm; palea equal to lemma; anthers 1.8–3 mm, pilose at apex.

#### **1490. Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl.**

**Synonyms:** *Puccinellia glauca* (Regel) Krecz. ex Drobov

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, salt marshes, roadsides Elevational range: 500 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–60 cm high; lgule 1–2 mm, truncate or toothed; panicle open; lemmas 1.8–2.2 mm, base pubescent, apex truncate or rounded; palea keels scabrid; anthers 0.5–0.8 mm.

#### **1491. Puccinellia hackeliana (Krecz.) Krecz. ex Drobov**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 2600 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; ligule 1–2.5 mm; panicle 5–15 cm; lemmas 2.5–3 mm, base pubescent, apex triangular-rounded; palea keels pubescent in lower part, scabrid in upper part; anthers 0.7–1 mm.

#### **1492. Puccinellia humilis Litv. ex V. Krecz.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 3800 - 4750 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants tufted, 5–20 cm high; spikelets 6–7 mm, lower glume ca. 2.2 mm, upper glume 2.5–3 mm; lemmas 2.5–3.5 mm, violet, base shortly hairy, apex subobtuse; palea keels scabrid on upper part; anthers 0.7–1.2 mm.

#### **1493. Puccinellia pamirica (Roshev.) Krecz. ex Ovcz. & Czukav.**

**Synonyms:** *Puccinellia akbaitalensis* Ovcz. & Czuk.

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 2800 - 4200 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants 5–30 cm high; panicle mostly contracted, or spreading after anthesis, 5–10 cm long; spikelets 4–5 mm, purple tinged, lemmas 2.5–3.5 mm, glabrous, with a raised keel, margins membranous, apex acute or acuminate, fnely toothed; palea keels smooth or sparsely scabrid; anthers 1.3– 1.8 mm.

Usefulness: For.

#### **1494. Puccinellia schischkinii Tzvelev**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, salt marshes, roadsides Elevational range: 2800 - 3800 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm tall, 1–2 mm in diameter; ligule 1–2 mm, rounded or acuminate; lemmas 2.2–3.2 mm, apex acute; palea keels ciliate on lower part, scabrous on upper part; anthers 0.7–1.2 mm.

#### **1495. Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev**

**Synonyms:** *Lophochloa cristata* (L.) Hyl., *Trisetaria cristata* (L.) Kerguélen

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T, C-A Habitat: Meadows, pastures, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–60 cm high, tufted; panicle cylindrical and dense or pyramidal, lax and +/ lobed, 1–12 cm long; spikelets 3–6(–10)-fowered; glumes glabrous 2–3 mm long; lemma elliptic, 25–35 mm.

#### **1496. Saccharum ravennae (L.) L.**

**Synonyms:** *Andropogon ravennae* L.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 350 - 1800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 1.5–5 m high; spikelets 3–6 mm, purplish; lower lemma 3/4 as long to subequaling glumes; upper lemma elliptic, with acute apex, awned; awn almost straight, 4–8 mm long.

#### **1497. Saccharum spontaneum L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, I-I Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 350 - 1550 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant rhizomatous, 1–2 m high; leaf blades 2–8 mm wide, narrowed to midrib at base; spikelet without awn. Usefulness: For.

#### **1498. Schismus arabicus Nees**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Semi-deserts, deserts Elevational range: 350 - 2500 Flowering period: III - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 2–15 cm high; lobes of the lemma narrowly triangular, clearly longer than broad; hairs of the lemma pointed, never clavate. Usefulness: For.

#### **1499. Sclerochloa dura (L.) P. Beauv.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 400 - 1700 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–15 cm high; lower glume 2–3 mm long, upper 3.5–5 mm long; lemmas ovateoblong, lowest 4.8–6 mm, the upper much shorter. Usefulness: For.

#### **1500. Secale cereale L.**

Phytogeographical element: Cultivated Habitat: Cultivated in felds Elevational range: 350 - 2400 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 60–180 cm high; glumes with very short 1–3 mm long awn; lemmas with 2–5 cm long awn.

#### **1501. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.**

**Synonyms:** *Pennisetum glaucum* (L.) R. Br., *Setaria glauca* (L.) P. Beauv.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields, ruderal Elevational range: 350 - 2600 Flowering period: IV - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–90 cm high; each branchlet from the main axis with only one mature spikelet; upper glume up to 1/2 as long as spikelet, upper foret clearly exposed; spikelets (2.2–)2.5–3.5 mm; upper lemma coarsely rugose.

#### **1502. Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv.**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 350 - 650 Flowering period: VII

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–80 cm high; each branchlet from the main axis with several mature spikelets; upper glume 2/3 as long to equaling spikelet; awn serration directed to the base.

#### **1503. Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 350 - 2500 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–100 cm high; each branchlet from the main axis with several mature spikelets; upper glume 2/3 as long to equaling spikelet; awn serration directed to the apex. Usefulness: For.

#### **1504. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Anthropogenic sides, shibliak Elevational range: 500 - 1900 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with rhizoms, 50–150 cm tall; panicle 20–40 cm; sessile spikelet elliptic; lower glume apex clearly 3-denticulate.

#### **1505. Stipa arabica Trin. & Rupr.**

**Synonyms:** *Stipa caspia* K. Koch, *Stipa szovitsiana* Trin*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy dunes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–75 cm high; ligules of vegetative leaves over 3–10 mm; awn bigeniculate, 10–17 cm, pilose throughout, with hairs 1.5–3 mm.

#### **1506. Stipa badachschanica Roshev.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 2000 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–95 cm high; ligules of vegetative leaves up to 10 mm; lemma with glabrous callus; awn bigeniculate, 14–18 cm, pilose throughout, with hairs 1.5–3 mm.

#### **1507. Stipa × brevicallosa M. Nobis**

1507

Phytogeographical element: E; I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1300 - 2350 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–35 cm high; anthecium 9–12 mm; callus 0.9–1.4 mm long, base narrow; awn uniceniculate, lower segment scabrous and 3–4 times shorter than the upper.

#### **1508. Stipa bungeana Trin.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; ligules of vegetative leaves over 0.2–0.5 mm; glumes 9–15 mm; anthecium 5–7 mm; awn bigeniculate, scabrous.

#### **1509. Stipa capillata L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1600 - 3100 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants tufted, 40–100 cm high; leaves long pilose at the adaxial surface; lemma apex glabrous, awn with 2 geniculations, scabrous. Usefulness: For.

#### **1510. Stipa caucasica Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 1400 - 4000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants tufted, 20–60 cm high; leaves very shortly pilose at the upper surface and glabrous at the lower; glumes > 34 mm; lemma apex with ring of hairs; awn unigeniculate with hairs 0.9–2.5 mm long on the lower segment. Usefulness: For.

**1511. Stipa caucasica Schmalh. subsp. nikolai M. Nobis, A. Nobis & A. Nowak**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1400 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants tufted, 20–40 cm high; leaves very shortly pilose at the upper surface and glabrous at the lower; glumes > 34 mm; lemma apex with ring of hairs; awn unigeniculate with hairs 0.2–0.7 mm long on the lower segment. Usefulness: For.

#### **1512. Stipa drobovii (Tzvelev) Czerep.**

**Synonyms:** *Stipa caucasica* Schmalh. subsp*. drobovii* Tzvelev

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1400 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; ligules of vegetative leaves up to 0.2 mm; anthecium 10–12 mm; callus 0.8–1.2 mm with falcate hairs, awn unigeniculate.

#### **1513. S tipa drobovii (Tzvelev) Czerep. var. iskanderkulica (Tzvelev) M. Nobis & A. Nowak**

**Synonyms:** *Stipa iskanderkulica* (Tzvelev) Czerep.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1400 - 2200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; Similar to *S. drobovii* var*. drobovii*, but leaves densely pubescent (not glabrous).

#### **1514. Stipa glareosa P.A. Smirn.**

**Synonyms:** *Stipa caucasica* Schmalh. subsp*. glareosa* (P.A. Smirn.) Tzvelev

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3700 - 4200 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants tufted, 15–40 cm high; leaves very shortly pilose at the upper surface and scabrous on the lower; glumes < 28 mm; lemma apex with ring of hairs; awn unigeniculate. Usefulness: For.

#### **1515. Stipa gracilis Roshev.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2600 - 3200 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–35 cm high; ligules of vegetative leaves up to 4 mm; anthecium 5–7 mm long, awn bigeniculate, pilose.

#### **1516. Stipa hohenackeriana Trin. & Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 2100 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants tufted, 40–80 cm high; awn bigeniculate; lower part of awn scabrous, middle segment of awn scabrous or with 0.3–1.5 mm long hairs increasing towards the second geniculation, seta with hairs 1.6– 2.5 mm.

Usefulness: For.

#### **1517. Stipa kirghisorum P.A. Smirn.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–80 cm high, leaves scabrous, with very short hairs at the upper surface; lemma 13–17 mm, glabrous at the apex; awn column glabrous, seta pilose.

#### **1518. Stipa krylovii Roshev.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, C-A Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 2400 - 3200 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant tufted 30–70 cm high, leaves glabrous, with very short hairs at the upper surface; lemma with well developed ring of hairs at the apex; awn scabrous.

#### **1519. Stipa lessingiana Trin. & Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1000 - 1500 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–65 cm high; ligules of vegetative leaves up to 0.2 mm, leaves scabrous; awn bigeniculate, upper segment with hairs 2–3 mm.

#### **1520. Stipa lingua Junge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants tufted, 20–70 cm high; awn unigeniculate, pilose at both segments, the upper segment

straight 6–10 × longer than the lower.

#### **1521. Stipa lipskyi Roshev.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 950 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–70 cm high; ligules of vegetative leaves up to 0.2 mm; anthecium 12–16 mm; awn unigeniculate, 14–22 cm, lower segment 14–30 mm, smooth or slightly scabrous.

#### **1522. Stipa macroglossa P.A. Smirn.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1400 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–65 cm high; ligules of vegetative leaves over 4–8 mm; anthecium 13–14.5 mm; awn bigeniculate, 20–32 cm.

#### **1523. Stipa magnifca A. Junge**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 600 - 1400 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–60 cm high; leaves glabrous, fat or convolute, at the upper surface densely and very shortly pilose, ligules very densely pilose with hairs up to 3 mm long; awn unigeniculate, glabrous below and long pilose above geniculation.

#### **1524. Stipa margelanica P.A. Smirn.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–70 cm high; ligules of vegetative leaves 0.3–2 mm, leave glabrous; awn bigeniculate, scabrous.

#### **1525. Stipa orientalis Trin.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2300 - 4100 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants tufted, 20–50 cm high; leaves scabrous; ligules 1–3 mm long; awn bigeniculate, pilose. Usefulness: For.

#### **1526. Stipa ovczinnikovii Roshev.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1300 - 1800 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–65 cm high; leaves glabrous, convolute, at the upper surface densely and long pilose, ligules very densely pilose; awn unigeniculate,

glabrous below and long pilose above geniculation.

#### **1527. Stipa regeliana Hack.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine swards Elevational range: 3800 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; high alpine plant, 10–30 cm high; anthecium 5–8 mm long; awn 1.5–3.5 cm long, hairs on the upper segment of awn 0.1–0.3 mm long, and up to 1.5 on the lower.

#### **1528. Stipa richteriana Kar. & Kir. subsp. jagnobica (Ovcz. & Czuk.) Tzvelev**

**Synonyms:** *Stipa jagnobica* Ovcz. & Czuk.

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–70 cm high; ligules of vegetative leaves up to 0.2 mm; awn 4–8 cm, bigeniculate, with hairs on the upper segment 0.1–0.3 mm.

#### **1529. Stipa sareptana A. Beck.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1200 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high, leaves scabrous; lemma with well poorly developed ring of hairs at the apex; awn scabrous.

#### **1530. Stipa subsessilifora (Rupr.) Roshev.**

**Synonyms:** *Ptilagrostis subsessilifora* (Rupr.) Roshev.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine swards, steppes Elevational range: 3850 - 4000 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; high alpine plant, 7–20 cm high; glumes 6–8(–8.5) mm long; hairs on the upper segment of awn 0.1–0.3 mm long, and 2–4 mm on the lower.

#### **1531. Stipa × tadzhikistanica M. Nobis**

# **NE**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1400 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–70 cm high; anthecium 10.5–14 mm; callus 1.8–2.4 mm long, base narrow; awn uniceniculate, lower segment scabrous and 6–12 times shorter than the upper.

#### **1532. Stipa tianschanica Roshev.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 3000 - 3800 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; leaves scabrous, ligules up to 1 mm long; awn unigeniculate, glabrous or scabrous below and long pilose above geniculation.

#### **1533. Stipa zalesskii Wilensky**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 2000 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–80 cm high; leaves scabrous; lemma 18–21 mm, with ventral line of hairs reaching the top; awn bigeniculate.

#### **1534. Stipa zeravshanica M. Nobis**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Calcareous rocks Elevational range: 1300 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–35 cm high; ligules of vegetative leaves over 4 mm; anthecium (5–)6–7(– 8) mm long, callus 0.8–1.2 mm long, awn bigeniculate, throughout pilose.

#### **1535. Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski subsp. asper (Simonk.) Melderis**

**Synonyms:** *Taeniatherum asperum* (Simonk.) Nevski

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 350 - 1850 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; glumes distinctly divergent from rachis (more then 30°); awns 6–11 cm. Usefulness: For.

#### **1536. Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski subsp. crinitum (Schreb.) Melderis**

**Synonyms:** *Taeniatherum crinitum* (Schreb.) Nevski

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Meadows, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 2300 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; glumes slightly divergent from rachis (not more then 30°); awns 4–7 cm. Usefulness: For.

#### **1537. Tragus racemosus (L.) All.**

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T, E-S Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 950 - 1800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant tufted, 5–20 cm high; leaf sheaths usually shorter than internodes; leaf blades linear, fat, 4–6 cm, 2–3 mm wide, margins thick, pectinate– spinose, apex acute; spikelets elliptic.

#### **1538. Trisetaria loefingiana (Linn.) Paunero**

**Synonyms:** *Trisetaria cavanillesii* (Trin.) Maire, *Trisetum cavanillesii* Trin*.*

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 1000 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; spikelets 1–5-fowered; lemmas shorter than the glumes, hyaline, prominently 2-toothed, the teeth setose, awned from above the middle with a geniculate awn spirally twisted in the lower half; stamens 3; stigmas 2.

#### **1539. Triticum aestivum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Cultivated Habitat: Fields, ruderal habitats Elevational range: 400 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 60–150 cm, glumes with poorly deveoped keel, spike 7–10 times as long as wide.

#### **1540. Vulpia ciliata Dumort.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Meadows, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 1400 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–30 cm high; lemma of fertile forets 3(–5)-nerved, ciliate at middle and lateral veins. Usefulness: For.

#### **1541. Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Meadows, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 1400 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–40 cm high; lemma 5-nerved, glabrous or scabrid; pedicels (0.6–)1–2.5 mm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **1542. Vulpia persica (Boiss. & Buhse) Krecz. & Bobrov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 1700 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–25 cm high; lower glume

2–3 × shorter than the upper; lemma glabrous or scabrous in the upper part; pedicels 0.4–0.6 mm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **1543. Zea mays L.**

Phytogeographical element: Cultivated Habitat: Fiedls, ruderal habitats Elevational range: 350 - 1500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 150–300 cm; spikelets unisexual, the male in ample terminal panicle, the female in rows on thick woody axillary corb, enclosed in leaf sheaths.

#### **1544. Polygala comosa Schkuhr**

**Synonyms:** *Polygala hybrida* DC.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine meadows, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40 cm high, caespitose; leaves sessile; leaf blade green, elliptic or lanceolate, 1.5– 4.5 × 2–4 cm; racemes terminal; fowers dense; pedicel ca. 2 mm, glabrous; bracteoles 3, caducous; capsule oblong,

ca. 6 mm, ca. 4 mm in diameter, glabrous, winged.

**614 Poaceae – Polygalaceae**

#### **1545. Atraphaxis karataviensis Pavlov & Lipsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Atraphaxis pulcherrima* Vassilcz*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1400 - 1800 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 10–30 cm; branches shortened, thick, poorly visible internodes, without spikes; leaves 2–3 mm long, in bundles; fowers 1–3 in the axils of the leaves on the tips of young twigs; tepals 4; perianth 5–6 × 4–8 mm, light or dark pink.

#### **1546. Atraphaxis pyrifolia Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 600 - 2700 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 1.2 m high, much branched; fowers dense in racemes at lateral branchlets of current year; tepals 5, light yellow or yellowred; outer tepals refexed in fruit.

#### **1547. Atraphaxis seravschanica Pavlov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1100 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VII

Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 50–90 cm high; leaves 0.5–1.5 cm long, oval, reniform or broadly elliptic, round or shortly truncated at the base, with a short tip at the apex, lateral veins of leaves prominent; fowers in dense panicles 4–8 cm long, terminal or lateral; tepals 5; perianth 5–7 mm, pink or red with a white edge.

**Polygonaceae 615**

#### **1548. Atraphaxis spinosa L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 700 - 2800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 30–100 cm high; herbaceous branchlets of current year longer, slender, without papillate hairs; stems with thorns; leaves alternate, young without papillate hairs; perianth 2–2.5 mm, pink with white edges; tepals 4; stamens 6; styles 2; achenes lenticularly compressed. Usefulness: Ind.

#### **1549. Atraphaxis virgata (Regel) Krasn.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 1600 - 1900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 1–2 m high; branches lengthened, usually branched; leaf blade gray-green, oblong-elliptic or oblong-obovate, large, 2–2.5 × 0.7–0.9 cm, both surfaces glabrous, veins conspicuous only abaxially; panicle with leaves, 3–15 cm long; perianth 4–5 mm long, pink with white edges; tepals 5; stamens 8; styles 3; achenes trigonous.

#### **1550. Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill**

**Synonyms:** *Oxyria elatior* R. Br. ex Meissn.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, nitrophilous rock footings Elevational range: 1800 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30 cm high; stems usually glabrous; leaves nearly all basal; petiole 3–12 cm; leaf blade papery, margin subentire; fowers bisexual. Usefulness: Med, Ind.

**616 Polygonaceae**

#### **1551. Persicaria maculata (Raf.) Gray**

**Synonyms:** *Polygonum maculatum* Rafn*., Polygonum persicaria* L.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 300 - 2700 Flowering period: V - X Remarks: Therophyte; plant 40–80 cm high; stems without basal leaves; leaves petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate or elliptic, often with a dark triangular spot at middle; ocrea tubular, membranous, sparsely pubescent, apex truncate; perianth reddish or deep purple, usually 5-parted; tepals oblong, 2.5–3 mm; achenes biconvex, rarely trigonous. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **1552. Persicaria vivipara (L.) Ronse Decr.**

**Synonyms:** *Bistorta vivipara* (L.) S.F. Gray, *Polygonum viviparum* L.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 2000 - 4800 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–60 cm high; stems usually 2 or 3 from rhizome, erect, simple; basal leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate or linear; cauline leaves not clasping; ocrea lower part green, upper brown, tubular, membranous, not ciliate; inforescence lower part with bulbils; perianth white or pinkish, 5-parted; tepals broadly elliptic, 2–3 mm. Usefulness: Med, For, Foo.

#### **1553. Polygonum aviculare L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Roadsides, arable felds, steppes, ruderal habitats Elevational range: 500 - 2800 Flowering period: IV - X

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant prostrate, ascending, or erect, 10–40 cm high, much branched from base; leaf blade lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 1–4 cm × 3–12 mm, both surfaces glabrous; fowers 1–5; axillary; bracts thinly membranous; perianth green, margin white or pinkish.

#### **1554. Polygonum coriarium Grig.**

**Synonyms:** *Aconogonon coriarium* (Grig.) Soják

Phytogeographical element: , I-T Habitat: Forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 1–1.5(–2.5) m; stems usually erect; leaves ovate to obovate-lanceolate with cuneate or rounded base; inforescence of terminal panicle only, with numerous dense fowered clusters; pedicel not articulate; fruits neither baccate nor enclosed by feshy but normal thin tepals.

Usefulness: Med, For, Foo, Ind, Orn.

#### **1555. Polygonum mezianum H. Gross**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 2400 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; subshrub 4–7 cm; stems and branches strongly shortened, close together, forming friable pillows; leaves 7–9 mm long, linear-lanceolate; outer perianth lobes without spur or with very short almost imperceptible spur; achenes 1.5–2 mm long.

#### **1556. Polygonum molliiforme Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, steppes Elevational range: 2100 - 4400 Flowering period: VI - IX

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–10 cm; stems erect, usually purple-red, slender, glabrous; petioles very short or nearly absent; leaves linear or subulate; ocrea silvery, narrowly ovate, thinly membranous, apex acute; fower solitary, axillary; pedicel short; perianth membranous, cleft to 3/4; achenes biconvex, smooth, shiny.

#### **1557. Polygonum paronychioides C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, broad-leaved forests, screes, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 3700 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; subshrub 5–15 cm high; leaves 1.5 cm long, edges rolled, one pronounced vein on abaxial side, white spike at the top; ocrea broadly lanceolate, 5–8 mm, thinly membranous, margin lacerate, apex acute; fower solitary, axillary; perianth pinkish, 5 cleft up to 1/2; tepals unequal,

#### **1558. Polygonum polycnemoides Jaub. & Spach**

outer 2 narrowly lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, inner 3 elliptic, shorter.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, ruderal, felds, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 3400 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; stems prostrate or suberect, scabrous, internodes shorter than leaves; petioles very short or nearly absent; leaves linear or subulate; ocrea white, narrowly ovate, connate at base, thinly membranous, margin sparsely lacerate, apex 2-lobed; fowers 1 or 2; perianth cleft to 1/3; achenes trigonous, densely punctate.

#### **1559. Polygonum serpyllaceum Jaub. & Spach**

**Synonyms:** *Polygonum kudrjaschevii* Vassilkovsk*., P. pamiroalaicum* Kom.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 2000 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant; petioles short, 1–2 mm long; leaves 0.5–1(–1.4) cm long, obovate or ovate-lanceolate; ocrea broad, in lower part of stems brownish, in upper semi-transparent; perianth 2–2.5 mm long, during fruiting 3–4.5 mm; achenes 2.5–2.8 mm long. Usefulness: For.

#### **1560. Polygonum sibiricum Laxm. var. thomsonii Meisn.**

**Synonyms:** *Knorringia pamirica* (Korsh.) Tzvelev, *Polygonum pamiricum* Korsh*.* 

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Fens and mires, felds, salt marshes Elevational range: 3700 - 4700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–25(–43) cm high; stems erect, branched, without retrorse prickles and basal leaves; petiole 0.8–1.5 cm, not articulate; leaves narrowly elliptic or lanceolate to linear, basally usually hastate; ocrea tubular, membranous, apex oblique, not ciliate; inforescence paniculate; flaments not dilated at base; fowers bisexual.

#### **1561. Polygonum songaricum Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Aconogonon songaricum* (Schrenk) Hara

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; stems erect, branched, pilose, striate without basal leaves; leaves ovate or broadly ovate, 5–10 × 3–5 cm, base rounded or cordate, margin entire or slightly undulate, ciliate, apex acuminate; ocrea brown, 2–3 cm, membranous, dehiscent above; inforescence paniculate; perianth red; fowers bisexual; pedicels articulate.

Usefulness: For, Foo, Ind.

#### **1562. Rheum fedtschenkoi Maxim. ex Regel**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 3100 - 3700 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 10–30 cm high; basal leaves oval or ovate with 5 main veins, adaxial surface nearly glabrous, abaxial surface densely hairy; fowers gathered in groups of 6–8; fruit large, 1.2–1.5 × 1.7 cm. Usefulness: For, Ind.

#### **1563. Rheum macrocarpum Losinsk.**

**Synonyms:** *Rheum ferganense* Titov*, R. lobatum* Litv. ex Losinsk., *R. nuratavicum* Titov

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 650 - 2100 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 40–60 cm high; basal leaves large, 3–5 lobed with 3 major veins; fruits 2.5–3 cm long, achenes 10 × 7 mm, wings equal to achenes. Usefulness: Ind.

#### **1564. Rheum maximowiczii Losinsk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 1100 - 3900 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1 m high; leaves rounded-reniform with 3 major veins, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial villous, papillose; fruit 1.7 cm long. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **1565. Rheum reticulatum Losinsk.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 3200 - 4200 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; leaves triangular-ovate, pubescent abaxially, apex obtuse to acute; panicle much branched from base; perianth yellowwhite; fruit broadly ovoid, 7.5–8.5 × 7–8 mm, wings ca. 2.5 mm wide, achenes ovoid. Usefulness: For.

#### **1566. Rheum wittrockii C.E. Lundstr.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, pastures Elevational range: 2700 - 3500 Flowering period: V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm high; basal leaves 2–4; petiole ca. as long as blade; leaf blades ovate to triangular-ovate, 15–26 × 10–20 cm, abaxially pubescent near veins, adaxially glabrous, basal veins 5–7, base cordate, margin sinuolate, apex obtuse or acute; panicle large, sparsely branched; fruit 1.2 × 1.5 cm, wings broad, 4–5 mm, achenes ovoid, ca. 6 mm wide. Usefulness: Foo, Ind.

#### **1567. Rumex crispus L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, pastures, ruderal vegetation Elevational range: 400 - 2400 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–120(–150) cm tall, simple or branched above; leaves shortly petiolate, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, margin strongly crisped and undulate, apex acute; fowers bisexual.

**622 Polygonaceae**

#### **1568. Rumex dentatus L. subsp. halacsyi (Rech.) Rech. f.**

**Synonyms:** *Rumex halacsyi* Rech*.* 

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Pastures, felds, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 400 - 800 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 30–70 cm high; leaves 9 × 1.5–2 cm, oval-oblong; fruit valves oblong-triangular (not rounded), margin with 3–5 narrow teeth up to 3 mm long; achenes 2.5 × 1.5 mm.

#### **1569. Rumex paulsenianus Rech. f.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, Himal Habitat: Forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 3600 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1–2 m high; stem branching; lower leaves large, oblong-ovate, with cordate base; panicle very large, lower branches fasciculate and richly branching; pedicels 2.5–3.5 cm long, articulate at half of their length; fruit valves 5.5–7 mm, margin nearly entire, with middle nerve slightly increassate towards the base; achenes 3–3.5 × 2.2 mm. Usefulness: Ind.

#### **1570. Rumex syriacus Meisn.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Orchards and gardens, felds Elevational range: 800 - 1600 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm tall; leaves 10–25 cm long; valves oblong-ovate, margin with with 4–6(–9) narrow teeth; nut 3 × 2 mm.

1569

#### **1571. Portulaca oleracea L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M, Orient Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 400 - 3250 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant prostrate or erect, ca. 25 cm high; leaves alternate, 10–30 mm; fowers often in clusters of 3 or more; mature seeds glossy black, never iridescent. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **1572. Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rivers, aquatic vegetation Elevational range: 1300 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with stem branched; stipules open; turions mainly terminal on shoots; fowers with (3–)4(–7) carpels.

#### **1573. Potamogeton gramineus L.**

**Synonyms:** *Potamogeton heterophyllus* Schreb*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rivers, alpine ponds, aquatic vegetation Elevational range: 750 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with stem unbranched or weakly branched; leaves denticulate (especially young), all sessile, with 3–4 pairs lateral veins.

#### **1574. Potamogeton nodosus Poir.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rivers, rice felds, aquatic vegetation Elevational range: 500 - 1850 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with stem unbranched or weakly branched; submenged leaves with normally developed leaf blade, decay early in the season; foating leaves without diffrently built junction between blade and petole; fruit 3–4 mm long.

#### **1575. Potamogeton perfoliatus L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rivers, rice felds, alpine ponds, aquatic vegetation Elevational range: 400 - 3600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with stems richly branched in upper part; stipule delicate, hyaline, fugacious (well visible only on young leaves), leaves amplexicaul, foating leaves absent.

#### **1576. Potamogeton pusillus L.**

**Synonyms:** *Potamogeton panormitanus* Biv*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rivers, aquatic vegetation Elevational range: 500 - 1500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with branched stems; stipules tubular; turions mainly sessile, axillary; fowers with (3–)4(–7) carpels.

#### **1577. Stuckenia amblyphylla (C.A. Mey.) Holub**

**Synonyms:** *Potamogeton amblyphyllus* C.A. Mey.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Rivers, alpine ponds Elevational range: 1800 - 2500 Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant perennial, submerged, up to 1-1.5 m long; sheaths 0.6-4 cm, appearing as a closed ellipse when transversely dissected, persistent; leaves sessile, fliform, 5-10 cm × 0.7-2.4 mm, 3-veined, apex obtuse to rounded.

#### **1578. Stuckenia fliformis (Pers.) Börner**

**Synonyms:** *Potamogeton fliformis* Pers*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rivers, alpine ponds Elevational range: 2500 - 4300 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant mostly richly branched near base of stem and unbranched above; leaf sheaths closed and tubular at base (connate) at least when young, appearing as a closed ellipse when transversally sectioned; mature fruits greenish.

#### **1579. Stuckenia pamirica (Baagøe) Z. Kaplan**

**Synonyms:** *Potamogeton pamiricus* Baagøe

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rivers, alpine ponds Elevational range: 2000 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants unbranched, moderately or richly branched near base and sparingly branched above; hyaline edges of leaf sheaths creamy yellowish, markedly contrasting with the dark sheaths; leaf blades sometimes recurved towards apex, sometimes even twisted spirally when dried.

**626 Potamogetonaceae**

#### **1580. Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner**

**Synonyms:** *Potamogeton pectinatus* L.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rivers, aquatic vegetation, water bodies Elevational range: 500 - 2600 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants moderately or richly branched, branches evenly distributed along stem; leaf sheat open and convolute along entire length; mature fruits yellow-brownish.

#### **1581. Anagallis arvensis L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, meadows, ruderal, felds, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 2200 Flowering period: III - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–50 cm high; corolla petals red-orange, glandular-pubescent on edges, entire. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **1582. Anagallis foemina Mill.**

**Synonyms:** *Anagallis arvensis* L. subsp*. foemina* (Mill.) Schinz & Thell.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, screes, orchards and gardens, felds, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 2100 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–50 cm high; petals mainly azure, serrate.

#### **1583. Androsace akbaitalensis Derganc ex O. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Androsace acrolasia* Vved. & Ovcz.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3800 - 4800 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 10 cm high; leaves in +/- fattened rosettes, pale green with short white strigose hairs on upper half; calyx 3–8 mm long, campanulate.

#### **1584. Androsace caduca Ovcz.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 2500 - 3600 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 7 cm high; the species is similar to *Androsace pavlovskyi* Ovcz., but easy distinguished by longer pedicels, which are ca. 2 × longer than bracts.

#### **1585. Androsace fedtschenkoi Ovcz.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2700 - 4400 Flowering period: VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 2–12 cm high; scapes equal to pedicels or shorter; corolla milk-white.

#### **1586. Androsace lehmanniana Spreng.**

**Synonyms:** *Androsace bungeana* Schischk. & Bobrov*, A. chamaejasme* Wulfen subsp*. lehmanniana* (Spreng.) Hultén

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine swards, steppes Elevational range: 3000 - 4000 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–8 cm high; laxly cespitose; rosettes more than 1.5 cm in diameter; inner leaves distinctly longer than outer.

#### **1587. Androsace maxima L.**

**Synonyms:** *Androsace turczaninowii* Freyn

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 1000 - 4350 Flowering period: V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 8 cm high; scapes several times longer than pedicels; calyx pubescent.

#### **1588. Androsace ovczinnikovii Schischk. & Bobrov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine swards Elevational range: 3300 - 4700 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–10 cm high; leaf rosettes forming loose tufts, internodes of shoots 1–2 × as long as leaf rosettes; bracts elliptic to ovate-lanceolate; corolla white, becoming pink.

#### **1589. Cortusa matthioli L. subsp. turkestanica (Losinsk.) Iranshahr & Wendelbo**

**Synonyms:** *Cortusa turkestanica* Losinsk*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, forbs Elevational range: 1700 - 3300 Flowering period: V - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–60 cm high; leaf blade 10–16 cm wide, leaf lobes coarsely dentate, petiole up to 30(–40) cm long, widely winged; involuclar bracts broad, leafike, at the top irregularly dentate; corolla tube very short, nearly inconspicious; stamen flaments fused in a ring; anthers pointed at the top; style longer than corolla.

#### **1590. Dionysia involucrata Zapriag.**

**NT**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1200 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high; cushionlike, glandular; shoots covered with imbricated small, brownish old leaves and rosettes of young green leaves; inforescence a stalked 3- to 5-fowered umbel, with large bracts at the base (larger than leaves); corolla dark pink to light violet, with tube 2–3.5 cm long (3–4 times longer than the calyx).

#### **1591. Lysimachia maritima (L.) Galasso, Banf & Soldano**

**Synonyms:** *Glaux maritima* L.

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires, felds, salt marshes Elevational range: 1800 - 4000 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20(–30) cm high; glabrous, rooting at the nodes; the nodes with scaly and opposite leaves; stem prostrate to ascending; leaves × feshy, 5–12 × 2.5–5.5 mm, elliptic-oblong to ovatelanceolate, acute or obtuse, pale green, sessile, uppermost smaller, crowded, often glandular-punctate, margin whitish; fowers axillary solitary, barely exserted from the subtending leaf, lilac or pink, subsessile; pedicel 1–1.5 mm long; capsule globose, opening downwards with 5 slits.

#### **1592. Primula algida Adams**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine swards Elevational range: 2500 - 4700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–15 cm high; farinose; involucres pendent; fower peduncles equal.

#### **1593. Primula baldshuanica B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, meadows, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 750 - 2200 Flowering period: III - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–25 cm high; leaves 3–6 cm long, glabrous on the upperside, usually farinose on the bottomside; fnely, irregularly dentate leaf margin; loose, elongated inforescence; fowers with conspicious peduncles; involucral bracts with tubercles at the base; calyx 5–7 mm long; corolla diameter 1–1.6 cm.

#### **1594. Primula geranophylla Kovalevsk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, rocks, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1000 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; leaves light green, (2–)3–7(–8) cm long, (3–)4–9 cm wide, up to 1/2 divided into rhomboid, elongated lobes (resembling leaves of Geranium); corolla diameter 1.5–1.8 cm; corolla glabrous, with lobes only little incised, light purple, corolla tube dark purple; calyx densely glandular; capsule nearly spherical.

#### **1595. Primula kaufmanniana Regel**

# **LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, rocks, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 1500 - 3500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25(–30) cm high; leaves deeply divided to obovate-shaped lobes; calyx teeth lanceolate.

#### **1596. Primula lactifora Turkev.**

**Synonyms:** *Primula turkeviczii* V.V. Byalt

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Meadows, forbs Elevational range: 2200 - 3000 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–25 cm high; corolla white with violet tube; calyx with apparent veins.

#### **1597. Primula macrophylla D. Don**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fens and mires, alpine swards, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3500 - 5000 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (7–)10–35 cm high; rosette base usually with fbrous, brownish–black remnants of last year's leaves; leaves (4–)5–10 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide, feshy, bluish, narrowly lanceolate to oblong-elliptical; leaf margin irregularly crenate; corolla with pinkish-violet lobes and lighter tube; calyx 6–13 mm long, dark violet; capsule cylindrical, 2 × (or less) longer than calyx.

#### **1598. Primula minkwitziae W.W. Sm.**

**Synonyms:** *Auganthus minkwitziae* (W.W.Sm.) Soják

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Rocks, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2500 - 2700 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; leaves dark–green on the upperside,

and lighter on the bottomside; leaves orbicular-cordate or reniform; up to 1/3 of the length with rounded lobes; umbel with 5–10 fowers; corolla violet-purple, often with yellow spot inside; calyx densely glandular; capsule elongated.

#### **1599. Primula nivalis Pall. var. farinosa Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Primula turkestanica* E.A. White

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine swards, fens Elevational range: 2800 - 3900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 35 cm high; leaves in rosette, petiole broadly winged, 6–16 × 1–4 cm, glabrous, white farinose abaxially; scapes 10–25 cm, elongating to 35 cm in fruit; pedicels white farinose; umbels 8–20-fowered; bracts lanceolate 5–14 mm; calyx tubular 6–11 mm; corolla tube 0.8–1.5 cm; limb 1.5–2.5 cm wide.

#### **1600. Primula olgae Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires Elevational range: 1700 - 3700 Flowering period: III - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; plant glabrous; inforescence head shaped; perianths longer than fower peduncles.

#### **1601. Primula pamirica Fed.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 3100 - 4200 Flowering period: V - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; whole plant not–farinose; leaf rosette dense; leaves 1.5–3 cm long, elliptical to obovate, lobed with entire margin (or little dentate); petioles narrowly winged, of equal length or sligtly longer than leaf blade; inforescence shoots thick; involucral bracts with ear–shape 1–2 mm long appendages at the base; corolla diameter 1–2 cm, corolla lobes deeply incised, pale pink, corolla tube brighter than lobes; calyx tube spotted with black dashes; capsule cylindrical– elongated, equal or a bit longer than calyx.

#### **1602. Adiantum capillus-veneris L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Rocks, springs Elevational range: 850 - 2400 Sporing period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plants terrestrial or epilithic,

10–40 cm high; lamina ovate-triangular in outline; veins multidichotomously forked, visible on both surfaces. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

**634 Primulaceae – Pteridaceae**

#### **1603. Cheilanthes persica (Bory) Mett. ex Kuhn**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 550 - 1750 Sporing period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–12 cm high; leaves glabrous on upper side, beneath densely pubescent.

#### **1604. Cryptogramma stelleri (S.G. Gmel.) Prantl**

**Synonyms:** *Allosorus minutus* Turcz. ex Trautv.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, N Americ Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 2000 - 3000 Sporing period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with sterile frond 3-8 cm,

fertile frond 6-12 cm and yellowish green lamina, 1- or 2-pinnate; pinnules 1 or 2 pairs, anadromous, broadly lanceolate, base cuneate, apex acute or obtuse; sori borne at vein tips.

#### **1605. Pyrola rotundifolia L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs

Elevational range: 2000 - 3600

Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; leaves 4–7, semievergreen; petiole ca. 2 × or ca. as long as blades; leaf blade slightly green abaxially, green adaxially, slightly shiny, orbicular to ovate; fowers 1.5–2 cm in diameter; sepals ca. 1/2–2/3 as long as petals.

**The mires with** *Saxifraga hirculus* **near Murghab in the Pamir (approx. 3,500 m a.s.l.).**

#### **1606. Aconitum leucostomum Vorosch.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Forbs, juniper forests Elevational range: 900 - 2600 Flowering period: VII to IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant ca. 1 m high; leaf blade ca. 14 × 18 cm, abaxially sparsely retrorse pubescent, adaxially glabrous; sepals abaxially pubescent; spur slightly circinate, longer than lip, stamens glabrous; flaments entire.

#### **1607. Aconitum nemorum Popov**

**Synonyms:** *Aconitum saposhnikovii* B. Fedtsch

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Coniferous forests Elevational range: 2300 - 3300 Flowering period: VII to IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant ca. 1 m high; leaf blade pentagonal, both surfaces sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous; inforescence terminal, 2–6-fowered; rachis and pedicels sparsely spreading pubescent; sepals purple, abaxially sparsely spreading pubescent; spur incurved, ca. 1 mm.

#### **1608. Aconitum rotundifolium Kar. & Kir.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, Himal Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3200 - 4400 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–25(–65) cm high; 5 leafets; perianth pale purple. Usefulness: Med.

**638 Ranunculaceae**

#### **1609. Aconitum seravschanicum Steinb.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, alpine meadows, steppes Elevational range: 2400 - 3600 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 100 cm high; 5 leafets; perianth nearly yellow.

#### **1610. Aconitum talassicum Popov**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, forbs Elevational range: 2300 - 2850 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 150 cm high; 3 leafets; perianth purple. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **1611. Adonis aestivalis L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Fields, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 3400 Flowering period: IV to V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; sepals, calyx and fruits glabrous.

#### **1612. Adonis turkestanica (Korsh.) Adolf**

**Synonyms:** *Adonis apennina* L. var. *turkestanica* Korsh*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Pastures, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 3200 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–80 cm high; yellow fowers with pubescent sepals. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1613. Anemone baissunensis Juz. ex M.M. Sharipova**

**Synonyms:** *Anemone coronaria* L. var*. intermedia* Regel

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 2200 Flowering period: III to IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (5–)10–30 cm high; fowers (2–)3–6 cm in diameter; petals yellow, sometimes with slighly pink or orange tinge. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1614. Anemone bifora DC. var. gortschakowii (Kar. & Kir.) Sinno**

**Synonyms:** *Anemone gortschakowii* Kar. & Kir., *Anemone oligotoma* Juz*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 2300 - 4100

Flowering period: VI to VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; rhizome simple, tuberous; basal leaves nearly round, 3(–5)-sect, segments subsessile; involucral bracts palmately parted. Usefulness: Orn.

**640 Ranunculaceae**

#### **1615. Anemone bucharica (Regel) Finet & Gagnep.**

**Synonyms:** *Anemone coronaria* L. var. *bucharica* Regel

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Meadows, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 700 - 2500 Flowering period: III to IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–27 cm high; fowers 3–6 cm in diameter; petals red; anthers greyish–purple. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1616. Anemone narcissifora L. subsp. protracta (Ulbr.) Ziman & Fedor.**

**Synonyms:** *Anemonastrum protractum* (Ulbr.) Holub, *Anemone protracta* (Ulbr.) Juz.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, alpine meadows, steppes Elevational range: 2800 - 3400 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–30(–35) cm high, without thickened rhizomes; fruits glabrous, fattened. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1617. Anemone seravschanica Kom.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, nitrophilous rock footings Elevational range: 1200 - 2000 Flowering period: IV to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 6–8 (–10) cm high; petals glabrous on both sides. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1618. Anemone tschernaewii (Czern.) Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 700 - 2200 Flowering period: III to IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 7–25 cm high; petals white, pink or purple; anthers linear-oblong, light or grayish pink; flament of a stamen purple. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1619. Aquilegia karelinii (Baker) O. Fedtsch. & B. Fedtsch.**

**Synonyms:** *Aquilegia vulgaris* L. var*. karelinii* Baker

Phytogeographical element: NA Habitat: Meadows, riverside forests, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 2800 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant stems glandular hairy, up to 80 cm high; leafets lobed, deeply dissected, glabrous above, sparsely hairy beneath; fowers ca. 5 cm across, violet or dark red; sepals ovate, acuminate, glandular– ciliate; petals sparsely hairy, spur recurved; carpels 5, connate; styles glabrous.

#### **1620. Aquilegia vicaria Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, forbs, springs Elevational range: 1200 - 3500 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (10–)30–80 cm high; leaf petioles covered with scattered or numerous thin straight protruding hairs, sometimes with a slight admixture of small glandular hairs. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **642 Ranunculaceae**

#### **1621. Callianthemum alatavicum Freyn**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine swards, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3000 - 3400 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–18(–25) cm high; fowers 1.7–2.5 cm in diameter; petals 6–10.

#### **1622. Ceratocephala testiculata (Crantz) Besser**

**Synonyms:** *Ranunculus testiculatus* Crantz

Phytogeographical element: M, I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs, felds, ruderal Elevational range: 350 - 2600 Flowering period: II to V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 1–8 cm high; basal leaves 4–11; petiole 0.3–2 cm, sparsely arachnoid; fowers 6–9 mm in diameter; sepals long elliptic, 2.5–4.5 mm, abaxially densely puberulent.

#### **1623. Clematis asplenifolia Schrenk**

**Synonyms:** *Clematis songorica* Bunge var*. aspleniifolia* (Schrenk) Trautv.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 1600 - 3400 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant vines; leaves singular, serrate, fowers whitish.

1622

1623

#### **1624. Clematis orientalis L.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Forbs, scree Elevational range: 270 - 600 Flowering period: VI to IX Remarks: Climber; plant vines; leaves 1- or 2-pinnate; cymes many fowered, fowers yellow, sepals adaxially pubescent.

#### **1625. Clematis tangutica (Maxim.) Korsh.**

**Synonyms:** *Clematis orientalis* L. var. *tangutica* Maxim*.* 

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 3100 - 4300 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; woody vines, sometimes dwarf, erect shrublets; pedicels 10–20 cm long. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

#### **1626. Consolida leptocarpa Nevski**

**Synonyms:** *Delphinium leptocarpum* (Nevski) Nevski

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt marshes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 500 - 2300 Flowering period: IV to V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–65 cm high; leaves pubescent, 2–3-sect, terminal lobules 1.2–2.5 mm wide; spur 3–4 mm wide at base; bracts shorter than fowers.

#### **1627. Consolida rugulosa (Boiss.) Schrödinger**

**Synonyms:** *Delphinium rugulosum* Boiss*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1000 Flowering period: IV to VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–35 cm high; ovary pubescent, follicle 12–20 mm long, adjacent to stem; fower spur 17–20 mm long.

#### **1628. Coptidium lapponicum (L.) Gand. ex Rydb.**

**Synonyms:** *Ranunculus altaicus* Laxm*.*

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Fens, alpine meadows Elevational range: 2500 - 4000 Flowering period: VII to IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–15 cm high; stem brown puberulent only below fower; basal leaves glabrous with spatulate blade 1–2.5 × 0.6–1.5 cm; fowers solitary, 2.5 cm in diameter; receptacle densely puberulent; sepals 5 densely dark brown puberulent; petals obovate ca. 11 × 8–11 mm; achene glabrous.

#### **1629. Delphinium barbatum Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Aconitella barbata* (Bunge) Soják, *Consolida barbata*  (Bunge) Schrödinger

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 2300 Flowering period: VI to VII

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; carpels glabrous; fowers on long pedicels longer than perianth; pedicels with yellow hairs; sepals pale blue, hairy at margins.

#### **1630. Delphinium biternatum Huth**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 3600 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–100 cm high; ovary and fruits pubescent. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

#### **1631. Delphinium brunonianum Royle**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 3500 - 4900 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (20–)35–50 cm high; leaves distinctly funnel-shaped, cuneate at base; fruit 7–12 mm long, 5–6 mm wide, bent downwards. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1632. Delphinium confusum Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, screes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2400 - 2600 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–76(–90) cm high; inforescence rather dense; leaf lobes do not overlap each other in lower part. Usefulness: Orn.

**646 Ranunculaceae**

#### **1633. Delphinium decoloratum Ovcz. & Kochk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 1400 - 1800 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–85 cm high; spur with a small hump at the base; pedicel 5–17 mm long; staminodes densely pubescent; basal leaves densely hairy. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1634. Delphinium iliense Huth**

**Synonyms:** *Delphinium turkestanicum* Huth

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 1900 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant stem up to 80 cm high; proximal leaves usually not withered; raceme 6–20 cm, 5–12-fowered; pedicels 1–3.2 cm, glabrous; spur 1.4–1.7 cm, base 2.5–3.5 mm in diameter; petals emarginate, glabrous; flaments glabrous.

#### **1635. Delphinium karategini Korsh.**

Usefulness: Orn.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1500 - 2000 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–80(–150) cm high; leaves shortly pubescent, 3–4-sect, cut into linear acute segments; pedicels slightly hairy; staminodes white.

1637

#### **1636. Delphinium lipskii Korsh.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1500 - 2600 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–75 cm high; spur not humped at base, obtuse at apex; pedicel 15–50 mm long, carpels hairy; basal leaves present during blooming; leaves 2–5(–6) cm, mainly in lower part of the stem; inforescens loose, branching. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1637. Delphinium longipedunculatum Regel & Schmalh.**

### **EN**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 1000 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 35–70 cm high; leaves die during fowering; leafets glabrous. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1638. Delphinium oreophilum Huth**

**Synonyms:** *Delphinium nevskii* Zak*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, riverside forests, screes, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 4000 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–70 cm high; leaves round in the outline, in lower part leaf lobes partly overlap each other; staminodes dark brown. Usefulness: Orn.

**648 Ranunculaceae**

#### **1639. Delphinium semibarbatum Bien. ex Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 1700 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 35–75 cm high; ovary and fruits glabrous. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1640. Eranthis longistipitata Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Shibateranthis longistipitata* (Regel) Nakai

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 750 - 2000 Flowering period: III to IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–25 cm high; fowers developed gynophore; leaves all basal; inforescence with an involucre.

#### **1641. Halerpestes sarmentosa (Adams) Kom.**

**Synonyms:** *Ranunculus sarmentosus* Adams

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires, salt marshes, water bodies Elevational range: 2300 - 4000 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–9 cm high with stolons 10–20 cm long; leaf blade oblong-ovate to rounded ovate or rounded-reniform, base obtuse; sepals glabrous.

**1642. Nigella bucharica Schipcz.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Fields, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 520 - 2500 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–25(–50) cm high; perianth 12–15 mm long.

#### **1643. Nigella integrifolia Regel**

1643

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 1700 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–25 cm high; perianth (8–)10–12 mm long.

#### **1644. Paraquilegia caespitosa (Boiss. & Hohen.) J.R. Drumm. & Hutch.**

**Synonyms:** *Isopyrum caespitosum* Boiss. & Hohen.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1850 - 4100 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–8 (–10) cm high; scapes and leaves densely glandular puberulous; leaves ternate.

#### **1645. Paraquilegia unifora (Aitch. & Hemsl.) J.R. Drumm. & Hutch.**

**Synonyms:** *Isopyrum uniforum* Aitch. & Hemsl.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2500 - 4000 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; leaves slightly sectioned; fruits bend aside.

#### **1646. Pulsatilla campanella Fisch. ex Krylov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2400 - 4200 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 14–20 cm high; fowers up to 3 cm in diameter; petals folded at apex.

#### **1647. Ranunculus alajensis Ostenf.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2400 - 4500 Flowering period: V to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (2–) 8–18(–25) cm high, glabrous or only slightly hairy; achenes glabrous, 2–3 mm long.

#### **1648. Ranunculus albertii Regel & Schmalh.**

**Synonyms:** *Ranunculus sulphureus* Sol. var*. albertii* Maxim*.* 

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 3700 - 4300 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; leaves glabrous, blades of basal leaves broader than long; sepals abaxially yellowish puberulent; fower solitary, terminal, 1.7–2.8 cm in diameter; carpels and achenes glabrous.

#### **1649. Ranunculus arvensis L.**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Ruderal, felds Elevational range: 700 - 2800 Flowering period: IV to VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 6–15(–50) high; basal leaves sparsely puberulent; leaves except the lowest deeply lobed; sepals patent; achene with spine up to 2 mm.

#### **1650. Ranunculus aureopetalus Kom.**

**Synonyms:** *Ranunculus sciatrophus* Ovcz*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes Elevational range: 2200 - 3300 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–15(–25) cm high; nutlets glabrous; leaves oval–cordate, deeply 3–5 dissected.

**652 Ranunculaceae**

#### **1651. Ranunculus badachschanicus Ovcz. & Kochk.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2300 - 4500 Flowering period: V to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; fowers 2.5–2.8 cm in diameter; pedicels hairy; petals broadly ovate; thickening of roots brown-greyish; achenes hairy.

#### **1652. Ranunculus baldshuanicus Regel ex Kom.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 450 - 2200 Flowering period: IV to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–85 cm high; fowers 14–22 mm in diameter; sepals abaxially densely yellowish pubescent; anthers flaments pubescent.

#### **1653. Ranunculus distans D. Don**

**Synonyms:** *Ranunculus brevirostris* Edgew*., R. laetus* Wall*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, Himal Habitat: Meadows, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 2600 Flowering period: V to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 22–65 cm high; basal leaves up to 7–8 cm wide, 3-partite, cordate at base, hirsute; receptacle glabrous; achenes ca. 2.2 mm long.

#### **1654. Ranunculus kamchaticus DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Ficaria glacialis* Fisch. ex DC., *Oxygraphis glacialis*  (Fisch. ex DC.) Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, Arctic Habitat: Fens and mires, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 4000 - 4500 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant stemless, 5–10 cm high; leaves all basal, ovate, broadly ovate, or elliptic; fowers 1.5–3 cm in diameter; sepals persistent during fruiting.

#### **1655. Ranunculus longicaulis Ledeb. ex A. Spreng.**

**Synonyms:** *Ranunculus pulchellus* C.A. Mey. var*. longicaulis Trautv.* 

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 2300 - 4000 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–37 cm high; lower stem leaves lanceolate longer than basal ovoid lanceolate leaves; fowers 0.7–1(–1.6) mm in diameter; with fve often underdeveloped petals nearly equal to sepals.

#### **1656. Ranunculus muricatus L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Orchards and gardens, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 500 - 1100 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; nutlets with spikes; leaves ovate, 3-pinnate.

**654 Ranunculaceae**

#### **1657. Ranunculus natans C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Rivers, fens and mires, water bodies Elevational range: 2600 - 4300 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant aquatic; achenes glabrous.

#### **1658. Ranunculus paucidentatus Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, pastures, forbs Elevational range: 1000 - 3500 Flowering period: V to IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (10–)20–30(–40) cm high, densely covered with long white hairs; achenes up to 3 mm long, hairy, with a hooked tip.

#### **1659. Ranunculus pinnatisectus Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 1400 Flowering period: III to V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–35 cm high; stems leafy; leaves 1 to 2-pinnate; achenes thinly hairy, 3–4 mm long.

#### **1660. Ranunculus popovii Ovcz.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, Himal Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens, alpine swards Elevational range: 2300 - 4500 Flowering period: VII to IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–16 cm high; basal leaves puberulent with blade 3-partite, rarely 3-lobed; fowers terminal 0.9–1.5 cm in diameter; sepals 3–5 mm abaxially densely yellowish pubescent; achene slightly compressed.

#### **1661. Ranunculus pseudohirculus Schrenk**

**Synonyms:** *Ranunculus longicaulis* Ledeb. ex A. Spreng. var*. pseudohirculus* (Schrenk) Gubanov, *R. pulchellus* C.A. Mey. var*. pseudohirculus* (Schrenk) Trautv.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 2300 - 4400 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–25 cm high; stem leaves shorter than basal; blades of basal leaves ovate or narrowly obovate, 0.5–1.2 cm wide, base broadly cuneate or rounded; fowers 1.6–2.5 cm in diameter. Usefulness: For.

#### **1662. Ranunculus rubrocalyx Regel ex Kom.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 2000 - 4500 Flowering period: VII to IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20(–25) cm high; fowers 1–1.8 cm in diameter; calyx reddish-browny, pubescent.

**656 Ranunculaceae**

#### **1663. Ranunculus rufosepalus Franch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 2700 - 4900 Flowering period: VII to X Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; sepals ovate, densely covered with reddish-brown to reddish hairs on the outer surface.

#### **1664. Ranunculus sceleratus L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, felds Elevational range: 430 - 800 Flowering period: IV to IX Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 10–75 cm high; fowers 0.4–0.8 cm in diameter; pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; achene slightly bilaterally compressed.

#### **1665. Ranunculus sewerzowii Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Ranunculus leptorrhynchus* Aitch. & Hemsl.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 2400 Flowering period: IV to V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–30(–60) cm high; nutlets ciliate on edge; lower leaves double 3-pinnate.

#### **1666. Ranunculus subrigescens Ovcz.**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 3600 - 4300 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 3–11 cm high; leaves palmate lobed, thick; pedicels and sepals hairy; fowers 1–2, 1.5–2 cm in diameter.

#### **1667. Ranunculus tenuilobus Regel ex Kom.**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 2500 Flowering period: IV to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–35(–57) cm high; stems covered with long protruding hairs; fruits small, round, 0.8–1 cm long; achenes 2.5–3 mm long with scattered hairs.

#### **1668. Ranunculus trautvetterianus C. Regel ex Ovcz.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: River beds, juniper forests, steppes Elevational range: 2500 - 4000 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 6–20(–30) cm high; basal leaf blades up to 4 cm wide, base truncate-cuneate or cordatetruncate, 3-lobed, central lobe obovate or cuneate; fowers 2–2.7 cm in diameter; receptacle hairy.

**658 Ranunculaceae**

#### **1669. Ranunculus turkestanicus Franch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, steppes, moraines and snowbeds, forbs Elevational range: 2000 - 4000 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 2–12(–19) cm high; leaves only basal; achenes with a dark strip; plant surrounded by numerous young individuals growing from short vegetative stolones.

#### **1670. Thalictrum alpinum L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 3300 - 4200 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; inforescence a simple raceme; leaves all basal; leafets cuneate-obovate to orbicular-ovate. Usefulness: For.

#### **1671. Thalictrum foetidum L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Fens and mires, springs Elevational range: 2000 - 4500 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; stigma broadly winged, triangular; achenes laterally compressed, shortly hairy.

1670

#### **1672. Thalictrum isopyroides C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 400 - 3000 Flowering period: III - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–40 cm high, glabrous; leaves present mainly in the lower part of the stem.

#### **1673. Thalictrum kuhistanicum Ovcz. & Kochk.**

### **LC**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1000 - 3100 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (30–)50–80 cm high, glabrous or only sparsely hairy on leafets and petioles; leaves without stipules.

#### **1674. Thalictrum sultanabadense Stapf**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, screes, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 2000 Flowering period: III to V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–35 cm high; achenes crescent-like.

**660 Ranunculaceae**

#### **1675. Trollius altaicus C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Fens, alpine swards Elevational range: 1500 - 3100 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20-30 cm high at fowering, elongated to 70 cm at fruiting; fower solitary, 3–5 cm across; sepals (10-)15–18, orange, 1.6-2.5 × 0.9-2 cm, rounded; styles dark purple or black; follicles ca. 16, ca. 1 cm × 3.5 mm.

#### **1676. Trollius komarovii Pachom.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Riverside forests, fens and mires Elevational range: 2600 - 3500 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant stems more than 5 cm high, up to 24 cm at fruiting; petals equaling flaments; fower solitary, terminal; sepals ca. 6 mm, persistent.

#### **1677. Trollius lilacinus Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Fens, alpine swards Elevational range: 2600 - 3600 Flowering period: VII to IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high, to 30 cm at fruiting; fower solitary, 2.5–3.5 cm in diameter; sepals 15–18, lilac-blue or pale blue, rarely white with blue veins, 1.2–1.6 cm × 5.5–14 mm; petals ca. 8, broadly linear, shorter than stamens 5–6 × 1.2–1.5 mm.

#### **1678. Reseda bucharica Litv.**

**Synonyms:** *Reseda hemithamnoides* Czerniak*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 750 - 1400 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–70 cm high; sepals at fruiting time absent; all leaves entire.

#### **1679. Reseda lutea L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1500 - 1900 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 30–90 cm high; leaves 3–5-parted or pinnatifd; fowers yellow or yellowish green; sepals and petals usually 6; capsule 5-lobed at the apex. Usefulness: For, Foo.

#### **1680. Rhamnus coriacea Brouss. ex Schult.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1300 - 2800 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 100–150 cm tall, spinose; leaves very small, alternate or fascicled on short shoots; drupe dark brown or black at maturity, globose. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1681. Rhamnus minuta Grubov**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 2800 - 4200 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 10–25 cm tall, spinose, profusely shortly branched; leaves very small, alternate or fascicled on short shoots; drupe yellow or dark brown at maturity, obovoid-globose. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **1682. Ziziphus jujuba Mill.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 650 - 1600 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; tree 3–14 m high; annual branches usually 2–7-fascicled on oblong reduced branches; pedicels and calyx glabrous; drupe oblong or narrowly ovoid, mesocarp thick, feshy. Usefulness: Med, Foo, Orn.

#### **1683. Agrimonia eupatoria L. subsp. asiatica (Juz.) Skalický**

**Synonyms:** *Agrimonia asiatica* Juz*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M, Orient Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, ruderal, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 2000 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 0.35–1.2 m high; fowers 1.2–1.3 cm in diameter; fruiting hypanthium 8–10 × ca. 5 mm including prickles, outer prickles recurved, innermost ones spreading. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1684. Alchemilla hissarica Ovcz. & Koczk.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 900 - 2800 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–30 cm tall; stipules membranous, brown, glabrous; leaf blade cordateorbicular, pubescent, margin 8–11 lobed and serrulate; hypanthium glabrous.

#### **1685. Alchemilla obtusa Buser**

Phytogeographical element: E-S, M, I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine swards Elevational range: 1800 - 3000 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant medium-sized, gray-green; leaf blade rounded-reniform, 3–11 × 4–13 cm, with 9–11 lobes, margin serrulate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially hairy only on major veins and margin; inforescences narrow,

#### **1686. Amygdalus bucharica Korsh.**

long, fowers in loose, 3 × 3–4 mm fascicle.

**Synonyms:** *Prunus bucharica* (Korsh.) B. Fedtsch. ex Rehder

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 2300 Flowering period: II to III Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; tree between 3 and 10 m

high; leaves broadly ovate, 3–6 × 2–2.5 cm; fowers 2.5–4.5 cm in diameter, pink or raspberry-red; endocarp usually smooth.

Usefulness: Med, Foo, Ind, Orn.

#### **1687. Cerasus tianshanica Pojark.**

**Synonyms:** *Microcerasus prostrata* (Labill.) M. Roem. var*. tianschanica* (Pojark.) Eremin & Juschev

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 900 - 2300 Flowering period: IV to VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 1.5 m high; leaf blade obovate to oblanceolate, 0.8–1.6 cm, glabrous; pedicel ca. 1.5 mm; fowers solitary, opening at same time as leaves; hypanthium longer than wide; style villous basally.

#### **1688. Comarum salesovianum (Stephan) Asch. & Graebn.**

**Synonyms:** *Farinopsis salesoviana* (Stephan) Chrtek & Soják

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes Elevational range: 2600 - 4200 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; subshrub 30–100 cm high; sepals purplish, triangular-ovate, ca. 1.5 cm, abaxially pubescent; petals white or red, obovate, nearly equaling sepals, glabrous. Usefulness: For, Foo, Orn.

#### **1689. Cotoneaster hissaricus Pojark.**

**Synonyms:** *Cotoneaster racemiforus* (Desf.) K. Koch var*. hissaricus*  (Pojark.) Kitam.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1000 - 2200 Flowering period: V to VI

Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 0.7 up to 1.5–2 m high; leaves 1–3.7(–4.5) cm, sparse tomentose on abaxial surface, at the end of vegetation season nearly glabrous; inforescence with 4–12 fowers, slightly hairy; fruits black with gray waxy cover, spherical. Usefulness: Orn.

1692

#### **1690. Cotoneaster nummularioides Pojark.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 650 - 3000 Flowering period: IV to V Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 1.5–2.75 m high; leaves small, 0.5–1(–2) cm, tomentose on abaxial surface; inforescence compact, with (2–)3–5(–7) fowers, tomentose; fruits violet-red, 6–8 mm long.

#### **1691. Cotoneaster nummularius Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1400 - 3200 Flowering period: V to VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub small, 25–30 cm, rarely up to 1 m high; leaves small, 0.5–1.2 cm on generative shoots, 2 cm on vegetative shoots; inforescence with (2–)3–5(–7) fowers; fruits 6–8 mm long.

#### **1692. Cotoneaster songaricus (Regel & Herder) Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 1500 - 3000 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 1–2.5 m high; leaf blade apically obtuse, on abaxial surface white tomentose; hypanthium tomentose; petals 2.5–3.5 mm; fruit ovoid to ellipsoid.

#### **1693. Crataegus altaica (Loud.) Lage**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 1500 - 3000 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; tree medium-sized, 3–6 m high; leaves deeply pinnate to more than 1/2 width of blade, glabrous or slightly pubescent; fruits golden-yellow, 8–10 mm in diameter, pyrenes 4 or 5. Usefulness: Foo.

#### **1694. Crataegus azarolus L. var. pontica (K. Koch) K.I. Chr.**

**Synonyms:** *Crataegus pontica* C. Koch

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 2000 Flowering period: V Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; tree 4–8(–15) m high; leaves 5–7 × 4–7 cm; peduncle and pedicel strongly hairy; fruits 2.5–3 cm in diameter, yellow, feshy. Usefulness: Foo, Orn.

#### **1695. Dasiphora dryadanthoides Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 3400 - 4700 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant prostrate up to 3–12 cm high; young stems softly pubescent; leaves up to 1.5 cm with 3–7 leafets; leafets elliptic, abaxially slightly pubescent with entire margin; stipules reddish-brownish; fowers up to 2 cm in diameter, solitary.

1697

#### **1696. Dasiphora phyllocalyx Juz.**

**Synonyms:** *Pentaphylloides phyllocalyx* (Juz.) Soják

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Rocks, moraines, fens, alpine meadows Elevational range: 2200 - 3600 Flowering period: VI to VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant prostrate 5–20 cm high; leaves pinnate, 0.5–1.5 cm long; leafets elliptical or lanceolate; inforescence terminal, with solitary fower; fowers 2–3 cm in diameter.

#### **1697. Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke**

Phytogeographical element: A, I-T, M, I-I, Orient, Tropic Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 800 - 1250 Flowering period: V to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant with stolons 30–100 cm long; plant spreading hairy or densely villous; leafets obovate to rhombic-oblong, 1–5 × 1–3 cm, margin obtusely serrate, apex rounded; fowers 1–2.5 cm in diameter; sepals ovate; epicalyx segments longer than sepals, apex usually 3–5-serrate; petals yellow; aggregate fruit red,

#### **1698. Exochorda racemosa (Lindl.) Rehder**

**Synonyms:** *Exochorda alberti* Regel*, E. korolkowii* Lavall*.*

shining, 1–2 cm in diameter, spongy.

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 2500 Flowering period: IV to VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrubs up to 3 m high; leaf blades mostly entire, occasionally serrate at apex; petiole

0.5–1.5 cm or nearly absent; pedicels 3–5 mm; petals with short claws; stamens 15–20.

Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1699. Geum kokanikum Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, screes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1100 - 3400 Flowering period: VI to VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 70 cm high; fowers 1.5 cm in diameter; achenes 4–10, up to 8 mm long, without hooks.

#### **1700. Geum urbanum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Geum rivale* L. subsp*. urbanum* (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, springs Elevational range: 1400 - 2200 Flowering period: V to VI

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 85 cm high; stems hairy; fowers 0.8–1.2 cm in diameter; sepals roughly equal to petals or longer; petals yellow; achenes with long hooks.

#### **1701. Potentilla agrimonioides M. Bieb.**

**Synonyms:** *Potentilla agrimonioides* var*. malacotricha* (Juz.) Soják, *P. malacotricha* Juz*.*

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, pastures, alpine steppes Elevational range: 3800 - 4700 Flowering period: VI to VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 10–25 cm high; plant covered with long, protruding hairs with an admixture of small yellowish glands; leaves silky, yellowish-white with 3–4 pairs of leafets; leafets overlapping each other; fowers up to 1.5 cm in diameter; achenes with scattered glands.

#### **1702. Potentilla algida Soják**

**Synonyms:** *Potentilla sericata* Th. Wolf

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 2300 - 3900 Flowering period: V to X Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30(–55) cm high; leaves on long petioles, palmate; leafets 4–7, oblong-lanceolate, covered by silky villose hairs; fowers up to 2.5 cm in diameter.

#### **1703. Potentilla anserina L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Fens and mires, littoral vegetation, springs Elevational range: 1900 - 4000 Flowering period: V to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant stoloniferous, up to (3.5–) 15–30 cm long; basal leaves 2–20 cm including petiole, pinnate, abaxially densely appressed silvery sericeous, rarely glabrescent; leafets serrate at margin; pedicels without scalelike bracts. Usefulness: Med, Foo.

#### **1704. Potentilla arnavatensis (Th. Wolf) Th. Wolf ex Juz.**

**Synonyms:** *Potentilla desertorum* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, alpine meadows, rocks, steppes Elevational range: 2100 - 4000 Flowering period: VII to VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; basal leaves 5-nate, digitate, upper 3–5-nate; petioles 5–15 cm long; leafets 1.5–8.5 cm long, obovate-cuneate, truncate, obtusely serrate, densely pilose with red (rarely white) glands; fowers 1–1.5 cm. in diameter.

#### **1705. Potentilla bifora Willd. ex Schltdl.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Alpine meadows, alpine steppes, forbs Elevational range: 2900 - 3000 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant tufted 4–12 cm high; fowering stems erect; leaf blade pinnately or subpalmately 5–7-foliolate; leafets not articulate at base, margins entire; fowers usually 1 or 2, 1.2–1.8 cm in diameter.

#### **1706. Potentilla chrysantha (Zoll. & Moritzi) Trevir.**

**Synonyms:** *Potentilla asiatica* (Th. Wolf) Juz.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, screes, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs

Elevational range: 1500 - 3600 Flowering period: VI to IX

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–50 cm high; fowering stems and petioles pubescent, glabrescent; plants with leaf rosettes at anthesis; basal leaves palmately or pedately 5-foliolate, rarely some leaves 3-foliolate or pinnate, abaxially green, pilose; fowers 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter.

#### **1707. Potentilla conferta Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Riverside forests, screes, felds, steppes Elevational range: 2100 - 2500 Flowering period: VI to VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–45 cm high; plants sparsely covered by white villous hairs 3–4 mm; basal leaves pinnate; leafets usually lobed, lobes triangular-oblong or triangular-lanceolate to fasciated oblong; fowers usually 1.2–1.5 cm in diameter; sepals erect, enlarged after fowering.

#### Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; fowering stems erect, ascending, or spreading, hairless or long pressed hairy; basal leaves 2.5–7 cm long including petiole, 3-foliolate; leafets abaxially pilose or glabrescent; fowers 1–2 cm in diameter; calyx and pedicels with long protruding, somewhat sinuous hairs; anthers round ovate. Usefulness: For. **1709. Potentilla fabellata Regel & Schmalh. LC**

**1708. Potentilla crantzii** 

**Synonyms:** *Potentilla gelida* C.A. Mey.

**LC**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, Himal Habitat: Fens and mires, alpine swards Elevational range: 2200 - 3800 Flowering period: V - IX

**(Crantz) Beck ex Fritsch**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Alpine swards, loose sandy screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3000 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant caespitose 5–12(–19) cm high; leaves ternate; petioles 1–4 cm long; leafets irregularly and

#### **1710. Potentilla hololeuca Boiss. ex Lehm.**

obtusely dissected, sparsely pilose to glabrescent; fowers

small, 6–8 mm diameter.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, screes, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2500 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4–30 cm high; fowering stems tomentose and villous; basal leaves 2–6 cm including petiole; leaf blade pinnate with 2 pairs of leafets; leafets opposite, oblong to obovate-oblong, abaxially densely tomentose or villous, white tomentose on veins, adaxially pilose, margin pectinately lobed; inforescence 3–7-fowered; fowers 1.5–2 cm in diameter.

#### **1711. Potentilla kulabensis Th. Wolf**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1100 - 2700 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–40 cm high; basal leaves pinneate, 3–4(–5)-paired, upper tripartite; leafets thin, deeply serrated, three upper larger than the rest, ovoid or broad-ovoid, pointed, adaxially green with sparse hairs; inforescence 3–7-fowered; sepals long, at the apex with 2–3 separate lobes, silky-hairy; petals erect, dirty yellowish-white or yellow.

#### **1712. Potentilla mollissima Lehm.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, alpine steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1800 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (25–)30 x 50(–70) cm high; basal leaves 5-palmate (upper undivided), soft, covered by silky villose hairs; fowers large, 2.5 × 3.0 cm diameter;

petals bright yellow.

#### **1713. Potentilla pamiroalaica Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine swards, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2900 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–22 cm high; radical leaves 3–10 cm including petiole; leaf blade pinnate, with 3–5 pairs of leafets; leafets opposite or alternate, ovate or obovate-oblong, distal larger than proximal ones, adaxially green or grayish, abaxially densely white tomentose; inforescence few fowered; fowers 1.2–1.5 cm in diameter.

**Rosaceae 673**

1712

#### **1714. Potentilla parvifolia Fisch. ex Lehm.**

**Synonyms:** *Dasiphora parvifolia* (Fisch. ex Lehm.) Juz. , *Pentaphylloides parvifolia* (Fisch. ex Lehm.) Sojak

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1600 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 0.3–1.5 m high; leaves pinnate with 2 or 3 pairs of leafets, basal 2 pairs usually palmately arranged, rarely leaves 3-foliolate; leafets lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate, 5–10 × 2–5 mm, margin entire, base articulate at connection with petiole; petals yellow; ovary densely villous; style sub-basal.

#### **1715. Potentilla reptans L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: River beds Elevational range: 600 - 2100 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant stoloniferous (8–)25–50(–100) cm long; radical leaves 7–12 cm including petiole, leaf blade pedately 5-foliolate, or 3-foliolate; leafets obovate to obovate-oblong, abaxially pilose, rarely glabrescent, adaxially subglabrous; fowers 1.5–2.2 cm in diameter.

#### **1716. Potentilla supina L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S, N Americ Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, felds Elevational range: 1300 - 3100 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Therophyte, Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; fowering stems dichotomously branched; basal leaves 4–15 cm including petiole; leaf blade 3-foliolate or pinnate with 2–5 pairs of leafets; leafets alternate or opposite, oblong or obovate-oblong, up to 2.5 cm, pilose

or glabrescent; fowers 6–8 mm in diameter.

#### **1717. Potentilla tephroleuca Th. Wolf**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, forbs Elevational range: 2900 - 3900 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; stems and petioles densely silky hairy; leaves on long petioles, usually 3-palmate; leafets ovate or oblong, of approximately equal length, pilose; anthers elongate-ovate.

#### **1718. Potentilla vvedenskyi Botsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, alpine meadows, alpine swards, alpine steppes Elevational range: 2900 - 3800

Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant (5–)10–45 cm high; plant pale green, scattered hairy with glands; leaves 3-foliolate; leafets broadly-ovoid, 0.8–1.8 cm long, on both sides green with pronounced veins; fowers up to 1.5 cm in diameter; achenes wrinkled.

#### **1719. Prunus avium (L.) L.**

**Synonyms:** *Cerasus avium (*L.) Moench

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Orchards and gardens, ruderal Elevational range: 600 - 2100 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; trees to 25 m high; leaf blade obovate-elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 3–13 × 2–6 cm, petiole 2–7 cm, glabrous, apically with 2 nectaries; fowers opening at same time as leaves; drupe red to purplish black, subglobose to ovoid.

Sand dunes in the wide valley of the Pamir River near Zoogvand in the Vakhan Corridor.

#### **1720. Prunus spinosissima (Bunge) Franch.**

**Synonyms:** *Amygdalus spinosissima* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 400 - 1400 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 1–1.5(–2) m high; bark dark grey, strongly spinous; leaves 1.5–2.6 × 0.3–0.5 cm; fowers 6–8 mm in diameter, pink or purple-red; stamens 12–26; endocarp smooth or slightly wrinkled. Usefulness: Ind.

#### **1721. Prunus verrucosa Franch.**

**Synonyms:** *Cerasus verrucosa* (Franch.) Nevski , *Microcerasus prostrata* (Labill.) M. Roem. var*. verrucosa* (Franch.) Eremin

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 900 - 3500 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 0.5–3 m high; leaves on young shoots 1.1–1.2 × 0.3–0.6 cm, on older 3–5 × 1.5–3 cm, sparsely hairy during fowering, then glabrous on both sides; fruits small, 5–6(–10) × 4–5(–8) mm. Usefulness: Ind, Hou, Orn.

#### **1722. Rosa bellicosa Nevski**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1500 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 1.5 m high; branchlets spreading; prickles dense, straight, fat; stem and leaves densely pubescent; leafets elliptic, with glands on margins; hypanthium abaxially glandular hispid, with short prickles; petals 5, white-pink.

#### **1723. Rosa berberifolia Pall.**

**Synonyms:** *Hulthemia berberifolia* (Pall.) Dumort.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fields, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; dwarf shrub 30–50 cm high; branchlets yellow, smooth when young, dark brown and rough when old, glabrous; prickles in pairs at leaf bases; fower solitary; petals yellow. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1724. Rosa ecae Aitch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 900 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - VII

Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 1 m high; branchlets spreading; prickles dense, straight, fne, frm, fat, tapering to an elliptic base; leafets 5–7(–9), ovate, elliptic, or obovate, 1–2.2 × 0.6–1.3 cm, abaxially glandular or sparsely pubescent, adaxially glabrous or subglabrous; hypanthium subglobose, abaxially glabrous or glandular hispid; fowers up to 2.5 cm in diameter, petals 5, yellow; styles glabrous.

#### **1725. Rosa fedtschenkoana Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, riverside forests, steppes Elevational range: 1500 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 6 m high; leaves including petiole 3–4.5 cm; leafets usually 7, rarely 5 or 9, suborbicular or ovate, glabrous; fowers 3–4 cm in diameter; petals white, rarely pink; oblong or ovoid, densely glandular- pubescent.

#### **1726. Rosa gallica L.**

Phytogeographical element: A, I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Orchards and gardens, ruderal Elevational range: 500 - 1000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub, up to 30–100 cm high; prickles curved, erect or hooked, often declining, with an admixture of glandular bristles; petiole and rachis with sparse pricklets, puberulent, glandular; leafets 5(–7); inforescences 1–3(–8)-fowered; hypanthium 5–7 × 3–5(–7) mm, neck (0–)1


#### **1727. Rosa kokanica (Regel) Regel ex Juz.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1000 - 2500

Flowering period: V - VII

Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 1.5–2 m high; prickles dense, straight, fne, frm, fat, tapering to an elliptic base, intermixed with glandular hairs on young branches; branchlets spreading, straight, rough; leafets abaxially glandular or sparsely pubescent, adaxially glabrous or subglabrous; hypanthium subglobose, abaxially glandular hispid, with short prickles, or glabrous; petals 5, yellow, up to 4.5 cm in diameter; styles densely pubescent.

#### **1728. Rosa korschinskiana Boulenger**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: River beds, juniper forests, riverside forests, forbs Elevational range: 1400 - 3400 Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 2(–3) m high; twigs often fexuose; prickles straight, subulate, infrastipular, uniform or mixed with bristles, glandular acicles or stalked glands; leafets 5–7(–9), 0.5–2.5 cm long; fowers with broad bracts, solitary or 3–5 in fascicles, 3–6 cm in diameter; sepals entire, erect or ascending in fruit; petals pink, red or rarely white; styles densely pubescent in compact head; orifce broad; hypanthium globose, ovoid or pyriform, red.

#### **1729. Rosa maracandica Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 3200 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 1 m high; stems climbing, with spikes up to 1.5 cm long; leaves up to 3 cm long with 5–7 leafets; leafets up to 1 cm long; inforescences with 1 or rarely 4–5 fowers; fowers 3–4 cm in diameter; sepals up to 1.3 cm long, permanent.

#### **1730. Rosa ovczinnikovii Kochk.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, forbs Elevational range: 1200 - 3500 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 1.5(–2) m; prickles irregularly set on the stem, straight or curved, gradually dilated at base, sometimes mixed with acicles and stalked glands; leafets 5–7(–9) × 1.5(–2) cm long, usually abaxially pubescent, glandular, rarely smooth; fowers solitary, without bracts; petals yellow up to 1.5 cm long; sepals not dilated at apex, persistent; orifce wide; hypanthium up to 1.5 cm in diameter, globose or pyriform, violet-brown.

#### **1731. Rubus caesius L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, broad-leaved forests Elevational range: 600 - 2900 Flowering period: V - X

Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrubs scandent, up to 1.5 m high; branchlets yellow-green to brownish, glaucous and with unequal long prickle; leaves ternately pinnately compound; inforescences terminal or axillary, corymbose or short racemes, several to more than 10-fowered; petals white, broadly elliptic; fruit black, subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diameter.

#### **1732. Rubus praecox Bertol.**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 400 - 1600 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1.5 m; leafets 5, usually glabrous on adaxial surface, tomentose on abaxial; petiole and rachis puberulent; fowers gathered in a panicle; petals white or pink; stamens much longer than the carpel.

#### **1733. Sanguisorba minor subsp. magnolii (Spach) Briq.**

**Synonyms:** *Poterium polygamum* Desf.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 1000 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–80 cm high; stems glabrous or hairy; radical leaf blade with 4–6(–17) pairs of leafets; leafets usually truncate to subcordate at base, 1.5–2 × 0.5–1.5 cm; inforescence fowering from base to apex, compact, 10-14 × 7-10 mm; sepals white or pinkish; stamens numerous (more than 4).

#### **1734. Sibbaldia olgae Juz. & Ovcz.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, steppes Elevational range: 2000 - 4600 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Chamaephyte; shrub spreading, not forming dense moss-like cushions, mostly erect or ascendant-erect; leaves 3-foliolate, 2–3 cm long; leafets obovate, with a rounded wedge-shaped base and 2–3-dentate apex, abaxial surface covered with adpressed hairs; inforescence with 2–4 fowers; fowers bisexual, 5–6 mm in diameter; sepals 5; petals 5, mostly cream-white; achenes 1.8 mm long, smooth.

#### **1735. Sibbaldia tetrandra Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Dryadanthe tetrandra* (Bunge) Juz.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, Himal Habitat: Rocks, screes, alpine deserts Elevational range: 2700 - 4800 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant 2–5 cm high; basal leaves palmately 3-foliolate; leafets obovate-oblong, base cuneate, margin entire except for (2 or) 3–5-dentate apex; fowers 1(–3); petals 4, nearly equaling or slightly longer than sepals.

#### **1736. Sibbaldianthe bifurca (L.) Kurtto & T. Erikss. subsp. orientalis (Juz.) Kurtto & T. Erikss.**

**Synonyms:** *Potentilla orientalis* Juz*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Pastures, ruderal, felds, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 900 - 3400 Flowering period: V - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte, Chamaephyte; plant 5–20 cm long; basal stem partly subterraneous, woody and creeping, upper stem slender and herbaceous, sparsely pilose; leaves with 3–8 approximate pairs, of leafets; leafets up to 2 cm, oblong-obovate to oblong-lanceolate, entire or 2-fd, densely to moderately pilose or glabrescent; inforescence terminal; fowers 0.7–1.5 cm. diameter.

#### **1737. Sorbus persica Hedl.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests Elevational range: 1500 - 2200 Flowering period: V - X

Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; tree 6-12 m high; leaves 5.5- 7 cm long and 3-6 cm wide, margin with shalow lobes, upper surface glabrous, lower white villous; fowers 10–15 mm in diameter; fruits pink-red.

**1738. Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, riverside forests Elevational range: 2500 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; shrub or small tree up to 5 m high; leaves imparipinnate, together with rachis 14–17 cm long; stipules membranous, caducous; leafets (4–)6 or 7 pairs, less than 10 cm long, rarely longer, glabrous on both surfaces, margin sharply serrate; inforescence glabrous; fruit red or white tinged red. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1739. Sorbus turkestanica (Franch.) Hedl.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests Elevational range: 1600 - 2900 Flowering period: V - IX Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; tree 8-12 m high; leaves 10-11 cm long and 5-6 cm wide, margin deeply, up to 1/2 of leaf blade lobed, upper surface glabrous, lower white pubescent; fowers 15-16 mm in diameter.

#### **1740. Spiraea baldshuanica B. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1100 - 2300 Flowering period: V - VII

Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 40–60 cm high; plant glabrous except sepals; leaves 0.8–2.5 × 0.4–1.4 cm, obovate, elliptical or lanceolate rarely wider, leaf margin at the top or almost from the middle serrated; inforescence panicle; fowers 5–7 mm in diameter; petals white. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1741. Spiraea pilosa Franch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1400 - 2700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 30–70 cm high; plant hairy; leaves 0.5–1.8 × 0.4–1 cm, obovate, elliptical or lanceolate rarely wider, leaf margin at the top or almost from the middle serrated; inforescence corymbose; fowers up to 10 mm in diameter. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1742. Spiraea tianschanica Pojark.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, EI-T Habitat: River bars, screes Elevational range: 1800 - 3300 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 1.5 m high; shoots terete, glabrous or puberulent; leaf blades 0.6–2 × 0.2–2 cm, margin entire or with a few crenate teeth near apex; inforescences on short, lateral branchlets arising from branches of previous year; fowers in sessile umbels; petals white or rose.

Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1743. Tylosperma lignosa (Willd. ex Schltdl.) Botsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1800 - 2200 Flowering period: VI

Remarks: Chamaephyte; plant up to 15 cm; stems woody with red-brown bark; leaves (1–)2–4 cm with 5 leafets; leafets round to obovate; fowers 1.2–1.5 cm in diameter; sepals 6 × 2 mm, ovoid-lanceolate; petals 8 × 5 mm, obovate.

#### **1744. Asperula albifora Popov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1700 - 3200 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; dwarf shrub, 15–40 cm high; corolla–tube 1.5 times longer than limb, white, glabrous.

#### **1745. Asperula laevis Schischk.**

**Synonyms:** *Asperula oppositifolia* Regel & Schmalh. subsp*. pseudocynanchica* Ehrend*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1400 - 1800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; dwarf shrub, 20–40 cm high; corolla and fruit glabrous.

#### **1746. Asperula oppositifolia Regel & Schmalh.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1400 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - X Remarks: Chamaephyte; dwarf shrub, 15–35 cm high; stems glabrous; leaves pubescent, corolla and fruit pubescent; corolla–tube 2–3 times longer than limb.

**686 Rubiaceae**

#### **1747. Asperula paucifora Tschern.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 1300 - 1900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Chamaephyte; dwarf shrub, 30–35 cm high; leaves opposite, stems glabrous, corolla and leaves pubescent.

#### **1748. Asperula setosa Jaub. & Spach**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, screes, steppes, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1400 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; stem single, erect; laves 4–8 in a whorl.

#### **1749. Asperula trichodes J. Gay ex DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Leptunis trichodes* (J. Gay) Schischk.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, steppes Elevational range: 800 - 1200 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 8–20 cm high; leaves linear, 8–16 in a whorl in the lower and middle part of the stem.

#### **1750. Callipeltis cucullaris (L.) DC.**

**Synonyms:** *Callipeltis cucullaris* (L.) Stev.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 600 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–20 cm high; leaves glabrous and smooth.

#### **1751. Crucianella exasperata Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1500 - 2400 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; corolla 2–3.5 mm, yellow-white.

#### **1752. Crucianella gilanica Trin.**

**Synonyms:** *Crucianella glauca* A. Rich. ex DC.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 700 - 2300 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–50 cm high; corolla 5–7 mm, pink or yellow-green.

**688 Rubiaceae**

#### **1753. Cruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend.**

**Synonyms:** *Galium pedemontanum* (Bellardi) All. , *Valantia pedemontana* Bellardi

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 550 - 1600 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–25 cm high; stem and leaves hirsute; leaves 2–10 mm × 2–3 mm; corolla yellow.

#### **1754. Galium aparine L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds, broad-leaved forests, ruderal, felds, forbs Elevational range: 350 - 2500 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Therophyte; plant 30–100 cm; leaves 6–8 in a whorl; inforescence axillary 1–3-fowered; fruit 2–5 mm in diameter, hairy, covered with dense hooked hairs or setae. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **1755. Galium ghilanicum Stapf**

**Synonyms:** *Galium transcaucasicum* Stapf*.* , *G. subrefexum*  Popov

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs

Elevational range: 400 - 1200

Flowering period: IV - V

Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30 cm; inforescences narrowly thyrsoid, not diffuse and intricate, with fruiting pedicels only up to 4 mm; corolla white or greenish white; fruit glabrous.

1754

#### **1756. Galium pamiroalaicum Pobed.**

**Synonyms:** *Galium pamiro-alaicum* Pobed*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, pastures, steppes Elevational range: 1300 - 3700 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 40–120 cm high; leaves 2–8 cm, 6–10 in a whorl; fruit glabrous.

#### **1757. Galium spurium L.**

**Synonyms:** *Galium valantii* DC*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rocks, screes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1200 - 3300 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50 cm high; stem fexuous, leaves 6–8 in a whorl; fruit pubescent. Usefulness: Med, For.

#### **1758. Galium spurium L. subsp. ibicinum (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Ehrend.**

**Synonyms:** *Galium ibicinum* Boiss. & Hausskn*.* , *Galium linczevskyi* Pobed*.*

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 2100 - 3200 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 3–7 cm high; stems erect; leaves 4–8 in a whorl; fruit pubescent.

**690 Rubiaceae**

#### **1759. Galium tenuissimum M. Bieb.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, nitrophilous rock footings, felds Elevational range: 1400 - 2100 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–50 cm high; leaves at middle stem region in whorls of 6–8, subsessile or sessile; blade linear to oblanceolate; corolla whitish, pale yellow, or greenish.

#### **1760. Galium tricornutum Dandy**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: Juniper forests, screes, felds, xeric shrubs, thermophilous shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 2500 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–60 cm high; leaves glabrescent above; fruit becoming pendulous on arching peduncles and pedicels, verrucose to spinulose.

#### **1761. Galium turkestanicum Pobed.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, pastures, steppes Elevational range: 2200 - 3200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–80 cm high; 4 leaves in each whorl, fruit pubescent with hamate hairs.

**Rubiaceae 691**

**Tall-forb vegetation with** *Eremurus robustus* **and** *Allium stipitatum* **in the Obikhutbou Valley in Darvaz Mts.**

#### **1762. Galium vassilczenkoi Pobed.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, riverside forests, nitrophilous rock footings, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2000 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm; hirsute due to downwards recurved bristles; leaves 4–5–6 in a whorl; fruit hirsute.

#### **1763. Galium verticillatum Danthoine ex Lam.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes, steppes Elevational range: 450 - 1800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 5–30 cm high; stem erect; leaves pendent; peduncles short and thick.

#### **1764. Plocama asperuliformis (Lincz.) M. Backlund & Thulin**

**Synonyms:** *Gaillonia asperuliformis* Lincz*.* , *Neogaillonia asperuliformis* (Lincz.) Lincz.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1700 - 3100 Flowering period: VIII Remarks: Chamaephyte; dwarf shrub, 20–40 cm high; steam pubescent; corolla 3–4.5 mm, fruit densely and long pubescent.

**694 Rubiaceae**

#### **1765. Rubia chitralensis Ehrend.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, steppes Elevational range: 2300 - 3600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–35 cm high; leaves 1–4 cm; corolla yellowish, with very short 0.5–0.7 mm tube.

#### **1766. Rubia tibetica Hook. f.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 2600 - 4500 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Chamaephyte; dwarf shrub, 5–25 cm high; stem scabrous above; leaves 2 or 3–4 in a whorl; corolla yellowgreen.

#### **1767. Dictamnus albus L.**

**Synonyms:** *Dictamnus albus* subsp*. turkestanicus* Wint*., D. angustifolius* G. Don fl. ex Sweet , *D. turkestanicus* (Wint.) Popov

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, forbs Elevational range: 1600 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–90 cm tall; stem and branches pubescent, dark gland dotted; leaves opposite, 5–13-pinnate; pedicel long, densely glandular, patent hairy with stipitate glands; fowers light-pink.

#### **1768. Haplophyllum acutifolium (DC.) G. Don**

**Synonyms:** *Haplophyllum perforatum* Kar. & Kir*.* , *H. perforatum* (Bieb.) Kar. & Kir.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fields, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 350 - 3200 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–70 cm high; petals 2.5–4 mm; stamen flaments joined, capsule glabrous.

#### **1769. Haplophyllum dubium Korovin**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 700 - 1500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–50 cm high; leaves 3–dissected; stamen flaments almost free; ovary and capsule pubescent.

#### **1770. Haplophyllum griffthianum Boiss.**

**Synonyms:** *Haplophyllum foliosum* Vved*.* , *H. leptomerum* Lincz. & Vved*.* , *H. tenuisectum* Lincz*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 1600 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–60 cm high; leaves entire; petals 4–5 mm; capsule glandulousely pointed.

**696 Rutaceae**

#### **1771. Haplophyllum lasianthum Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Haplophyllum versicolor* Fisch. & C.A. Mey*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Fields, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 1700 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–25 cm high; petals pale yellow; on back side purple or greenish.

#### **1772. Haplophyllum pedicellatum Bunge ex Boiss.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, felds, salt marshes, steppes Elevational range: 450 - 1700 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 15–50 cm high, densely hirsute.

**1773. Populus alba L. Synonyms:** *Populus bachofenii* Wierzb. ex Rochel

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Riverside forests Elevational range: 750 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; tree up to 30 m tall; bark green-white; leaves of long shoots 3–5–palmately lobed, leaves of short branchlets and petioles abaxially densely white tomentose.

#### **1774. Populus pamirica Kom.**

Phytogeographical element: SE, EI-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 800 - 2750 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; tree 15–25 m high; leaves of short branchlets with petiole terete, 3–7 cm, downy; leaf blade orbicular, 5–8 cm, abaxially greenish, slightly pubescent along veins, adaxially green. Usefulness: Hou.

#### **1775. Populus pruinosa Schrenk**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 350 - 1950 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; tree up to 25(–35) m high; leaves often reniform, entire. Usefulness: Hou, Orn.

#### **1776. Populus talassica Kom.**

**Synonyms:** *Populus densa* Kom*.* 

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 2000 - 3250 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: megaphanerophyte; tree up to 25 m high; leaves 5–8 × 3–5 cm, serrate-dentate, usually glabrous. Usefulness: Hou, Orn.

**698 Salicaceae**

#### **1777. Populus tremula L.**

Phytogeographical element: E-S, M, I-T Habitat: Riverside forests Elevational range: 600 - 1800 Flowering period: III - VII Remarks: megaphanerophyte; tree up to 30 m tall; bark green-grey; petiole compressed, ca. as long as leaf blade; leaf blade suborbicular, 3–7 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base truncate, rounded, or shallowly cordate, margin with remotely sinuous teeth or crenate, apex obtuse–rounded.

#### **1778. Salix babylonica L.**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: River beds Elevational range: 750 - 2400 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Megaphanerophyte; tree up to 40 m high; branches long, pendent; petiole 3–5(–10) mm long, lamina 8–16 × 0.8–1.5 cm, narrowly elliptic to linear lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate, glabrous or with sparse adpressed hairs; male catkin 2.5–5 cm long; stamens 2, free.

#### **1779. Salix coesia Vill.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 3000 - 4200 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 0.2–1 m high; juvenile 1–2(–3)-years branchlets olive, yellow-brown to dark red-brown, 3–5-years old branchlets pale yellow, old branchelets brown; petiole 2–5 mm long, lamina 10–35(–40) cm long (2–4 × longer than wide), tip obtuse or apiculate, bottom side differ than upper, glabrous.

**Salicaceae 699**

#### **1780. Salix pycnostachya Andersson**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds Elevational range: 2000 - 4000 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: megaphanerophyte, nanophanerophyte; plant up to 10 m high; bracts up to 10 mm, lanceolate; leaves 8–20 mm wide; catkins 2–3 cm × ca. 5 mm; peduncle ca. 1 cm, with 2 or 3 leafets.

#### **1781. Salix schugnanica Goerz**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 2300 - 4300 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 0.3–1.5 m high; juvenile branchlets white, pilose, one year old branchlets brown or dull brown, glabrous; leaf exstipulate, petiole 2–3 mm long, lamina (linear)-lanceolate, obovate, silky tomentose on both sides or glabrous above, tip obtuse, mucronate; male catkin at anthesis 1.5–2.5 cm long; stamens 2, free or partly or completely united.

#### **1782. Azolla fliculoides Lam.**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Fields, aquatic vegetation, water bodies Elevational range: 350 - 550 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; aquatic plant, 1–10 cm in diameter; upper lobe of leaf obtuse, with a broad membranous margin.

#### **1783. Thesium alatavicum Kar. & Kir.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2100 - 2500 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 14–42 cm high; stem thin, erect; pedicel 2–9 mm long; nutlets 3–4.5 mm long, 1.5–2.5 mm wide, sessile or subsessile.

#### **1784. Acer pentapomicum Stewart ex Brandis**

**Synonyms:** *Acer ovchinnikovii* V. Zapr. , *A. pubescens* Franch. , *A. regelii* Pax , *A. xerophilum* Butk.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 2200 Flowering period: III - VII Remarks: megaphanerophyte; plant 6–8(–12) m high; leaves 5–6(–8) × 7–8(–9) cm, 3–5-lobed, lobes triangular, samaras glabrous 4(–5) cm long. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1785. Acer platanoides L. subsp. turkestanicum (Pax) P.C. DeJong**

**Synonyms:** *Acer turkestanicum* Pax

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Broad-leaved forests, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 1000 - 2800 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: megaphanerophyte; plant up to 15(–20) m high; leaves 8–10(–15) × 13–15(–20) cm, 5(–7)- acute lobed, samara 5–7(–9) cm long. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1786. Acer tataricum L. subsp. semenovii (Regel & Herder) A.E. Murray**

**Synonyms:** *Acer semenovii* Regel & Herder , *A. ginnala* subsp*. semenovii* (Regel & Herder) Pax

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests Elevational range: 800 - 1600 Flowering period: V Remarks: megaphanerophyte; plant 3.5(–6) m high; leaf blade subleathery, 1.2–2.5 × 1–3.2 cm, 3- or 5-lobed, crenate or doubly serrate; samara wing pubescent, glandular when young.

#### **1787. Chrysosplenium nudicaule Bunge**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S, Himal Habitat: Rocks, fens Elevational range: 2200 - 3800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 4.5–10 cm high; stems usually leafess; cyme dense, ca. 1.1 cm, subglabrous; bracteal leaves broadly ovate to fabellate, leathery, abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely brown pilose, shallowly 3–9-dentate; hypanthium brown pilose; capsule ca. 3.4 mm, apex retuse.

#### **1788. Saxifraga cernua L.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, Arctic, E-S Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 4200 - 4900 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 6–25 cm high; rhizomes with bulbils; bulbils present in axils of cauline leaves and (where replacing fowers) bracts; basal leaves with petiole 3–8 cm, leaf blade reniform, margin generally 5-7-lobed, lobes broadly ovate, glandular pubescent; petals white. Usefulness: For.

#### **1789. Saxifraga hirculus L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, Arctic Habitat: Fens and mires Elevational range: 3100 - 4900 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 6.5-21 cm high; pedicels with brown, long, crisped, villous hairs; leaf blade elliptic, lanceolate, or oblong to linear-oblong, both surfaces glabrous, margin brown pilose or glabrous; petals yellow.

#### **1790. Saxifraga oppositifolia L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, Arctic Habitat: Rocks, screes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3500 - 4500 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant ca. 6 cm high; shoots forming mats or cushions; shoot leaves opposite, with 3–7 chalk glands; petals purple.

#### **1791. Saxifraga sibirica L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine meadows, rocks, screes, nitrophilous rock footings

Elevational range: 1700 - 4300

Flowering period: V - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 6.5–25 cm high; rhizomes with bulbils; bulbils restricted to rhizome, none present in axils of cauline leaves or bracts; basal leaves with petiole 1.2–4.5 cm, leaf blade reniform, margin 7–9-lobed, lobes ovate or broadly so to broadly orbicular, glandular pilose; petals white.

#### **1792. Saxifraga stenophylla Royle**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, Himal Habitat: Alpine meadows, screes, alpine steppes, moraines and snow-beds Elevational range: 3400 - 4800 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–15.5 cm high; stem densely glandular hairy; basal leaves aggregated into a rosette, producing axillary, fliform stolons; petals yellow.

#### **1793. Limosella aquatica L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Fields, aquatic vegetation, water bodies Elevational range: 1800 - 3200 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 1–10 cm high; corolla 2–3 mm, calyx 1.5–2.5 mm; corolla white or reddish, 2–3.5 mm; capsule ovoid, ca. 3 mm.

#### **1794. Scrophularia fedtschenkoi Gorschk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Screes Elevational range: 2600 - 3800 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 60 cm high; leaves dissected; calyx up to 2 mm long; corolla 4.5–5 mm long; lobes of upper lip 2 × longer than lobes of lower lip; stamen flament with scatterd glandular hairs, stamens hidden inside a fower; staminode elliptic.

#### **1795. Scrophularia heucheriifora Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, felds Elevational range: 1600 - 2000 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 80 cm high; stems covered with long straight glandular hairs; leaves entire, cordate or rounded at base; calyx 2.5–3 mm long; corolla 4–5 mm long; lobes of upper lip more or less equal to lateral lobes of lower lip; stamen flament with scatterd glandular hairs; staminode elliptic, 2 × longer than wide.

#### **1796. Scrophularia pamirica Ivanina**

Phytogeographical element: E, EI-T Habitat: River beds, rocks, screes Elevational range: 3700 - 4000 Flowering period: VI - VIII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–40 cm high; leaves entire, oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at base; calyx up to 2 mm long, glabrous or with scattered glandular hairs at base; corolla 6–8 mm long; lobes of upper lip dark red 1.5–2 × longer than lateral paler lobes; stamen flament with glandular hairs, stamens protruding outside a fower; staminode lanceolate.

#### **1797. Scrophularia pamiro-alaica Gorschk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2300 - 3500 Flowering period: VI - VII

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 45–70 cm high, glabrous; leaves cuneate at base; calyx up to 4 mm long; corolla up to 6 mm long; lobes of upper lip equal or 1.5 × longer than lateral lobes of lower lip; stamen flament covered with glandular hairs, stamens hidden inside a fower; staminode round.

#### **1798. Scrophularia scabiosifolia Benth.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 400 - 1900 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–60 cm high; leaves dissected; calyx 2–2.5 mm long, glabrous or sometimes with scatterd glandular hairs; corolla 3–4 mm long; lobes of upper lip almost as long as lobes of lower lip; stamen flament with glandular hairs, stamens protruding outside a fower; staminode oblong or triangular.

#### **1799. Scrophularia tadshicorum Gontsch.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 1400 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1 m high; stems dansely covered with glandular hairs in upper part and slightly in lower part; leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, cordate at base; inforescence leafy, pyramidal, oblong; calyx lobes linnear-lanceolate; staminode absent.

#### **1800. Verbascum blattaria L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Ruderal, felds, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 1700 Flowering period: V - IX

Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant 40–140 cm high; glabrous in lower part and glandulose in the upper; corolla 2–3 cm in diameter; anthers 5.

**706 Scrophulariaceae**

#### **1801. Verbascum erianthum Benth.**

**Synonyms:** *Verbascum bactrianum* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 350 - 2700 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant 50–150 cm high; densely villous; lower leaves petiolate, 5–16 cm; middle stem leaves sessile, much shorter than lower leaves; corolla 1.5–2.5 cm; stamens 5.

#### **1802. Verbascum songaricum Schrenk**

**Synonyms:** *Verbascum polystachyum* Kar. & Kir.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, rocks, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 700 - 2600

Flowering period: V - VIII

Remarks: Hemicryptophyte; plant 45–150 cm high, densely stellate hairy; glandular hairs absent; stem leaves adaxially not green; calyx 6–10 mm long; capsule 5–8 mm long, wide elliptic-ovoid, shorter or equal to calyx; anthers reniform, the same in all stamens. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1803. Datura stramonium L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 400 - 2400 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 25–100 cm high; corolla 6–10(–12) cm long, white or purplish; capsule erect, 3–5 cm long, ovoid, spiny and densely pubescent, splitting by 4 valves; spines up to 5 mm long.

#### **1804. Hyoscyamus niger L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: River beds, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 800 - 3100 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Therophyte, hemicryptophyte; plant up to 1 m high; pubescent throughout with sticky glandular hairs; fruiting calyx urceolate, lobes mostly erect; fowers 2–3 cm; corolla campanulate, twice as long as calyx. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1805. Hyoscyamus pusillus L.**

1805

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, loose sandy screes, screes, felds, xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 500 - 3800 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–30 cm high; prostrate or erect, branched or unbranched near base, mostly glandular pubescent, sometimes glabrescent; fruiting calyx tubular– funnelform, lobes spreading; fowers 1–1.5 cm; corolla funnelform, slightly exceeding calyx.

#### **1806. Lycium depressum Stocks**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Steppes Elevational range: 500 - 800 Flowering period: IV - VII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 1.5–2.5 m high, glabrous; corolla glabrous, stamens glabrous; berries red.

**708 Solanaceae**

#### **1807. Lycium ruthenicum Murray**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Salt shrubs, steppes Elevational range: 350 - 2300 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 1.8 m high; shoots greyish to white, glabrous; throat of corolla pubescent; base of flaments pubescent; berries black. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1808. Nicotiana rustica L.**

Phytogeographical element: A, I-T, Americ S Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 400 - 1350 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 40–60(–120) cm high; corolla tubular, greenish yellow, less than 2.5 cm long; stamens included. Usefulness: Med, Hou.

#### **1809. Physalis angulata L.**

**Synonyms:** *Physalis hermanni* Dunal

Phytogeographical element: I-I, I-T Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 400 - 800 Flowering period: X Remarks: Therophyte; plant annual, 30–50 cm high; calyx at fruting time green.

1807

1808

#### **1810. Solanum nigrum L.**

**Synonyms:** *Solanum americanum* Mill*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Orchards and gardens, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 400 - 2000 Flowering period: VI - X Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 100 cm high, pubescent; leaf blade ovate, cuneate at base; fruiting pedicels strongly defexed; berry dull black, globose.

#### **1811. Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, I-I, Afryk, Austral Habitat: Fields Elevational range: 600 - 900 Flowering period: VIII - IX Remarks: Therophyte; plant 20–70 cm high, glabrous; leaf

blade elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, margin entire; fowers densely crowded, arranged in spikes 1–5 cm long; calyx 5-lobed, lobes ovate-orbicular; capsule 2–4 mm in diameter.

#### **1812. Myricaria bracteata Royle**

**Synonyms:** *Myricaria alopecuroides* Schrenk, *M. germanica* (L.) Desv. var*. alopecuroides* (Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Maxim.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds Elevational range: 1100 - 3900 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 1–2 m high; inforescences usually terminal, or both terminal and axillary, base with or without imbricate scales. Usefulness: Foo, Orn.

#### **1813. Myricaria squamosa Desv.**

**Synonyms:** *Myricaria germanica* (L.) Desv. var*. squamosa* (Desv.) Maxim.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds Elevational range: 2500 - 4000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 1–2 m high; inforescences lateral, or several clustered and axillary, base with numerous persistent imbricate scales. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

#### **1814. Reaumuria alternifolia (Labill.) Britten**

**Synonyms:** *Reaumuria turkestanica* Gorschk.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, salt marshes Elevational range: 400 - 600 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 20–80 cm tall; stem branched in the upper part, glabrous; leaves 1.5–4.5 × 0.7-1 cm, lanceolate-ovate; petals 0.8-1.4 cm.

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, screes, steppes Elevational range: 1100 - 2200 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 25 cm high; leaves 4–10 mm long; stamens 15(–18), capsule oblongovoid. **1816. Reaumuria soongarica (Pall.) Maxim.**

> Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, screes, steppes Elevational range: 850 - 1950 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 10–30(–70) cm high; leaves 1–5 mm long; stamens 6–8(–12) cm; capsule narrowly ellipsoid or fusiform.

#### **1817. Tamarix forida Bunge**

1817

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, salt shrubs, steppes Elevational range: 500 - 1500 Flowering period: IV - VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 3 m high; lateral racemes on growing branches of previous year and racemes on branches of current year, forming a terminal panicle; petals deciduous; bracts shorter than calyx.

**1815. Reaumuria kaschgarica Rupr.**

#### **1818. Tamarix hispida Willd.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, salt shrubs Elevational range: 300 - 800 Flowering period: IX - XI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 1.5–3 m high; young branches densely hispid; racemes terminal on branches of current year, clustered into terminal, large, dense panicles; leaves grayish, densely puberulous; bracts subequaling or exceeding calyx; petals spreading. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1819. Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.**

**Synonyms:** *Tamarix pentandra* Pall*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: River beds, riverside forests, salt shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 2900 Flowering period: VI - IX Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant 1–3 m high; racemes terminal on branches of current year, clustered into terminal panicles; bracts equaling or exceeding calyx; corolla cupshape; petals persistent after anthesis, without keel.

#### **1820. Diarthron vesiculosum (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Passerina vesiculosa* Fisch. & C.A. May.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 3600 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 7–45 cm high; stem usually

single, densely branched from above base; leaves alternate; pedicel very short, 0.5–1 mm, articulate at apex; calyx white; tube cylindric, 3–3.5 mm, slender, lower part conspicuously ribbed; lobes 4, apex obtuse.

Steppe vegetation in the Mogol-Tau Mts (North Tajikistan).

**1821. Diarthron vesiculosum (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) C.A. Mey. var. undulatum M. Nobis, A. Nobis, A. Nowak & S. Nowak**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, M Habitat: River beds, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; this new taxon is similar to *Diarthron vesiculosum* var*. vesiculosum*, but it differs by the shape of the ribs on calyx: undulate with U-shaped curves vs. straight respectively.

#### **1822. Thymelaea passerina (L.) Coss. & Germ.**

**Synonyms:** *Ligia passerina* (L.) Fass.

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, felds, steppes Elevational range: 400 - 2000 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 15–80 cm high; leaves alternate, crowded when young; petiole short or absent; calyx tube persistent, yellow to yellow-green, cylindric, contracted at apex of ovary; lobes 4; petaloid appendages absent; stamens twice as many as calyx lobes.

#### **1823. Wikstroemia alberti (Regel) Domke**

**Synonyms:** *Restella alberti* (Regel) Pobed., *Stellera alberti* Regel

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Juniper forests, broad-leaved forests, forbs Elevational range: 1000 - 2900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 2–2.5 m high; leaves 1.5–3.5 cm long; inforescesnce with 7–12 fowers, fowers yellow, tube 7–10 mm, lobes 2–3 mm. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

**716 ymelaeaceae**

#### **1824. Sparganium stoloniferum (Buch.-Ham. ex Graebn.) Buch.-Ham. ex Juz.**

**Synonyms:** *Sparganium asiaticum* Graebn*., S. carinatum* Falc*.* 

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S, Orient Habitat: River beds, rice felds Elevational range: 400 - 850 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 70–120 cm high or more; leaves (20–)40–90 cm × 7–16 mm, upper fattened, lower keeled or trigonous on abaxial side; panicles (8–) 20–60 cm, with 3–7 lateral branches, each with (1 or) 7–11 male heads and 1 or 2 female heads.

#### **1825. Typha angustifolia L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Littoral vegetation Elevational range: 400 - 1350 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 120–250 cm high; leaves 4–9 mm in wide, staminate spikes distinctly separated from pistillate by to 2–4.5 cm of naked axis; staminate

#### spikelets brown; stigmas ca. as broad as styles.

#### **1826. Typha domingensis Pers.**

**Synonyms:** *Typha angustata* Bory & Chaub*.*

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Riverside forests, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 850 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 150–300 cm high; leaves 4–9 mm width, staminate spikes distinctly separated from pistillate by to 2–6 cm of naked axis; staminate spikelets

light-brown; stigmas linear to lanceolate, 0.8–1.5 mm, broader than styles; hairs on stalk shorter than style.

1824 1825 1826

#### **1827. Typha latifolia L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rice felds, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 350 - 850 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 100–200 cm high; leaves glaucous; inforescences: staminate spikes contiguous with pistillate or sometimes separated by to 0.5 cm of naked axis; staminate spikelets dark brown, about as long as pistillate.

#### **1828. Typha laxmannii Lepech.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Rice felds, littoral vegetation Elevational range: 450 - 1900 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–130 cm high; leaves 2–4(–6) mm width, staminate spikes distinctly separated from pistillate by to 2–4.5 cm of naked axis; staminate spikelets light brown.

#### **1829. Typha minima Funck**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, Orient Habitat: River beds, riverside forests Elevational range: 550 - 1600 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1 m tall; leaves 1–3 mm wide; male part of spikes 3–8 cm.

**718 Typhaceae**

#### **1830. Ulmus pumila L.**

Phytogeographical element: A, I-T Habitat: Riverside forests Elevational range: 500 - 1400 Flowering period: III - IV Remarks: megaphanerophyte; plant up to 25 m high; leaf blade margin simply serrate or sparsely doubly serrate; leaf base blade symmetric to +/- oblique; samaras weakly asymmetric; seed at center of samara. Usefulness: Hou.

#### **1831. Parietaria judaica L.**

**Synonyms:** *Parietaria jaxartica* N. Pavl.

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 700 - 3500 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–30(–50) cm high, woody at base; clusters composed of bisexual fowers.

#### **1832. Parietaria lusitanica L. subsp. serbica (Pančić) P.W. Ball**

**Synonyms:** *Parietaria serbica* Pančić

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M Habitat: Rocks, loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 800 - 1800 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 30 cm high; clusters composed of bisexual and female fowers, bracts oblonglanceolate.

#### **1833. Urtica cannabina L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, E-S Habitat: Ruderal, steppes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 800 - 2600 Flowering period: VII - IX Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1.5 m, monoecious; leaf 3–5-palmatisect or -palmatipartite, with pinnatisect lobes; female inforescences in fruit erect or spreadingt;

achene verrucose.

#### **1834. Urtica dioica L.**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Pastures, ruderal Elevational range: 400 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 1m high usually dioecious; leaf blade ovate, lanceolate, apex acuminate or long acuminate; female inforescences often drooping in fruit; achene smooth. Usefulness: Med, For, Ind.

#### **1835. Verbena offcinalis L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S Habitat: Riverside forests, pastures, felds, forbs Elevational range: 600 - 2300 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 25–100 cm tall, somewhat woody at base, branched above; leaves oblong to oblonglanceolate, 3–8 cm long, 1–3.5 cm broad, deeply serrate; calyx tube longer than bracts, minutely 5-toothed, ribbed, hairy; corolla–tube almost cylindrical, ca. 6 mm long, unequally 5-lobed, hairy. Usefulness: Foo.

**720 Urticaceae – Verbenaceae**

#### **1836. Viola alaica Vved.**

**Synonyms:** *Viola oxycentra* Juz*., V. turkestanica* Regel & Schmalh*., V. turkestanica* var*. rupestris* Juz*.,* 

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, rocks, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2000 - 2800 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 12 cm high, glabrous; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, cuneate at base; sepals elliptical, capsule 6–9 mm long, ovate.

#### **1837. Viola altaica Ker-Gawl.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T, E-S Habitat: Alpine meadows Elevational range: 200 - 3300 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 15 cm high; stipule pinnatifd; leaf blade orbicular-ovate or oblong-ovate; fowers 2–4.5 cm in diameter; sepals oblong-lanceolate, apex +/- acute; capsule 0.9–1.2 cm long; occurrs also in yellow form (phot. 1833b).

#### **1838. Viola majchurensis Pissjauk.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks Elevational range: 2200 - 2800 Flowering period: VI - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 6–20 cm high; stems numerous; petioles 1–13 cm long; leaves broadly cordate, serrulate; petals glabrous; capsule 3–4.5 cm long, pubescent.

1837

#### **1839. Viola occulta Lehm.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T

Habitat: River beds, juniper forests, ruderal, steppes, xeric shrubs

Elevational range: 700 - 2700

Flowering period: III - VI

Remarks: Therophyte; plant up to 20 cm high; upper stem leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; sepals with papillose margin; petals as long as sepals; capsule 5–8 mm long, ovate, glabrous.

#### **1840. Viola rupestris F.W. Schmidt**

Phytogeographical element: Plurireg Habitat: Coniferous forests, alpine swards, alpine steppes Elevational range: 1200 - 3600 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 5–10 cm high; leaf blade orbicular or ovate-orbicular, base shallowly cordate, margin regularly crenate, apex obtuse; sepals lanceolate; capsule oblong, 5–7 mm long, puberulous or glabrous.

#### **1841. Viola tianschanica Maxim.**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine meadows, fens and mires Elevational range: 3700 - 4500 Flowering period: VII - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 5 cm high, glabrous; leaves 1–2 cm long, apex obtuse, margin entire or slightly crenate; spur 1–1.5 mm long; capsule 4–5 mm long, ovate.

**722 Violaceae**

#### **1842. Viola tricolor L.**

**NE**

Phytogeographical element: A, Plurireg Habitat: Ruderal Elevational range: 800 - 900 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant 10–40 cm high; blade of stem leaves ovate, oblong-orbicular, oblong-lanceolate, base rounded, margin crenate, apex rounded or obtuse; sepals oblong-lanceolate, margin narrowly membranous, apex acute; capsule ellipsoid, 8–12 mm long, glabrous.

#### **1843. Ampelopsis vitifolia (Boiss.) Planch.**

**Synonyms:** *Vitis vitifolia* Boiss*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, screes Elevational range: 800 - 1800 Flowering period: V Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; plant up to 1.5 m, climbing; whole plant glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, deltoid or cordate, obscurely 3-lobed, truncate cuneate at base annual twigs; calyx minute ca. 1.5 mm across and ca. 0.5 mm long; petals 5, distinct, not cohering hooded at apex ca. 2 mm long, more or less triangular. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1844. Eremurus albertii Regel**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1100 - 1200 Flowering period: IV Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm high; leaves 1–2 cm wide, glabrous; raceme laxly many fowered; tepals 1-nerved, tip not incurved nor involute, segments pink; stamens not longer than perianth. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1845. Eremurus bucharicus Regel**

### **LC**

1845

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Pseudosteppes, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 600 - 1600 Flowering period: V-VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–100 cm high; leaves ca. 0.5 cm wide, glabrous; raceme laxly many fowered; tepals 1-nerved, tip not incurved nor involute, segments white or pale rose; fruit 1.5-1.8 cm across. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1846. Eremurus comosus O. Fedtsch.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: xeric shrubs, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 2000 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 70–120 cm high; leaves 1–3 cm wide, pubescent; raceme densely many fowered; tepals pink to light brown, 3-veined, after blooming only slightly incurved and involute. Usefulness: Orn.

**724 Xanthorrhoeaceae**

#### **1847. Eremurus fuscus (O. Fedtsch.) Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 2000 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 70–150 cm high; leaves 1–3 cm wide, glabrous; raceme densely many fowered; tepals 3-veined, after blooming incurved and involute; ovary and capsule smooth; pedicels spreading outside. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1848. Eremurus kaufmannii Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Eremurus griffthii* Baker

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Meadows, alpine swards, forbs Elevational range: 1600 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 70–100(–150) cm high; leaves 15–35 mm wide, pubescent; raceme densely many fowered; tepals 1-nerved, tip not incurved nor involute, segments white; stamens not longer than perianth. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1849. Eremurus olgae Regel**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes Elevational range: 700 - 2700 Flowering period: V - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 70–100 cm high; leaves 5–10 mm wide, keeled, glabrous, scabrous at margins; raceme densely many fowered; bracts glabrous; tepals 1-nerved, tip not incurved nor involute, segments white–pink; stamens not longer than perianth. Usefulness: Med, Foo, Orn.

#### **1850. Eremurus regeli Vved.**

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes Elevational range: 1000 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 80–150 cm high; leaves 2.5– 5 cm wide, keeled, glabrous, ciliate at margins; raceme densely many fowered; tepals pink with dark pink to light brown middle vein, after blooming incurved and involute; ovary and capsule wrinkled. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1851. Eremurus robustus (Regel) Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Henningia robusta* Regel

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Pastures, forbs Elevational range: 1600 - 3100 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 120–200 cm high; leaves 5–8 cm wide, keeled, glabrous; raceme densely many fowered; tepals 1-nerved, tip not incurved nor involute, segments light-pink; stamens not longer than perianth. Usefulness: Foo, Orn.

#### **1852. Eremurus sogdianus (Regel) Benth. & Hook. f.**

**Synonyms:** *Selonia sogdiana* Regel

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 950 - 2600 Flowering period: V - VI

Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–80 (–150) cm high; leaves 4–10 mm wide, keeled, glabrous, ciliate at margins; raceme laxly many fowered; tepals 3-veined, with green strip in the middle, after blooming incurved and involute; outer perianths oblong-lanceolate, 2 times narrower than inner. Usefulness: Med, Orn.

#### **1853. Eremurus stenophyllus (Boiss. & Buhse) Baker**

**Synonyms:** *Ammolirion stenophyllum* Boiss. & Buhse*, Eremurus aurantiacus* Baker*, E. bungei* Baker

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Rocks, screes, xeric shrubs Elevational range: 1600 - 3000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100(–150) cm high; leaves 4–10 mm wide, keeled, glabrous; raceme densely many fowered; tepals 1-nerved, tip not incurved nor involute, segments yellow to brown-yellow; stamens 2 times longer than perianth. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1854. Eremurus suworowii Regel**

**Synonyms:** *Eremurus bucharicus* O. Fedtsch., *E. parviforus*  Regel

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Meadows, steppes, forbs Elevational range: 800 - 1900 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 50–100 cm high; leaves 3–8 mm wide, keeled, glabrous, scabrous at margins; raceme laxly many fowered; tepals 1-nerved, tip not

incurved nor involute, segments white–yellow; stamens not longer than perianth. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1855. Eremurus tianschanicus Pazij & Vved. ex Pavlov**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, screes, steppes Elevational range: 900 - 2000 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 60–100 cm high; leaves 5–10 mm wide, keeled, glabrous, scabrous at margins; raceme densely many fowered; bracts ciliate; tepals 1-nerved, tip not incurved nor involute, segments white–pink; stamens somewhat longer than perianth. Usefulness: Orn.

#### **1856. Eremurus turkestanicus Regel**

Phytogeographical element: SE, I-T Habitat: Loose sandy screes, pastures, screes Elevational range: 1100 - 1800 Flowering period: V - VI Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 70–100 cm high; leaves 2–4.5 cm wide, glabrous; raceme densely many fowered; tepals 3-veined, after blooming incurved and involute;

ovary and capsule smooth; pedicels adjacent to stem. Usefulness: Foo, Orn.

#### **1857. Tribulus terrestris L.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T, M, E-S, S-S Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, ruderal, felds Elevational range: 500 - 2700 Flowering period: V - VIII Remarks: Therophyte; plant prostrate, 10–80 cm; leaves paripinnate, 2.5–5 cm long; stipules lanceolate to falcate, 3–5 mm long; fowers yellow, 1–1.5 cm in diameter; fruit up to c. 1 cm in diameter, 4–8 mm long, mericarps densely crested and tuberculate on dorsal side, densely hairy to glabrescent, with 2 long patent and 2 short downwardly directed spines.

#### **1858. Zygophyllum atriplicoides Fisch. & C.A. Mey.**

**Synonyms:** *Halimiphyllum atriplicoides* (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Boriss., *Halimiphyllum megacarpum* Boriss*. Zygophyllum megacarpum* Boriss*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Screes, salt shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 1000 - 2300 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 2.5 m high; leaves simple, 2–4 × 1.3–1.8 cm, young with stellate trichomes; pedicel short, curved, 6–7 mm; fower pentamerous; capsule with 5 wide wings. Usefulness: For.

#### **1859. Zygophyllum ferganense (Drobow) Boriss.**

**Synonyms:** *Zygophyllum xanthoxylon* (Bunge) Maxim. var. *ferganense* Drobow

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Salt shrubs, salt marshes, steppes Elevational range: 700 - 1100 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub 50–80 cm high; petiole fattened, leaves compound with 1 pair of leafets, usually glabrous, less often pubescent; fower yellow, tetramerous; capsule 2–3 cm with 3 wide wings.

#### **1860. Zygophyllum gontscharovii Boriss**

**Synonyms:** *Halimiphyllum gontscharovii* (Boriss.) Boriss., *Zygophyllum eurypterum* Boiss. & Buhse subsp*. gontscharovii*  (Boriss.) Hadidi

Phytogeographical element: E, I-T Habitat: Salt shrubs, thermophilous shrubs Elevational range: 350 - 1000 Flowering period: II - IV Remarks: Nanophanerophyte; shrub up to 0.7–2 m high; leaves simple, 13–15(–25) × 10–15 (–18) mm, young with stellate trichomes; fower tetramerous; capsule 15–40 × 20–40 mm with 4 wide wings. Usefulness: For.

#### **1861. Zygophyllum miniatum Cham.**

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: Semi-deserts, steppes Elevational range: 1250 - 1650 Flowering period: IV - V Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant up to 10–25 cm high; plant without caudex; leaves with 2–3 (–4) pairs of leafets; leafets ovoid, 10–12 × 8–10 mm; fower pentamerous; petals present; capsule 3.5–4 × 0.4–0.5 cm, oblong, linear lanceolate without wings.

**730 Zygophyllaceae**

#### **1862. Zygophyllum obliquum Popov**

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: Alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 3600 - 4000 Flowering period: VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–80 cm high; petiole not scabrous; leaves compound with 1 pair of leafets; pedicel 10–18 mm; stamens shorter than petals; fruit sometimes ridged but not conspicuously winged, more than 2 × as long as wide, dehiscent. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1863. Zygophyllum oxianum Boriss.**

**Synonyms:** *Zygophyllum fabago* L. var. *oxianum* (Boriss.) Kitam*.*

Phytogeographical element: I-T Habitat: River beds, semi-deserts, salt shrubs, salt marshes Elevational range: 300 - 600 Flowering period: IV - VIII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 30–60 cm high; stems erect or ascending; leaves compound with 1 pair of leafets; leafets large, 3–5 cm long; stamens longer than the petals; capsule 1–2 × 0.5–0.6 cm, 5-sided, with 5 ribs. Usefulness: Med.

#### **1864. Zygophyllum rosowii Bunge**

**Synonyms:** *Zygophyllum rosovii* Bunge

Phytogeographical element: EI-T Habitat: River beds, alpine semi-deserts Elevational range: 3800 - 4200 Flowering period: VI - VII Remarks: Cryptophyte; plant 10–20 cm high; leaves with only 2 leafets; stamens longer than petals; fruit sometimes ridged but not conspicuously winged, more than 2 × as long as wide, dehiscent; capsule apex acuminate.

**Zygophyllaceae 731**

#### NEW COMBINATIONS

*Melica jacquemontii* Decne. ex Jacquemont var. *canescens* (Regel) M. Nobis & A. Nowak, *comb. nov*.

Basionym: *Melica cupani* Guss. var. *canescens* Regel, Descr. Pl. Nov. Rar. 8: 88. 1880 (and Acta Horti Petrop. 7: 628. 1881).

*Trichodesma incanum* (Bunge) A. DC. var. *glabrescens* (Czuk.) M. Nobis & A. Nowak, *comb. nov.* Basionym: *Trichodesma incanum* fo*. glabrescens* Czuk*.*, in A. P. Czukavina, Fl. Tadzhikskoi SSR, 7: 725. 1984.

#### GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

#### **A**


**achene** – a dry, 1-seeded indehiscent fruit, e.g. in the family Asteraceae or the genus *Ranunculus*


**androgynous** – with male and female fowers in the same plant, synonymous with monoecious


#### **B**


#### **C**


#### **D**


**dentate** – toothed, e.g. leaf margin


#### **E**


**entire** – having smooth margin, not toothed or dissected

**ephemeral** – short-lived

**erect** – upright, directed upwards

#### **F**

**fasciculate** – clustered, or appearing in bundles

**flament** – the stalk of a stamen

**fliform** – threadlike, slender and elongated

**fmbriate** – fringed


#### **G**


**glandular hair** – a hair tipped with a gland


#### **H**


**hirsute** – bearing coarse, rough, long hairs


#### **I**


#### **K**

**keel** – a prominent longitudinal ridge like the keel of a boat, e.g. the structure of the corolla formed from the fusion of the lower edge of the two abaxial anterior petals of fowers in the family Fabaceae

#### **L**


**linear** – long and narrow, with the parallel sides


#### **M**


**mesocarp** – the middle layer of a fruit wall, often feshy

#### **N**

**navicular** – boat-shaped

**nerve** – vein


out a diagnosis or description of the entity to which it applies, and without reference to either

**nut** – a hard, dry, indehiscent fruit containing a single seed

**nutlet** – a small nut; synonymous with mericarp; any of the one-seeded portions of a fruit, that fragments when mature, typical of the families: Geraniaceae, Apiaceae, Boraginaceae, Malvaceae

#### **O**


#### **P**


#### **R**


**radial** – pertaining to a radius or ray

**ray** – anything that radiates outwards

**recurved** – bent or curved backwards or downwards

**reniform** – kidney-shaped

**reticulate** – forming a network, e.g. leaf venation


**rudimentary** – incompletely developed

**rugose** – with a wrinkled surface

**rupicolous** – growing on or among rocks

#### **S**

**saxicolous** – synonymous with rupicolous

**scale** – a fattened, membranous or sometimes woody structure, usually a reduced leaf; a thin fap of tissue of epidermal origin or a fat

**scurf** – a loose scaly crust coating a surface


**shoot** – a young stem or branch

**silicula** – a short siliqua, less than three times as long as its width

**siliqua** – a dry, dehiscent fruit typical of the family Brassicaceae, at least three times as long as its width

**sinuate -** with deep, rounded incisions, e.g. leaf margin


**spikelet** – fower cluster typical for the family Poaceae consisting of one to many fowers subtended by two bracts (glumes)


#### **T**


**tussock** – a dense tuft of plant, usually well separated from neighbouring tussocks, for example in some grasses

#### **U**


#### **V**


#### **W**


#### **X**

**xerophyte** – a plant showing adaptation to live in a very dry habitat, tolerating long periods of drought.

### **Index of plant names**

#### **A**

Abutilon theophrasti Medik. 503 Acalypha australis L. 371 Acanthocephalus amplexifolius Kar. & Kir. 126 Acanthocephalus benthamianus Regel 126 *Acantholepis orientalis Less. 160* Acantholimon alatavicum Bunge 547 Acantholimon alexeenkoanum Czerniak. ex Ikonn. 548 Acantholimon anzobicum Lincz. 548 Acantholimon compactum Korovin 548 Acantholimon diapensioides Boiss. 549 Acantholimon hedinii Ostenf. 549 Acantholimon hilariae Ikonn. 549 Acantholimon komarovii Czerniak. 552 Acantholimon korolkovii (Regel) Korovin 552 Acantholimon laxum Czerniak. 552 Acantholimon parviforum Regel 553 Acanthophyllum albidum Schischk. 309 Acanthophyllum glandulosum Bunge ex Boiss. 309 *Acanthophyllum paniculatum Regel 310* Acanthophyllum pulchrum Schischk. 309 Acanthophyllum pungens (Bunge) Boiss. 310 Acanthophyllum sarawschanicum Golenkin 310 *Acer ginnala subsp. semenovii (Regel & Herder) Pax 702 Acer ovchinnikovii V. Zapr. 701* Acer pentapomicum Stewart ex Brandis 701 *Acer pubescens Franch. 701 Acer regelii Pax 701 Acer semenovii Regel & Herder 702 Acer turkestanicum Pax 701* Acer platanoides L. subsp. turkestanicum (Pax) P.C. DeJong 701 Acer tataricum L. subsp. semenovii (Regel & Herder) A.E. Murray 702 Achillea arabica Kotschy 126 *Achillea biebersteinii Afan. 126* Achillea bucharica C. Winkl. 127 Achillea flipendulina Lam. 127 Achillea millefolium L. 127 *Achnatherum botschanzevii Tzvelev 557* Achnatherum caragana (Trin.) Nevski 557 Achnatherum jacquemontii Jaub. & Spach. 557 Achnatherum sibiricum (L.) Keng ex Tzvelev 557 *Achnatherum splendens (Trin.) Nevski 585 Achoriphragma darvazicum (Botsch. & Vved.) Soják 282 Achoriphragma fruticulosum (Regel & Schmalh.) Soják 282 Achoriphragma pinnatifdum (Kar. & Kir.) Sojak 283 Achoriphragma runcinatum (Regel & Schmalh.) Soják 283 Achoriphragma schugnanum (Lipsch.) Soják 283 Achoriphragma turkestanicum (Korsh.) Soják 284 Acinos rotundifolius Pers. 451*

*Aconitella barbata (Bunge) Soják 645* Aconitum leucostomum Vorosch. 638 Aconitum nemorum Popov 638 Aconitum rotundifolium Kar. & Kir. 638 Aconitum seravschanicum Steinb. 639 Aconitum talassicum Popov 639 *Aconitum saposhnikovii B. Fedtsch 638 Aconogonon coriarium (Grig.) Soják 618 Aconogonon songaricum (Schrenk) Hara 620 Acorellus laevigatus (L.) Palla 356 Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. 192* Adenophora himalayana Feer 297 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. 634 Adonis aestivalis L. 639 Adonis turkestanica (Korsh.) Adolf 640 *Adonis apennina L. var. turkestanica Korsh. 640* Aegilops cylindrica Host 558 *Aegilops squarrosa L. 558* Aegilops tauschii Coss. 558 Aegilops triuncialis L. 558 Aegopodium tadshikorum Schischk. 90 Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl. 559 Aethionema carneum (Banks & Sol.) B. Fedtsch. 249 *Agrimonia asiatica Juz. 663* Agrimonia eupatoria L. subsp. asiatica (Juz.) Skalický 663 Agropyron cristatum (L.) Geartn. 559 *Agropyron leptourum (Nevski) Grossh. 574 Agropyron prostratum P. Beauv. 577* Ajania fastigiata (C. Winkl.) Poljakov 128 Ajania gracilis (Hook. f. & Thomson) Poljakov 128 Ajania scharnhorstii (Regel & Schmalh.) Tzvelev 128 Ajania tibetica (Hook. f. & Thomson) Tzvelev 129 Albizia julibrissin Durazz. 377 Alcea baldshuanica (Bornm.) Iljin 504 Alcea nudifora (Lindl.) Boiss. 504 Alcea rosea L. 504 Alchemilla hissarica Ovcz. & Koczk. 664 Alchemilla obtusa Buser 664 Alfredia acantholepis Kar. & Kir. 129 Alfredia nivea Kar. & Kir. 129 Alhagi kirghisorum Schrenk 377 *Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. ex Keller & Shap. 377 Alhagi maurorum Medik. subsp. kirghisorum (Schrenk) Yakovlev 377* Alisma lanceolatum With. 62 *Alisma stenophyllum (Aschers. & Graebn.) Sam. 62* Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande 250 *Allium aemulans Pavl. 82* Allium alexeianum Regel 81 Allium altissimum Regel 81

Allium barsczewskii Lipsky 81 Allium bucharicum Regel 82 Allium caesium Schrenk 82 Allium carolinianum DC. 82 Allium darwasicum Regel 83 Allium fedtschenkoanum Regel 83 Allium fetisowii Regel 83 Allium galanthum Kar. & Kir. 84 Allium hissaricum Vved. 84 Allium hymenorhizum Ledeb. 84 Allium macleanii Baker 85 *Allium nevskianum Wendelbo 81* Allium oreophilum C.A. Mey. 85 Allium oreoprasum Schrenk 85 Allium oschaninii O. Fedtsch. 86 *Allium polyphyllum Kar. & Kir. 82 Allium renardii Regel 82* Allium sarawschanicum Regel 86 Allium schubertii Zucc. 86 Allium setifolium Schrenk 87 Allium stipitatum Regel 87 Allium tianschanicum Rupr. 87 Allium verticillatum Regel 88 Allium weschniakowii Regel 88 Allium winklerianum Regel 88 *Allium elatum Regel 85 Allium simile Regel 83 Allium. lucens E. Nikit. 85* Allochrusa paniculata (Regel & Herder) Ovcz. & Czukav. 310 *Allosorus minutus Turcz. ex Trautv. 635* Alopecurus himalaicus Hook. f. 559 Alopecurus mucronatus Hack. 560 Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. 560 Alopecurus pratensis L. 560 *Alopecurus seravschanicus Ovcz. 560 Alposelinum albomarginatum (Schrenk) M. Pimen. 108* Althaea cannabina L. 505 Althaea offcinalis L. 505 Alyssum dasycarpum Stephan ex Willd. 250 Alyssum desertorum Stapf 250 Alyssum linifolium Stephan ex Willd. 251 *Alyssum minimum Willd. 250* Alyssum stenostachyum Botsch. & Vved. 251 *Alyssum turkestanicum Regel & Schmalh. var. desertorum (Stapf) Botsch. 250* Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson 62 Amaranthus blitum L. 63 Amaranthus defexus L. 63 *Amaranthus graecizans subsp. thellungianus (Nevski) Gusev 64 Amaranthus lividus L. 63* Amaranthus retrofexus L. 63 Amaranthus thellungianus Nevski 64 *Amaryllis tatarica Pall. 446* Amberboa bucharica Iljin 130 Amberboa turanica Iljin 130

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 130 Ammannia auriculata Willd. 502 Ammannia baccifera L. 502 Ammannia multifora Roxb. 502 *Ammolirion stenophyllum Boiss. & Buhse 727 Amoria fragifera (L.) Roskov 423 Amoria repens (L.) C. Presl 424* Ampelopsis vitifolia (Boiss.) Planch. 723 Amygdalus bucharica Korsh. 664 *Amygdalus spinosissima Bunge 678 Anabasis gontscharowii Iljin 64 Anabasis pulcherrima Iljin 64* Anabasis truncata (Schrenk) Bunge 64 Anabasis turkestanica Korovin ex Iljin 64 Anacantha darwasica (C. Winkl.) Soják 131 Anagallis arvensis L. 627 *Anagallis arvensis L. subsp. foemina (Mill.) Schinz & Thell. 627* Anagallis foemina Mill. 627 Anaphalis darvasica Boriss. 131 Anaphalis sarawschanica (C. Winkl.) B. Fedtsch. 131 *Anastatica syriaca L. 269* Anchusa azurea Mill. 224 *Anchusa hispida Forssk. 231 Anchusa italica Retz. 224* Anchusa arvensis (L.) M. Bieb. subsp. orientalis (L.) Nordh. 224 Andrachne fedtschenkoi Kossinsky 534 Andrachne pygmaea Kossinsky 535 *Andrachne rotundifolia C.A. Mey. 535* Andrachne telephioides L. 535 *Andrachne virgatenuis Nevski 535 Andropogon ravennae L. 598* Androsace akbaitalensis Derganc ex O. Fedtsch. 628 Androsace caduca Ovcz. 628 Androsace fedtschenkoi Ovcz. 628 Androsace lehmanniana Spreng. 629 Androsace maxima L. 629 Androsace ovczinnikovii Schischk. & Bobrov 629 *Androsace acrolasia Vved. & Ovcz. 628 Androsace bungeana Schischk. & Bobrov 629 Androsace turczaninowii Freyn 629 Androsave chamaejasme Wulfen subsp. lehmanniana (Spreng.) Hultén 629 Anemonastrum protractum (Ulbr.) Holub 641* Anemone baissunensis Juz. ex M.M. Sharipova 640 Anemone bucharica (Regel) Finet & Gagnep. 641 *Anemone gortschakowii Kar. & Kir. 640 Anemone oligotoma Juz. 640 Anemone protracta (Ulbr.) Juz. 641* Anemone seravschanica Kom. 641 Anemone tschernaewii (Czern.) Regel 642 Anemone bifora DC. var. gortschakowii (Kar. & Kir.) Sinno 640 *Anemone coronaria L. var. intermedia Regel 640 Anemone coronaria L. var. bucharica Regel 641*

Anemone narcissifora L. subsp. protracta (Ulbr.) Ziman

& Fedor. 641 Angelica archangelica L. subsp. decurrens (Ledeb.) Kuvaev. 90 Angelica brevicaulis (Rupr.) B. Fedtsch. 90 *Angelica komarovii (Schischk.) V. Tichomirov 90* Angelica ternata Regel & Schmalh. 91 *Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski 567 Anisantha tectorum (L.) Nevski e 568* Anthochlamys tjanschanica Iljin ex Aellen 65 Anthoxanthum alpinum Á. Löve & D. Löve 561 *Anthoxanthum odoratum L. subsp. alpinum (á. Löve & D. Löve) Tzvelev 561* Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb. 91 Anthriscus glacialis Lipsky 108 Apera interrupta (L.) P. Beauv. 561 Aphanopleura capillifolia (Regel & Schmalh.) Lipsky 91 Apium nodiforum (L.) Lag. 92 Aquilegia karelinii (Baker) O. Fedtsch. & B. Fedtsch. 642 Aquilegia vicaria Nevski 642 *Aquilegia vulgaris L. var. karelinii Baker 642* Arabidopsis pumila (Steph.) N. Busch 251 Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. 252 *Arabidopsis wallichii (Hook. fl. & Thoms.) N. Busch 262 Arabis auriculata auct. 253* Arabis karategina Lipsky 252 Arabis kokanica Regel & Schmalh. 252 *Arabis montbretiana Boiss. 253* Arabis recta Vill. 253 *Arabis thaliana L. 252* Arctium sardaimionense Rassulova & B.A. Sharipova 132 Arenaria bungei Barkoudah 311 *Arenaria griffthii Boiss. 315* Arenaria serpyllifolia L. 311 *Arischrada bucharica (Popov) Pobed. 479* Aristida adscensionis L. 561 *Aristida heymannii Regel 561* Arnebia cana (Tzvelev) Czerep. 225 Arnebia coerulea Schipcz 225 Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) Coss. & Kralik 225 Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M. Johnst. 226 Arnebia guttata Bunge 226 Arnebia obovata Bunge 226 Arnebia transcaspica Popov 227 Arnebia tibetana Kurz 227 Artemisia alba Turra 132 Artemisia annua L. 132 Artemisia dracunculus L. 133 Artemisia macrocephala Jacquem. ex Besser 133 Artemisia pamirica C. Winkl. 133 Artemisia porrecta Krasch. ex Poljakov 134 Artemisia rhodantha Rupr. 134 Artemisia rutifolia Stephan ex Spreng. 134 Artemisia santolinifolia Turcz. ex Krasch. 135 *Artemisia skorniakowii C. Winkl. 203* Artemisia turanica Krasch. 135

*Artemisia viridis Willd. ex DC 132 Artemisia pectinata Pall. 186 Arthrocnemum belangerianum Moq. 74* Arum korolkovii Regel 119 Arundo donax L. 562 Asparagus neglectus Kar. & Kir. 121 *Asparagus misczenkoi Iljin 121* Asperuginoides axillaris (Boiss. & Hohen.) Rauschert 253 Asperugo procumbens L. 227 Asperula albifora Popov 686 Asperula laevis Schischk. 686 Asperula oppositifolia Regel & Schmalh. 686 Asperula paucifora Tschern. 687 Asperula setosa Jaub. & Spach 687 Asperula trichodes J. Gay ex DC. 687 *Asperula oppositifolia Regel & Schmalh. subsp. pseudocynanchica Ehrend. 686* Asplenium ruta-muraria L. 122 Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. 123 Asplenium viride Huds. 123 *Asplenium ceterach L. 123* Aster alpinus L. var. serpentimontanus (Tamamsch.) Ling 135 *Aster salignus Willd. 208 Aster serpentimontanus Tamamsch. 135* Astracantha chodsha-bakirganica (B.M. Kom.) Czerep. 378 Astracantha dissecta (B. Fedtsch. & N.A. Ivanova) Podl. 378 Astragalus aksuensis Bunge 378 Astragalus alitschuri O. Fedtsch. 379 Astragalus alopecias Pall. 379 Astragalus alpinus L. 379 *Astragalus aridus Freyn 387* Astragalus auratus Gontsch. 380 Astragalus babatagii Popov 380 Astragalus beketowi (Krasn.) B. Fedtsch. 380 Astragalus borodinii Krasnov 381 Astragalus breviscapus B. Fedtsch. 381 Astragalus campylorhynchus Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 381 Astragalus charguschanus Freyn 382 *Astragalus chodsha-bakirganicus B. Kom. 378* Astragalus chomutowii B. Fedtsch. 382 *Astragalus cisdarvasicus Gontsch. 385* Astragalus coluteocarpus Boiss. 382 Astragalus cystocarpus Boriss. 383 *Astragalus czuiliensis Golosk. 385* Astragalus darwasicus Basil. 383 Astragalus dignus Boriss. 383 Astragalus dipelta Bunge 384 *Astragalus dissectus B. Fedtsch. & Ivanova 378 Astragalus enantiotrichus Freyn 379 Astragalus erioceras Ledeb. var. ferganensis Popov 384* Astragalus ferganensis (Popov) A.S. Korol. 384 Astragalus flicaulis Kar. & Kir. 384 *Astragalus favicomus Bunge 385*

Astragalus globiceps Bunge 385 *Astragalus grandiforus Bunge 386* Astragalus heterodontus Boriss. 385 *Astragalus jakkabagi Lipsky 385* Astragalus kabadianus Lipsky 385 Astragalus korovinianus Barneby 386 Astragalus krauseanus Regel 386 Astragalus kulabensis Lipsky 386 Astragalus lancifolius Gontsch. 387 Astragalus lasiosemius Boiss. 387 *Astragalus latistylus Freyn 387 Astragalus leptodermus Bunge 384 Astragalus leucospermus Bunge 379 Astragalus lipskyanus Freyn 393* Astragalus longistipitatus Boriss. 387 Astragalus macropterus DC. 388 Astragalus mucidus Bunge 388 *Astragalus nathaliae Meff. 389* Astragalus nematodes Boiss. 388 Astragalus nivalis Kar. & Kir. 389 Astragalus nuciferus Bunge 389 *Astragalus oophorus Freyn 381* Astragalus ophiocarpus Boiss. 389 *Astragalus orthanthoides Boriss. 389 Astragalus orthanthus Freyn 389* Astragalus ovczinnikovii Boriss. 390 Astragalus oxyglottis M. Bieb. 390 *Astragalus pamiricus B. Fedtsch. 382 Astragalus paulsenii Freyn 389 Astragalus polychromis Freyn 380 Astragalus proximus (Boriss.) Boriss. 378* Astragalus pseudorhacodes Gontsch. 390 Astragalus quisqualis Bunge 391 Astragalus retamocarpus Boiss. 391 Astragalus rytilobus Bunge 391 Astragalus saratagius Bunge 392 Astragalus schachdarinus Lipsky 392 Astragalus scheremetevianus B. Fedtsch. 393 Astragalus schmalhausenii Bunge 393 Astragalus sericeopuberulus Boriss. 392 Astragalus sieversianus Pall. 393 Astragalus skorniakowi B. Fedtsch. 394 Astragalus spinescens Bunge 394 *Astragalus talievii Sirj. 395* Astragalus taschkendicus Bunge 394 Astragalus tecti-mundi Freyn 395 Astragalus thlaspi Lipsky 395 Astragalus tibetanus Bunge 395 *Astragalus timuranus Franch. 385* Astragalus trachycarpus Gontsch. 396 Astragalus tribuloides Delile 396 *Astragalus vernicularis Hausskn. & Bornm. 389* Astragalus viridiforus Boriss. 396 Astragalus wachschi B. Fedtsch. 397 *Astragalus xanthomelas Bunge 386 Astragalus xerophilum Butk. 701* Asyneuma argutum (Regel) Bornm. 297

*Asyneuma regelii (Trautv.) Bornm. 300 Atelanthera pentandra Jafri 253* Atelanthera perpusilla Hook. f. & Thomson 253 Atraphaxis karataviensis Pavlov & Lipsch. 615 Atraphaxis pyrifolia Bunge 615 Atraphaxis seravschanica Pavlov 615 Atraphaxis spinosa L. 616 Atraphaxis virgata (Regel) Krasn. 616 *Atraphaxis pulcherrima Vassilcz. 615 Atriplex arazdajanica Kapeller 67 Atriplex bucharica Iljin 65* Atriplex fabellum Bunge ex Boiss. 65 Atriplex moneta Bunge ex Boiss. 65 *Atriplex multicolora Aellen 67* Atriplex pamirica Iljin 66 Atriplex schugnanica Iljin 66 Atriplex sibirica L. 66 Atriplex tatarica L. 67 *Atriplex tatarica L. var. pamirica (Iljin) G.L. Chu 66 Auganthus minkwitziae (W.W.Sm.) Soják 633* Aulacospermum roseum Korovin 92 Aulacospermum simplex Rupr. 92 Avena sativa L. 562 *Avena trichophylla C. Koch 562* Avena sterilis L. subsp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne 562 Azolla fliculoides Lam. 700

#### **B**

*Barbarea arcuata (Opiz.) Reichb. 254* Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. 254 *Barkhausia trichocephala Krasch. 157* Bassia dasyphylla (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Kuntze 67 Bassia prostrata (L.) Beck 67 Berberis heterobotrys E.L. Wolf 221 Berberis integerrima Bunge 221 Berberis nummularia Bunge 221 *Bergia ammannioides Heyne ex Roth 368* Bergia ammannioides Roxb. ex Roth 368 Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville 93 *Berula angustifolia (L.) Mert. & W.D.J. Koch 93 Betonica foliosa Rupr. 488* Betula procurva Litv. 223 *Betula procurva Litv. subsp. sogdiana Ovcz. 223* Betula seravschanica V.N. Vassil. 223 Bidens frondosa L. 136 Biebersteinia multifda DC. 223 *Biota orientalis Endl. 345 Bistorta vivipara (L.) S.F. Gray 617* Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz. ex Link 346 Blysmus rufus (Huds.) Link 346 Boissiera squarrosa (Sol.) Nevski 563 *Bolboschoenus affnis (Roth) Drobow 347* Bolboschoenus glaucus (Lam.) S.G. Sm. 347 *Bolboschoenus popovii Egor. 347 Bolboschoenus yagara (Ohwi) A.E. Kozhevnikov 347* Bolboschoenus yagara (Ohwi) Y.C. Yang & M. Zhan 347 Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla subsp. affnis (Roth) T. Koyama 347 Bongardia chrysogonum (L.) Spach 222 Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake 563 *Bothriochloa caucasica (Trin.) C.E. Hubb. 563* Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng 563 Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. 514 Brachanthemum kirghisorum Krasch. 136 Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv. 564 Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. 564 *Brassica campestris L. 254 Brassica orientalis L. 260* Brassica rapa L. 254 *Brassica subspinescens Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 287* Brassica elongata Ehrh. subsp. integrifolia (Boiss.) Breistr. 254 *Braya brachycarpa Vass. 255* Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. Rob. 255 Braya pamirica (Karsh.) O. Fedtsch. 255 Braya rosea (Turcz.) Bunge 255 *Bromopsis pamirica (Drobow) Holub 567 Bromopsis paulsenii (Hackel ex Paulsen) Holub 567 Bromopsis paulsenii subsp. pamirica (Drobow) Tzvelev 567 Bromopsis paulsenii subsp. turkestanica (Drobow) Tzvelev 567 Bromopsis turkestanica (Drobow) Holub. 567* Bromus alaicus Korsh. 564 Bromus danthoniae Trin. 565 Bromus gracillimus Bunge 565 Bromus inermis Leyss. 565 Bromus japonicus Thunb. 566 Bromus lanceolatus Roth 566 *Bromus macrostachys Desf. 566* Bromus oxyodon Schrenk 566 Bromus paulsenii Hack. 567 Bromus scoparius L. 567 Bromus sterilis L. 567 Bromus tectorum L. 568 *Buchingera axillaris Boiss. & Hohen. 253* Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I. M. Johnst. 228 Bunium angrenii Korovin 93 Bunium capusii (Franch.) Korovin 93 Bunium hissaricum Korovin 94 Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch. 94 Bupleurum densiforum Rupr. 94 *Bupleurum exaltatum Bieb. 95* Bupleurum falcatum L. subsp. cernuum (Ten.) Arcang. 95 *Bupleurum kotschyanum Boiss. 95* Bupleurum lipskyanum O.A. Lincz. 95 Butomus umbellatus L. 296

#### **C**

Caccinia dubia Bunge 228 Caccinia macranthera (Banks & Sol.) Brand 228

*Cachrys didyma Regel 110 Cachrys bucharica (O.Fedtsch.) Herrnst. & Heyn 110* Calamagrostis anthoxanthoides (Munro) Regel 568 Calamagrostis anthoxanthoides (Munro) Regel. subsp. laguroides (Regel) Tzvelev 568 *Calamagrostis glauca (M. Bieb.) Rchb. 569 Calamagrostis laguroides Regel 568* Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller f.) Koeler 569 Calamagrostis tianschanica Rupr. 569 Callianthemum alatavicum Freyn 643 Callipeltis cucullaris (L.) DC. 688 *Callipeltis cucullaris (L.) Stev. 688* Calophaca grandifora Regel 397 *Camelina glabrata (DC.) Fritsch ex N.W. Zinger 256* Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz 256 *Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz var. glabrata DC. 256 Camelina sylvestris Wallr. 256* Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. subsp. sylvestris (Wallr.) Hiitonen 256 *Campanula alberti Trautv. 299* Campanula capusii (Franch.) Fed. 299 Campanula eugeniae Fed. 297 *Campanula fedtschenkiana Trautv. 298* Campanula glomerata L. 298 Campanula incanescens Boiss. 298 Campanula lehmanniana Bunge 298 *Campanula lehmanniana subsp. integerrima R. Kam. 298 Campanula lehmanniana Bunge subsp. capusii (Franch.) Victorov 299* Campanula stevenii M. Bieb. subsp. alberti (Trautv.) Victorov 299 *Camphorosma lessingii Litv. 68* Camphorosma monspeliaca L. subsp. lessingii (Litv.) Aellen 68 *Campyloptera carnea (Banks & Soland.) Botsch. & Vved. 249* Capparis herbacea Willd. 300 *Capparis mucronifolia Boiss. subsp. rosanowiana (B. Fedtsch.) Inocencio, D. Rivera 301* Capparis rosanowiana B. Fedtsch. 301 *Capparis sicula Duhamel subsp. herbacea (Willd.) Inocencio, D. Rivera 300* Capsella bursa-pastoris L. 256 Caragana acanthophylla Kom. 397 Caragana alaica Pojark. 398 Caragana jubata (Pall.) Poir. 398 *Caragana laeta Kom. 398* Caragana turfanensis (Krasn.) Kom. 398 Cardamine densifora Gontsch. 257 Cardamine impatiens L. 257 *Carduus coloratus Tamamsch. 136* Carduus nutans L. 136 *Carduus schischkinii Tamamsch. 136 Carduus songoricus Tamamsch. 136* Carex arcatica Meinsh. 348 Carex atrofusca Schkuhr 348 Carex capillaris L. 348

Carex decaulescens V.I. Krecz. 349 Carex diluta M. Bieb. 349 *Carex dimorphotheca Stschegl. 354* Carex enervis C.A. Mey. 349 *Carex karoi (Freyn) Freyn 348* Carex koshewnikowii Litv. 350 Carex melanostachya M. Bieb. ex Willd. 350 Carex microglochin Wahlenb. 350 Carex nebularum Phil. 351 Carex orbicularis Boott 351 *Carex oxyleuca V. Krecz. 348* Carex pachystylis J. Gay 351 Carex pamirensis C.B. Clarke 352 Carex parva Nees 352 *Carex philocrena V.I. Krecz. 355* Carex physodes M. Bieb. 352 Carex polyphylla Kar. & Kir. 353 Carex pseudofoetida Kük. 353 *Carex pycnostachya Kar. & Kir. 351* Carex regeliana (Kük.) Litv. 353 *Carex rostrata Sumn. 403 Carex serotina Mérat 355* Carex stenocarpa Turcz. ex V.I. Krecz. 354 *Carex stenophylloides V.I. Krecz. 354* Carex turkestanica Regel 354 *Carex verae Ovcz. & Czuk. 354* Carex viridula Michx. 355 Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. subsp. stenophylloides (V.I. Krecz.) T.V. Egorova 354 *Carpoceras ceratocarpum (Pall.) N. Busch 293* Carthamus oxyacanthus M. Bieb. 137 Carthamus tinctorius L. 137 Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv. 569 Catabrosa capusii Franch. 570 *Catabrosella parvifora (Boiss. & Buhse) E.B. Alexeev ex R.R. Mill 570* Caucalis platycarpos L. 95 *Caucalis lappula Grande 95 Caucalis scandicina Wigg. 91 Caulinia graminea (Delile) Tzvelev 441* Celosia argentea L. 68 *Centaurea belangeriana (DC.) Stapf 138* Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. 137 Centaurea besseriana DC. 138 *Centaurea cyanus L. 158 Centaurea depressa Bieb. 158* Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng. 138 Centaurea pulchella Ledeb. 139 Centaurea ruthenica Lam. 139 Centaurea solstitialis L. 139 *Centaurea squarrosa Willd. 138* Centaurea bruguierana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz. subsp. belangeriana (DC.) Bornm. 138 *Centaurium candelabrum Lindb. fl 429* Centaurium erythraea Rafn 429 *Centaurium minus Moench 429* Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce 429

Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fritsch 430 *Centaurium umbellatum Gilib. 429 Centaurium umbellatum subsp. austriacum Ronniger 429* Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch 514 *Cephalaria dipsacoides Kar. & Kir. 301* Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult. 301 Cephalopodum badachshanicum Korovin 96 Cephalorhizum popovii Lincz. 553 *Cephalorrhynchus soongoricus (Regel) Kovalevsk. 180 Cerastium cerastoides (L.) Britton 315 Cerastium dentatum Moschl. 313* Cerastium dichotomum L. 312 *Cerastium infatum Gren. 312* Cerastium perfoliatum L. 312 Cerastium pumilum Curtis 313 Cerastium tianschanicum Schischk. 313 Cerastium dichotomum L. subsp. infatum Cullen 312 *Cerasus avium (L.) Moench 675* Cerasus tianshanica Pojark. 665 *Cerasus verrucosa (Franch.) Nevski 678* Ceratocarpus arenarius L. 68 *Ceratocarpus turkestanicus Sav.-Rycz. ex Iljin 68 Ceratocarpus utriculosus Bluk. 68* Ceratocephala testiculata (Crantz) Besser 643 Ceratophyllum demersum L. 333 Cercis griffthii Boiss. 399 Ceterach offcinarum Willd. 123 Chaetolimon setiferum (Bunge) Lincz. 553 Chaetolimon sogdianum Lincz. 554 Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. 509 Chamaenerion latifolium (L.) Th. Fries & Lange 512 *Chamaesyce canescens (L.) Prokh. 372 Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small. 375 Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb. 186* Chardinia orientalis (L.) Kuntze 140 Cheilanthes persica (Bory) Mett. ex Kuhn 635 *Chenopodium botrys L. 73* Chenopodium fcifolium Sm. 69 Chenopodium foliosum Asch. 69 Chenopodium glaucum L. 69 Chenopodium iljinii Golosk. 70 Chenopodium murale L. 70 Chenopodium rubrum L. 71 Chenopodium vulvaria L. 71 *Chenopodium korshinskyi Litv. 69* Chenopodium litwinowii (Paulsen) Uotila 70 Chesneya badachschanica Boriss. 399 Chesneya crassipes Boriss. 399 Chesneya ferganensis Korsh. 400 Chesneya gracilis (Boriss.) R. Kam. 400 Chesneya ternata (Korsh.) Popov 400 Chesneya turkestanica Franch. 401 *Chesniella ferganensis (Korsh.) Boriss. 400 Chesniella gracilis Boriss. 400* Chondrilla canescens Kar. & Kir. 140 Chondrilla gibbirostris Popov 140 Chondrilla maracandica Bunge 141

Chorispora bungeana Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 257 *Chorispora elegans Cambess. 258 Chorispora exscapa Bunge 257* Chorispora macropoda Trautv. 258 Chorispora sabulosa Cambess. 258 Chorispora sibirica (L.) DC. 258 Christolea crassifolia Cambess. 259 Christolea crassifolia var. pamirica (Korsh.) Korsh. 259 *Christolea pamirica Korsh. 259 Chrozophora obliqua (Vahl) A. Juss. ex Spreng. 371* Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. Juss. 371 Chrysosplenium nudicaule Bunge 702 Cicer baldshuanicum (Popov) Lincz. 401 Cicer fedtschenkoi Lincz. 401 Cicer macracanthum Popov 402 Cicer mogoltavicum (Popov) A.S. Korol. 402 Cicer pungens Boiss. 402 Cicer songaricum DC. 403 *Cicer spinosum Popov 402 Cicer fexuosum Lipsky subsp. baldshuanicum Popov 401 Cicer songaricum DC. var. schugnanicum Popov 401 Cicerbita kovalevskiana Kirp. 178* Cicerbita thianschanica (Regel & Schmalh.) Beauverd 141 Cicerbita zeravschanica Popov ex Kovalevsk. 141 Cichorium intybus L. 142 *Ciminalis prostrata (Haenke) Á. Löve & D. Löve 432 Ciminalis squarrosa (Ledeb.) Zuev 433* Cirsium badakhschanicum Kharadze 142 Cirsium esculentum (Siev.) C.A. Mey. 142 Cirsium incanum (S.G. Gmel) Fisch. 143 Cirsium ochrolepideum Juz. 143 Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. 143 Cistanche mongolica Beck 517 Cistanche salsa (C.A. Mey.) Beck 517 *Clausia turkestanica Lipsky 285* Clematis asplenifolia Schrenk 643 Clematis orientalis L. 644 Clematis tangutica (Maxim.) Korsh. 644 *Clematis orientalis L. var. tangutica Maxim. 644 Clematis songorica Bunge var. aspleniifolia (Schrenk) Trautv. 643* Clementsia semenovii (Regel & Herder) Boriss. 339 Cleome lipskyi Popov 334 Climacoptera transoxana (Iljin) Botsch. 71 Climacoptera turcomanica (Litv.) Botsch. 72 Clinopodium graveolens subsp. rotundifolium (Pers.) Govaerts 451 Clinopodium integerrimum Boriss. 451 Clypeola jonthlaspi L. 259 *Cnicus benedictus L. 137* Codonopsis clematidea (Schrenk) C.B. Clarke 299 Coeloglossum viride (L.) C. Hartm. 515 Colchicum kesselringii Regel 334 Colchicum luteum Baker 335 Colchicum robustum (Bunge) Stef. 335 Colpodium leucolepis Nevski 570

Colpodium parviforum Boiss. & Buhse 570 *Colutea canescens Shap. 403 Colutea mesantha Shap. ex Ali 403* Colutea paulsenii Freyn 403 Comarum salesovianum (Stephan) Asch. & Graebn. 665 *Comastoma dichotomum (Pall.) Holub 430* Comastoma falcatum (Turcz.) Toyok. 430 Comastoma tenellum (Rottb.) Toyok. 430 Conioselinum schugnanicum B. Fedtsch. 96 Conium maculatum L. 96 Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. 260 Conringia persica Boiss. 260 Conringia planisiliqua Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 260 *Consolida barbata (Bunge) Schrödinger 645* Consolida leptocarpa Nevski 644 Consolida rugulosa (Boiss.) Schrödinger 645 Convolvulus krauseanus Regel & Schmalh. 335 Convolvulus lineatus L. 336 Convolvulus pseudocantabrica Schrenk 336 *Convolvulus spinifer Popov 337* Convolvulus subhirsutus Regel & Schmalh. 336 Convolvulus tragacanthoides Turcz. 337 Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. 144 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. 144 *Conyzanthus graminifolius (Spreng.) Tamamsch. 208* Coptidium lapponicum (L.) Gand. ex Rydb. 645 Coriandrum sativum L. 97 Corispermum hilariae Iljin 72 Corispermum lehmannianum Bunge 72 *Corispermum dutreuilii Iljin 72 Coronaria coriacea (Moench) Schischk. ex Gorschk. 319 Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith 276 Cortusa turkestanica Losinsk. 630* Cortusa matthioli L. subsp. turkestanica (Losinsk.) Iranshahr & Wendelbo 630 Corydalis bucharica Popov 527 Corydalis fedtschenkoana Regel 528 Corydalis fmbrillifera Korsh. 528 Corydalis gortschakovii Schrenk 528 Corydalis ledebouriana Kar. & Kir. 529 Corydalis nudicaulis Regel 529 Corydalis popovii Nevski ex Popov 529 Corydalis ruksansii Lidén 530 Corydalis stricta Steph. ex DC. 530 Cotoneaster hissaricus Pojark. 665 Cotoneaster nummularioides Pojark. 666 Cotoneaster nummularius Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 666 Cotoneaster songaricus (Regel & Herder) Popov 666 *Cotoneaster racemiforus (Desf.) K. Koch var. hissaricus (Pojark.) Kitam. 665* Cousinia albertoregelia C. Winkl. 144 Cousinia anomala Franch. 145 Cousinia buphthalmoides Regel 145 Cousinia carduncelloidea Regel & Schmalh. 147 Cousinia corymbosa C. Winkl. 145 Cousinia darwasica C. Winkl. 146

Cousinia divaricata C. Winkl. 146 Cousinia ferghanensis Bornm. 146 Cousinia grigoriewii Juz. 147 Cousinia laetevirens C. Winkl. 147 Cousinia mollis schrenk 148 Cousinia mulgediifolia Bornm. 148 Cousinia olgae Regel & Schmalh. 148 Cousinia ovczinnikovii Tscherneva 149 Cousinia pannosa C. Winkl. 149 Cousinia pseudarctium Bornm. 149 Cousinia pseudodshisakensis Tschern. & Vved. 150 Cousinia pulchella Bunge 150 Cousinia pusilla C. Winkl. 150 Cousinia radians Bunge 151 Cousinia refracta (Bornm.) Juz. 151 Cousinia sclerophylla Juz. 151 Cousinia semilacera Juz. 154 Cousinia splendida C. Winkl. 154 Cousinia stephanophora C. Winkl. 154 Cousinia submutica Franch. 155 Cousiniopsis atractyloides (C. Winkl.) Nevski 155 *Crambe kotschyana Boiss. 261* Crambe orientalis L. 261 Crambe schugnana Korsh. 261 Crambe cordifolia Steven subsp. kotschyana (Boiss.) Jafri 261 Crataegus altaica (Loud.) Lage 667 *Crataegus pontica C. Koch 667* Crataegus azarolus L. var. pontica (K. Koch) K.I. Chr. 667 Crepidifolium akagii (Kitag.) Sennikov 155 Crepidifolium tenuifolium (Willd.) Sennikov 156 *Crepis fexuosa Kit. 156* Crepis multicaulis Ledeb. 156 Crepis nicaeensis Balb. ex Pers. 156 Crepis oreades Schrenk 157 Crepis pulchra L. 157 Crepis trichocephala (Krasch.) Krasch. ex V.V. Nikitin 157 Cressa cretica L. 337 Crocus korolkowii Maw & Regel 443 *Crocus korolkowii Regel ex Maw 443 Croton obliquus Vahl 371* Crucianella exasperata Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 688 Crucianella gilanica Trin. 688 *Crucianella glauca A. Rich. ex DC. 688* Cruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend. 689 Crucihimalaya wallichii (Hook. f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz, O'Kane & R.A. Price 262 Crupina vulgaris Pers. ex Cass. 158 Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam. 571 *Cryptobasis loczyi (Kanitz) Ikonn. 445 Cryptodiscus didymus (Regel) Korov. 110* Cryptogramma stelleri (S.G. Gmel.) Prantl 635 Cryptospora falcata Kar. & Kir. 262 *Cryptospora omissa Botsch. 262* Cryptospora trichocarpa Botsch. 262

Cullen drupaceum (Bunge) C.H. Stirt. 403 Cuminum setifolium (Boiss.) Koso-Pol. 97 Cuscuta approximata Bab. 337 Cuscuta bucharica Palib. 338 *Cuscuta cupulata Engelm. 337* Cuscuta epilinum Weihe 338 Cuscuta gigantea Griff. 338 Cuscuta monogyna Vahl 339 Cyanus depressus (M. Bieb.) Soják 158 Cyanus segetum Hill 158 Cymatocarpus heterophyllus (Popov) N. Busch 263 *Cymatocarpus popovii Botsch. & Vved. 263* Cymbolaena griffthii (A. Gray) Wagenitz 159 Cynanchum acutum L. subsp. sibiricum (Willd.) Rech.f. 118 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 571 Cynomorium coccineum L. subsp. songaricum (Rupr.) J. Léonard 346 *Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. 346* Cyperus difformis L. 355 Cyperus fuscus L. 355 *Cyperus globosus All. 360* Cyperus iria L. 356 Cyperus laevigatus L. 356 Cyperus rotundus L. 356 Cyperus serotinus Rottb. 357 *Cystopteris emarginato-denticulata Fomin 363 Cystopteris flix-fragilis (L.) Borbás 363* Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. 363 *Cystopteris fragilis subsp. emarginato-denticulata Fomin 363*

#### **D**

Dactylis glomerata L. 571 *Dactylon sanguinale (L.) Vill. 572* Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski 515 Dasiphora dryadanthoides Juz. 667 Dasiphora phyllocalyx Juz. 668 *Dasiphora parvifolia (Fisch. ex Lehm.) Juz. 674* Datisca cannabina L. 364 Datura stramonium L. 707 Delphinium barbatum Bunge 645 Delphinium biternatum Huth 646 Delphinium brunonianum Royle 646 Delphinium confusum Popov 646 Delphinium decoloratum Ovcz. & Kochk. 647 Delphinium iliense Huth 647 Delphinium karategini Korsh. 647 *Delphinium leptocarpum (Nevski) Nevski 644* Delphinium lipskii Korsh. 648 Delphinium longipedunculatum Regel & Schmalh. 648 *Delphinium nevskii Zak. 648* Delphinium oreophilum Huth 648 *Delphinium rugulosum Boiss. 645* Delphinium semibarbatum Bien. ex Boiss. 649 *Delphinium turkestanicum Huth 647* Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. 572

Deschampsia koelerioides Regel 572 Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl 263 *Deyeuxia tianschanica (Rupr.) Bor 569* Dianthus baldshuanicus Lincz. 313 Dianthus crinitus Sm. subsp. tetralepis (Nevski) Rech. f. 314 Dianthus darvazicus Lincz. 314 Dianthus hoeltzeri C. Winkl. 314 Dianthus kuschakewiczii Regel & Schmalh. 315 *Dianthus tetralepis Nevski 314* Diarthron vesiculosum (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) C.A. Mey. 713 Diarthron vesiculosum (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) C.A. Mey. var. undulatum M. Nobis, A. Nobis, A. Nowak & S. Nowak 716 Dichodon cerastioides (L.) Rchb. 315 Dictamnus albus L. 695 *Dictamnus albus subsp. turkestanicus Wint. 695 Dictamnus angustifolius G. Don fl. ex Sweet 695 Dictamnus turkestanicus (Wint.) Popov 695 Dictyosperma olgae Regel ex Schmalh. 280 Didymopelta turkestanica Regel & Schmalh. 266 Didymopelta turkestanica Regel & Schmalh. 384* Didymophysa fedtschenkoana Regel 263 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. 572 *Digraphis arundinacea (L.) Trin. 587* Dilophia salsa Thomson 264 Dimorphosciadium gayoides (Regel & Schmalh.) Pimenov 97 Dionysia involucrata Zapriag. 630 Diospyros lotus L. 364 *Dipelta turkestancia Regel & Schmalh. 384 Dipsacus azureus Schrenk 301* Dipsacus dipsacoides (Kar. & Kir.) V.I. Botsch. 301 Dipsacus laciniatus L. 302 Dodartia orientalis L. 534 Doronicum turkestanicum Cavill. 159 Draba alajica Litv. 264 Draba altaica (C.A. Mey.) Bunge 264 Draba darwasica Lipsky 265 Draba lanceolata Royle 265 Draba nemorosa L. 265 Draba oreades Schrenk 266 Draba pamirica (O. Fedtsch.) Pohle 266 Draba tibetica Hook. f. & Thomson 266 *Draba tranzschelii Litv. 266* Draba yunussovii Tolm. 267 *Draba alpina L. var. pamirica O. Fedtsch. 266 Draba rupestris R. Br. var. altaica C.A. Mey. 264* Dracocephalum bipinnatum Rupr. 452 *Dracocephalum butkovii Krassovskaja 453* Dracocephalum diversifolium Rupr. 452 Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth. 452 Dracocephalum imberbe Bunge 453 *Dracocephalum inderiense Less. ex Kar. & Kir. 461* Dracocephalum komarovii Lipsky 453 *Dracocephalum laniforum Rupr. 453*

Dracocephalum nodulosum Rupr. 453 Dracocephalum nutans L. 454 *Dracocephalum nutans subsp. subarctium Kuvajev 454* Dracocephalum oblongifolium Regel 454 *Dracocephalum origanoides Steph. 454* Dracocephalum origanoides Steph. ex Willd. 454 *Dracocephalum pamiricum Briq. 452* Dracocephalum paulsenii Briq. 455 *Dracocephalum royleanum Benth. 461* Dracocephalum scrobiculatum Regel 455 Dracocephalum stamineum Kar. & Kir. 456 Drepanocaryum sewerzowii (Regel) Pojark. 456 *Dryadanthe tetrandra (Bunge) Juz. 683* Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke 668 Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants 73

#### **E**

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 573 Echinops acantholepis Jaub. & Spach 159 Echinops chloroleucus Rech. f. 160 Echinops nanus Bunge 160 Echinops wakhanicus Rech. f. 160 Echium biebersteinii Lacaita 229 Echium vulgare L. 229 Elaeagnus angustifolia L. 365 Elaeagnus orientalis L. 365 *Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson 365 Elaeagnus turcomanica Kozlowsk. 365 Elaeagnus angustifolia L. subsp. orientalis (L.) Soják 365* Elaeosticta hirtula (Regel & Schmalh.) Kljuykov, Pimenov & V.N. Tikhom. 98 Elaeosticta polycarpa (Korovin) Kljuykov, Pimenov & V.N. Tikhom. 98 *Eleocharis (Heleocharis) meridionalis Zinserl. 358* Eleocharis argyrolepis Kierulff 357 *Eleocharis equisetiformis Meinsh. 357* Eleocharis mitracarpa Steud. 357 Eleocharis quinquefora (Hartmann) O. Schwarz 358 *Eleocharis turcomanica Zeinserl. 357* Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult. 358 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. 573 *Elymus dasystachys Trin. 582 Elymus lanatus Korsh. 582* Elymus sibiricus L. 573 Elymus transhyrcanus (Nevski) Tzvelev 574 Eminium albertii (Regel) Engl. 120 Eminium regelii Vved. 120 Enneapogon persicus Boiss. 574 *Ephedra aitchisonii (Stapf) V.A. Nikitin 368 Ephedra ciliata Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 368* Ephedra equisetina Bunge 368 Ephedra foliata Boiss. ex C.A. Mey. 368 *Ephedra gerardiana var. wallichii Stapf 369* Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf 369 *Ephedra gerardiana Wallich 369* Ephedra glauca Regel 369

*Ephedra heterosperma V.A. Nikit. 369 Ephedra kokanica Regel 368* Ephedra minuta Florin 369 *Ephedra pulvinaris V. Nikit. 370* Ephedra regeliana Florin 370 Ephedra strobilacea Bunge 370 *Ephedra nebrodensis Tineo subsp. equisetina (Bunge) Breistr. ex Greuter & Burdet 368* Epilasia mirabilis Lipsch. 161 *Epilobium angustifolium L. 509* Epilobium hirsutum L. 512 *Epilobium latifolium L. 512* Epilobium minutiforum Hausskn. 512 Epilobium palustre L. 513 Epilobium tianschanicum Pavlov 513 *Epilobium velutinum Nevski 512* Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz 515 Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz 516 Epipactis royleana Lindl. 516 Equisetum arvense L. 370 *Equisetum arvense subsp. boreale (Bong.) Tolm. 370 Equisetum boreale Bong. 370* Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. 371 Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign.-Lut. ex Janch. 574 *Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.) Link 574* Eragrostis minor Host. 575 Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. 575 Eragrostis virescens J. Presl 575 Eranthis longistipitata Regel 649 Eremodaucus lehmannii Bunge 98 Eremogone griffthii (Boiss.) Ikonn. 315 *Eremopoa oxyglumis Roshev. 576* Eremopoa persica (Trin.) Roshev. 576 Eremopyrum bonaepartis (Spreng.) Nevski 576 Eremopyrum distans (K. Koch) Nevski 576 Eremopyrum triticeum (Gaertn.) Nevski 577 *Eremostachys adpressa Regel 476 Eremostachys arctiifolia Popov 475 Eremostachys baldschuanica Regel 475* Eremostachys desertorum Regel 457 *Eremostachys diversifolia Regel 477 Eremostachys edelbergii Rech. fl. 478 Eremostachys fetisowii Regele 476 Eremostachys hissarica Regele 476* Eremostachys isochila Pazij & Vved. 457 *Eremostachys kaufmanniana Regel 476 Eremostachys labiosa Bunge 477 Eremostachys labiosa var. canescens Regel 477 Eremostachys labiosa var. subvillosa Regele 477 Eremostachys lehmanniana Bunge 477 Eremostachys olgae Regel 477 Eremostachys sarawschanica Regele 478 Eremostachys schugnanica (Popov) Knorring 477 Eremostachys speciosa Rupr. 478 Eremostachys speciosa var. schugnanica Popove 477 Eremostachys superba Bunge 477 Eremostachys tadschikistanica B. Fedtsch. 478*

*Eremostachys trautvetteriana Regele 475* Eremurus albertii Regel 724 *Eremurus aurantiacus Baker 727 Eremurus bucharicus O. Fedtsch. 727* Eremurus bucharicus Regel 724 *Eremurus bungei Baker 727* Eremurus comosus O. Fedtsch. 724 Eremurus fuscus (O. Fedtsch.) Vved. 725 *Eremurus griffthii Baker 725* Eremurus kaufmannii Regel 725 Eremurus olgae Regel 725 *Eremurus parviforus Regel 727* Eremurus regeli Vved. 726 Eremurus robustus (Regel) Regel 726 Eremurus sogdianus (Regel) Benth. & Hook. f. 726 Eremurus stenophyllus (Boiss. & Buhse) Baker 727 Eremurus suworowii Regel 727 Eremurus tianschanicus Pazij & Vved. ex Pavlov 728 Eremurus turkestanicus Regel 728 Erigeron alexeenkoi (Krasch.) Botsch. 161 Erigeron allochrous Botsch. 161 *Erigeron andryaloides (DC.) Benth 190* Erigeron aurantiacus Regel 162 Erigeron badachschanicus Botsch. 162 Erigeron bellidiformis Popov 162 *Erigeron bonariensis L. 144* Erigeron cabulicus (Boiss.) Botsch. 163 *Erigeron canadensis L. 144* Erigeron heterochaeta Botsch. 163 Erigeron khorossanicus Boiss. 163 Erigeron pamiricus Botsch. & Kochk. 164 Erigeron petiolaris Vierh. 164 Erigeron petroiketes Rech. f. 164 Erigeron poncinsii (Franch.) Botsch. 165 Erigeron popovii Botsch. 165 Erigeron primuloides Popov 165 *Erigeron pseudoneglectus Popov 164* Erigeron sogdianus Popov 166 Erigeron umbrosus (Kar. & Kir.) Boiss. 166 Eritrichium pamiricum B. Fedtsch. ex O. Fedtsch. 229 Eritrichium pseudolatifolium Popov 230 Eritrichium pseudostrictum Popov 230 *Eritrichium turkestanicum Franch. 240* Eritrichium villosum (Ledeb.) Bunge 230 *Ermania crassifolia (Camb.) Ovcz. & Junuss. 259 Ermania fabellata (Regel) O.E. Shulz 288 Ermania pamirica (Korsh.) Ovcz. & Junuss. 259* Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. 437 Erodium oxyrhinchum M. Bieb. 438 *Eruca sativa Mill. 267* Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. 267 *Erucastrum armoracioides (Czern. ex Turcz.) Cruchet 254 Ervum orientale Boiss. 411* Eryngium caeruleum M. Bieb. 99 *Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. 99* Eryngium macrocalyx Schrenk 99 *Eryngium pskemense Pavlov 99*

*Eryngium incognitum Pavlov 99* Erysimum alaicum Novopokr. ex Nikitina 267 Erysimum altaicum C.A. Mey. 268 *Erysimum altaicum C.A. Mey. var. humillimum C.A. Mey. 268* Erysimum diffusum Ehrh. 268 Erysimum hieraciifolium L. f. 268 *Erysimum humillimum (C.A. Mey.) N. Busch 268 Erysimum quadricorne Stephan ex Willd. 292* Erysimum samarkandicum Popov 269 *Erythraea spicata Pers. 430* Euclidium syriacum (L.) R. Br. 269 *Euclidium tenuissimum (Pall.) B. Fedtsch. 278 Eulophus ferganensis (Korovin) M. Hiroe 106 Euonymus koopmannii Lauche 333* Euonymus nanus M. Bieb. 333 *Euphorbia acuminata Lam. 373* Euphorbia alatavica Boiss. 372 *Euphorbia canescens L. 372* Euphorbia chamaesyce L. 372 *Euphorbia chamaesyce subsp. canescens (L.) Prokh. 372* Euphorbia cyrtophylla (Prokh.) Prokh. 372 Euphorbia falcata L. 373 Euphorbia ferganensis B. Fedtsch. 373 Euphorbia helioscopia L. 373 Euphorbia inderiensis Less. ex Kar. & Kir. 374 Euphorbia jaxartica Prokh. 374 Euphorbia kanaorica Boiss. 374 Euphorbia maculata L. 375 Euphorbia pamirica (Prokh.) Prokh. 375 *Euphorbia polytimetica Prokh. 374* Euphorbia sarawschanica Regel 375 Euphorbia sogdiana Popov 376 Euphorbia szovitsii Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 376 Euphorbia tranzschelii (Prokh.) Prokh. 376 *Euphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit. subsp. jaxartica (Prokh.) Prokh. 374* Euphrasia fedtschenkoana Wettst. ex Juz. 518 Euphrasia pectinata Ten. 518 *Euraphis squarrosa (Banks & Sol.) Soják 563 Eurotia ceratoides (L.) C.A. Mey. 75* Eutrema altaicum (C.A. Mey.) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick 269 Eutrema integrifolium (DC.) Bunge 272 *Exochorda alberti Regel 668 Exochorda korolkowii Lavall. 668* Exochorda racemosa (Lindl.) Rehder 668

#### **F**

*Farinopsis salesoviana (Stephan) Chrtek & Soják 665 Fedtschenkiella staminea (Kar. & Kir.) Kudr. 456 Fedtschenkoa hispida (Litv.) Dvořák 288 Fedtschenkoa scorpioides (Bunge) Dvořák 289 Fedtschenkoa stenopetala (Bernh.) Dvořák 289* Ferula bucharica (Lipsky) Koso-Pol. 99 Ferula equisetacea Koso-Pol. 100

Ferula foetidissima Regel & Schmalh. 100 Ferula karategina Lipsky ex Korovin 100 Ferula karelinii Bunge 101 Ferula kokanica Regel & Schmalh. 101 Ferula kuhistanica Korovin 101 Ferula lithophila Pimenov 104 Ferula moschata (H. Reinsch) Koso-Pol. 104 Ferula ovina (Boiss.) Boiss. 104 *Ferula pachycarpa Korovin ex Pavlov 104* Ferula samarkandica Korovin 105 *Ferula stylosa Korovin 104 Ferula sumbul (Kauffm.) Hook. fl.e 104* Ferula tadshikorum Pimenov 105 Ferula violacea Korovin 105 *Ferula microcarpa Korovin 104 Ferula polyantha Korovin 109* Fessia puschkinioides (Regel) Speta 121 Festuca karatavica (Bunge) B. Fedtsch. 577 Festuca olgae (Regel) Krivot. 577 Festuca pratensis Huds. 578 Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin 578 *Ficaria glacialis Fisch. ex DC. 654* Ficus carica L. 507 *Fiedleria alpina (Habl.) Ovcz. 321* Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz 166 Filago paradoxa Wagenitz 167 Filago pyramidata L. 167 *Fimbristylis annua (All.) Roem. & Schult. 358* Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl 358 *Fimbrylistylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl 358* Frankenia bucharica Basil. 428 Frankenia pulverulenta L. 428 Fraxinus raibocarpa Regel 509 Fraxinus sogdiana Bunge 509 Fritillaria bucharica Regel 492 Fritillaria eduardii A. Regel ex Regel 493 Fritillaria olgae Vved. 493 Fritillaria regelii Losinsk. 493 Fritillaria sewerzowii Regel 494 Fumariola turkestanica Korsh. 429

#### **G**

Gagea chomutovae (Pascher) Pascher 494 Gagea delicatula Vved. 495 Gagea dschungarica Regel 495 Gagea gymnopoda Vved. 495 Gagea olgae Regel 496 Gagea reticulata (Pall.) Schult. & Schult. f. 496 *Gagea serotina (L.) Ker Gawl. 497* Gagea vvedenskyi Grossh. 496 *Gaillonia asperuliformis Lincz. 694* Galagania ferganensis (Korovin) M.G. Vassiljeva & Pimenov 106 *Galagania tenuisecta (Regel & Schmalh.) M. Vassil. & M. Pimen. 107 Galearia fragifera (L.) C. Presl 423*

Galinsoga parvifora Cav. 167 Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav. 168 Galium aparine L. 689 Galium ghilanicum Stapf 689 *Galium ibicinum Boiss. & Hausskn. 690 Galium linczevskyi Pobed. 690* Galium pamiroalaicum Pobed. 690 *Galium pamiro-alaicum Pobed. 690 Galium pedemontanum (Bellardi) All. 689* Galium spurium L. 690 Galium spurium L. subsp. ibicinum (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Ehrend. 690 *Galium subrefexum Popov 689* Galium tenuissimum M. Bieb. 691 *Galium transcaucasicum Stapf. 689* Galium tricornutum Dandy 691 Galium turkestanicum Pobed. 691 *Galium valantii DC. 690* Galium vassilczenkoi Pobed. 694 Galium verticillatum Danthoine ex Lam. 694 Gamanthus leucophysus Botsch. 73 Garhadiolus hedypnois Jaub. & Spach 168 Gastrocotyle hispida (Forssk.) Bunge 231 *Gastrolychnis apetala (L.) Tolm. & Kozhanczikov 330* Gentiana algida Pall. 431 *Gentiana falcata Turcz. 430 Gentiana karelinii Griseb. 432* Gentiana kauffmanniana Regel & Schmalh. 431 *Gentiana kirilowii Turcz. 433* Gentiana leucomelaena Maxim. 431 Gentiana olivieri Griseb. 432 *Gentiana pamirica Grossh. 434* Gentiana prostrata Haenke 432 *Gentiana prostrata Haenke var. karelinii (Griseb.) Kusn. 432* Gentiana prostrata var. karelinii (Griseb.) Kusn. 432 *Gentiana pulchella Sw. 429 Gentiana pygmaea Regel & Schmalh. 434 Gentiana sibirica (Kusn.) Grossh. 434 Gentiana spicata L. 430* Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb. 433 *Gentiana stricta Klotzsch 435 Gentiana tenella Rottb. 430* Gentiana tianschanica Rupr. ex Kusn. 433 *Gentiana turkestanorum Gand. 435 Gentiana umbellata M. Bieb. var. sibirica (Kusn.) Serg. 434 Gentiana saposhnikovii Pachom.e 434 Gentianella dichotoma (Pall.) H. Smith. 430 Gentianella falcata (Turcz.) H. Smith 430 Gentianella pamirica (Grossh.) Holub.e 434* Gentianella pygmaea (Regel & Schmalh.) Harry Sm. ex S. Nilsson 434 *Gentianella pygmaea (Regel & Schmalh.) Ikonn.e 434* Gentianella saposhnikovii (Pachom.) Czerep. 434 Gentianella sibirica (Kusn.) Holub 434 Gentianella turkestanorum (Gand.) Holub 435 *Gentianodes algida (Pall.) Á. Löve & D. Löve 431 Gentianopsis stricta (Klotzsch) Holub 435*

Gentianopsis stricta (Klotzsch) Ikonn. 435 *Geranium cicutarium L. 437* Geranium collinum Stephan ex Willd. 438 *Geranium collinum var. wakhanicum Pauls. 438* Geranium dissectum L. 438 Geranium divaricatum Ehrh. 439 Geranium linearilobum DC. 439 *Geranium linearilobum subsp. transversale (Kar. & Kir.) P.H. Davis 439 Geranium minutum Ikonn. 438* Geranium pusillum L. 439 Geranium regelii Nevski 440 *Geranium transversale (Kar. & Kir.) Vved. ex Pavlov 439 Geranium tuberosum L. var. transversale Kar. & Kir. 439 Geranium wakhanicum (Paulsen) Ikonn. 438* Geum kokanikum Regel & Schmalh. 669 *Geum rivale L. subsp. urbanum (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve 669* Geum urbanum L. 669 Girgensohnia oppositifora (Pall.) Fenzl 73 Glaucium elegans Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 530 Glaucium fmbrilligerum Boiss. 531 Glaucium squamigerum Kar. & Kir. 531 *Glaux maritima L. 631 Glosocomia clematidea (Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Fisch. ex Regel 299* Glyceria notata Chevallier 578 *Glyceria plicata (Fries) Fries 578 Glyceria turcomanica Komarov 578 Glycyrrhiza bucharica Regel 413* Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 404 *Glycyrrhiza glabra subsp. glandulifera (Waldst. & Kit.) Ponert 404 Glycyrrhiza glandulifera Waldst. & Kit. 404 Glycyrrhiza hirsuta Pall. 404 Glycyrrhiza kulabensis Masl. 413* Gnaphalium luteoalbum L. 168 *Goebelia alopecuroides (L.) Bunge ex Boiss. 422 Goebelia pachycarpa (Schrenk ex C.A. Mey.) Bunge ex Boiss. 422 Goebelia pachycarpa (Schrenk ex C.A.Mey.) Bunge 422* Goldbachia pendula Botsch. 272 Goldbachia torulosa DC. 272 Goldbachia verrucosa Kom. 273 Goniolimon orthocladum Rupr. 554 Gontscharovia popovii (B. Fedtsch. & Gontsch.) Boriss. 458 Gossypium hirsutum L. 505 Gymnocarpium fedtschenkoanum Pojark. 364 Gymnospermium albertii (Regel) Takht. 222 *Gypsophila alsinoides Bunge 311* Gypsophila capitulifora Rupr. 316 Gypsophila cephalotes (Schrenk) F.N. Williams 316 *Gypsophila fedtschenkoana Schischk. 311* Gypsophila foribunda (Kar. & Kir.) Turcz. ex Fenzl 316 Gypsophila herniarioides Boiss. 317

#### **H**

*Halanthium lipskyi Paulsen 72* Halerpestes sarmentosa (Adams) Kom. 649 *Halimiphyllum gontscharovii (Boriss.) Boriss. 730 Halimiphyllum megacarpum Boriss. Zygophyllum megacarpum Boriss. 729 Halimiphyllum atriplicoides (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Boriss. 729* Halimocnemis mollissima Bunge 74 Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.) Voss 404 Halogeton glomeratus (M. Bieb.) Ledeb. 74 Halostachys belangeriana (Moq.) Botsch. 74 *Halostachys caspica C.A. Mey. 74* Handelia trichophylla (Schrenk) Heimerl 169 Haplophyllum acutifolium (DC.) G. Don 696 Haplophyllum dubium Korovin 696 *Haplophyllum foliosum Vved. 696* Haplophyllum griffthianum Boiss. 696 Haplophyllum lasianthum Bunge 697 *Haplophyllum leptomerum Lincz. & Vved. 696* Haplophyllum pedicellatum Bunge ex Boiss. 697 *Haplophyllum perforatum (Bieb.) Kar. & Kir. 696 Haplophyllum perforatum Kar. & Kir. 696 Haplophyllum tenuisectum Lincz. 696 Haplophyllum versicolor Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 697* Hedysarum baldshuanicum B. Fedtsch. 404 *Hedysarum cephalotes Franch 408* Hedysarum denticulatum Regel & Schmalh. 405 *Hedysarum fedtschenkoanum Regel 408* Hedysarum favescens Regel & Schmalh. 405 *Hedysarum lehmannianum var. glabrescens B. Fedtsch. 405 Hedysarum lehmannianum var. pubescens B. Fedtsch. 405 Hedysarum lehmannianum var. subacaules B. Fedtsch. 405* Hedysarum minjanense Rech. f. 408 Hedysarum omissum Korotkova ex Kovalevsk. 408 *Hedysarum poncinsii Franch. 405 Hedysarum pumilum B. Fedtsch. 405 Hedysarum chaitocarpum Regel & Schmalh. var. baldshuanicum (B. Fedtsch.) B. Fedtsch 404* Hedysarum ferganense Korsh. var. poncinsii (Franch.) L.Z. Shue 405 *Heldreichia silaifolia Hook. f. & Thoms. 296 Heleocharis argyrolepis Kjerulff ex Bunge 357 Heleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult. 358* Helianthemum songaricum Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 334 Helianthus annuus L. 169 Helichrysum maracandicum Popov 169 Helichrysum mussae Nevski 170 Helichrysum thianschanicum Regel 170 Heliotropium dasycarpum Ledeb. 231 Heliotropium ellipticum Ledeb. 231 Heliotropium olgae Bunge 232 *Helosciadium nodiforum (L.) Koch 92 Henningia robusta Regel 726* Henrardia persica (Boiss.) C.E. Hubb. 579 Heracleum lehmannianum Bunge 106 Heracleum olgae Regel & Schmalh. 106

*Heracleum transiliense (Regel & Herder) O. Fedtsch. & B. Fedtsch. 115* Herniaria glabra L. 317 Herniaria hirsuta L. 317 *Hesiodia montana (L.) Dumort. 488 Hesperis africana L. 288* Heteracia szovitsii Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 170 Heteranthelium piliferum (Sol.) Hochst. ex Jaub. & Spach 579 Heterocaryum macrocarpum Zakirov 232 Heterocaryum subsessile Vatke 232 Heterocaryum szovitsianum (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) DC. 233 *Heteropappus canescens (Ness) Novopokr. 176* Hibiscus trionum L. 506 *Hieracium procerum Fries 189* Hieracium robustum Fr. 171 Hieracium virosum Pall. 171 *Hippochaete ramosissima (Desf.) Börner 371* Hippolytia darvasica (C. Winkl.) Poljakov 171 Hippophae rhamnoides L. 365 Hippuris vulgaris L. 535 *Holoschoenus vulgaris Link 363 Holosteum glutinosum (M. Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 318* Holosteum umbellatum L. 318 Holosteum umbellatum L. subsp. glutinosum (M. Bieb.) Nyman 318 Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link 579 Hordeum bulbosum L. 580 Hordeum distichon L. 580 Hordeum leporinum Link 580 Hordeum turkestanicum Nevski 581 *Hordeum murinum L. subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang. 580* Hornungia procumbens (L.) Hayek 273 *Hulthemia berberifolia (Pall.) Dumort. 679 Hutchinsia pectinata Bunge 287 Hutchinsia sisymbrioides Regel & Herder 287 Hyalea pulchella (Ledeb.) C. Koch 139 Hylotelephium ewersii (Ledeb.) H. Ohba 343* Hymenolaena badachschanica Pissjauk. 107 *Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) Nutt. 273* Hyoscyamus niger L. 708 Hyoscyamus pusillus L. 708 Hypecoum parviforum Kar. & Kir. 531 Hypecoum trilobum Trautv. 532 *Hypecoum pendulum L. var. parviforum (Kar. & Kir.) Krylov 531 Hypericum komarovii Gorschk. 442 Hypericum nachitschevanicum Grossh. 442* Hypericum perforatum L. 442 Hypericum scabrum L. 442 Hypogomphia bucharica Vved. 458 *Hypogomphia elatior (Regel) Vass. 458 Hypogomphia purpurea (Regel) Vved. ex Koczk. 458* Hypogomphia turkestana Bunge 458 *Hyssopus ferganensis Boriss. 459 Hyssopus offcinalis L. var. seravschanicus Dubj. 459*

Hyssopus seravschanicus (Dubj.) Pazij 459 *Hyssopus tianschanicus Boriss., 459*

#### **I**

Impatiens parvifora DC. 220 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. 581 Incarvillea olgae Regel 224 Inula glauca C. Winkl. 172 Inula grandifora Willd. 172 Inula macrolepis Bunge 172 *Inula macrophylla Kar. & Kir. 172 Inula orientalis Lam. 172* Inula rhizocephala Schrenk 173 Inula schischkinii Gorschk. 173 Inula schmalhausenii C. Winkl. 173 Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth 339 Iris bucharica Foster 443 Iris darwasica Regel 443 Iris hoogiana Dykes 444 Iris korolkowii Regel 444 *Iris leichtlinii Regel 446* Iris loczyi Kanitz 445 Iris narbutii O. Fedtsch. 445 Iris nicolai (Vved.) Vved. 445 *Iris sogdiana Bunge 444 Iris splendens O. Fedtsch. 444* Iris stolonifera Maxim. 446 *Iris suworowii Regel 443 Iris tianschanica (Maxim.) Vved. ex Woronow 445* Iris halophila Pall. var. sogdiana (Bunge) Grubov 444 Isatis minima Bunge 273 Isatis tinctoria L. 274 Iskandera hissarica N. Busch 274 Isolepis setacea (L.) R. Br. 359 *Isopyrum caespitosum Boiss. & Hohen. 650 Isopyrum uniforum Aitch. & Hemsl. 651 I-THabita 612 Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Herb. 446* Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult. f. 446

#### **J**

*Juglans fallax Dode 447* Juglans regia L. 447 *Juglans regia subsp. fallax (Dode) Popov 447 Juncellus serotinus (Rottb.) Clarke 357* Juncus articulatus L. 447 *Juncus brachytepalus V. Krecz. & Gontsch. 449* Juncus bufonius L. 448 *Juncus erythropodus V.I. Krecz. 448 Juncus geniculatus Schrank 447* Juncus heptopotamicus V.I. Krecz. & Gontsch. 448 *Juncus hybridus Brot. subsp. nastanthus (V.I. Krecz. & Gontsch.) Novikov 449 Juncus infexus var. brachytepalus (Trautv. ex V. Krecz. & Gontsch.) Kitam. 449*

*Juncus lampocarpus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. 447* Juncus nastanthus V. Krecz. & Gontsch. 449 *Juncus nevskii V. Krecz. & Gontsch. 450* Juncus rigidus Desf. 450 *Juncus subarticulatus Zak. & Novopokr. 447* Juncus thomsonii Buchenau 450 *Juncus bufonius L. subsp. nastanthus (V.I. Krecz. & Gontsch.) Sóo 449* Juncus infexus L. subsp. brachytepalus (Trautv. ex V.I. Krecz. & Gontsch.) Novikov 449 Juniperus polycarpos K. Koch var. seravschanica (Kom.) Kitam. 344 Juniperus pseudosabina Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 344 Juniperus sabina L. 345 *Juniperus schugnanica Kom. 345* Juniperus semiglobosa Regel 345 *Juniperus seravschanica Kom. 344 Juniperus turkestanica Kom. 344 Juno bucharica (M. Foster) Vved. 443 Juno narbutii (O. Fedtsch.) Vved. 445 Juno nicolai Vved. 445* Jurinea abramowii Regel & Herder 174 Jurinea bipinnatifda C. Winkl. 174 Jurinea bucharica C. Winkl. 174 Jurinea lanipes Rupr. 175 Jurinea maxima C. Winkl. 175 Jurinea narynensis Kamelin & Tscherneva 175 Jurinea olgae Regel & Schmalh. 176 Jurinea thianschanica Regel & Schmalh. 176

#### **K**

Kafrnigania hissarica (Korovin) Kamelin & Kinzik. 107 Kalimeris altaica (Willd.) Nees ex C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall. 176 Karelinia caspia (Pall.) Less. 177 Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. 536 *Kickxia ramosissima (Wall.) Janch. 538 Knorringia pamirica (Korsh.) Tzvelev 620* Kobresia capillifolia (Decne.) C.B. Clarke 359 *Kobresia capilliformis Ivanova 359* Kobresia humilis (C.A. Mey. ex Trautv.) Serg. 359 Kobresia laxa Nees 360 *Kobresia pamiroalaica Ivanova 360 Kobresia persica Kuk. & Bornm. 359* Kobresia schoenoides (C.A. Mey.) Steud. 360 *Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. 67 Kochia dasyphylla Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 67* Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. 581 Koelpinia linearis Pall. 177 Koelpinia macrantha C. Winkl. 177 Koelpinia tenuissima Pavlov & Lipsch. 178 *Koelzella pabularia (Lindl.) Hiro 111 Kohlrauschia prolifera (L.) Kunth 322 Korolkowia sewertzowii RegelPhy 494* Korovinia tenuisecta (Regel & Schmalh.) Nevski & Vved. 107

*Korovinia ferganensis Korovin 106* Korshinskya olgae Lipsky 108 *Kostyczewa ternata Korsh. 400* Kovalevskiella kovalevskiana (Kirp.) Kamelin 178 Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (L.) Gueldenst. 75 *Krascheninnikovia ceratoides subsp. alticola Ovcz. & Kinz. 75 Krylovia limoniifolia (Less.) Schischk. 193 Kudrjaschevia allotricha Pojark. 459* Kudrjaschevia jacubi (Lipsky) Pojark. 459 Kudrjaschevia korshinskyi (Lipsky) Pojark. 459 Kuschakewiczia turkestanica Regel & Smirn. 233

#### **L**

Lachnophyllum gossypinum Bunge 178 Lactuca crambifolia (Bunge) Boiss. 179 Lactuca glauciifolia Boiss. 179 Lactuca orientalis (Boiss.) Boiss. 179 Lactuca soongorica Regel 180 Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey. 180 Lactuca undulata Ledeb. 180 *Ladyginia bucharica Lipsky 99 Lagochilus diacanthophyllus (Pall.) Benth. var. paulsenii (Briq.) Knorring 460* Lagochilus kschtutensis Knorring 460 *Lagochilus kschtutensis subsp. pubescens R. Kam. & Zuckerwanik 460* Lagochilus paulsenii Briq. 460 *Lagochilus schugnanicus Knorring 460* Lagochilus seravschanicus Knorring 460 *Lagonychium farctum (Banks & Soland.) Bobr. 421* Lagotis decumbens Rupr. 536 Lagotis ikonnikovii Schischk. 536 Lagotis integrifolia (Willd.) Schischk. 537 Lagotis korolkowii (Regel & Schmalh.) Maxim. 537 Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth. 461 Lamium album L. 461 Lamium amplexicaule L. 462 *Lamium dumeticola Klokov 461 Lamium stepposum Kossko ex Klokov 462 Lamium turkestanicum Kuprian. 461 Laphangium luteoalbum (L.) Tzvelev 168 Lappula consanguinea (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Guerke 234* Lappula marginata (M. Bieb.) Gürke 233 Lappula occultata Popov 234 Lappula spinocarpos (Forssk.) Asch. ex Kuntze 234 Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. 234 *Lappula stricta (Ledeb.) Guerke 233* Lappula tadshikorum Popov 235 *Lathyrus asiaticus (Zalkind) Kudr. 410* Lathyrus cicera L. 408 Lathyrus inconspicuus L. 409 Lathyrus mulkak Lipsky 409 Lathyrus pratensis L. 409 Lathyrus sativus L. 410 *Lathyrus sativus subsp. asiaticus Zalkind 410*

Lathyrus tuberosus L. 410 Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal 181 Leiospora bellidifolia (Danguy) Botsch. & Pachom. 274 Leiospora pamirica (Botsch. & Vved.) Botsch. & Pachom. 275 Leiospora subscapigera Botsch. & Pachom. 275 Lemna minor L. 491 Lens culinaris Medik. 410 *Lens orientalis (Boiss.) Schmalh. 411* Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. orientalis (Boiss.) Ponert 411 Leontice ewersmanni Bunge 222 Leontopodium brachyactis Gand. 181 Leontopodium ochroleucum Beauverd 181 Leonurus turkestanicus V.I. Krecz. & Kuprian. 462 *Leonurus cardiaca L. subsp. turkestanicus (V.I. Krecz. & Kuprian.) Rech. f. 462* Lepechiniella sarawschanica Popov 235 Lepechiniella transalaica Popov 235 *Lepidium calycinum Stephan 287 Lepidium ceratocarpum Pall. 293* Lepidium cordatum Willd. ex Steven 275 Lepidium densiforum Schrad. 276 Lepidium didymum L. 276 Lepidium ferganense Korsh. 276 Lepidium latifolium L. 277 Lepidium paniculatum (Regel & Schmalh.) Al-Shehbaz 277 Lepidium perfoliatum L. 277 Lepidium seravschanicum Ovcz. & Junussov 278 Lepidolopsis turkestanica (Regel & Schmalh.) Poljak 182 *Lepidotheca aurea (L.) Kovalevsk. 186* Leptaleum flifolium (Willd.) DC. 278 Leptorhabdos parvifora (Benth.) Benth. 518 *Leptunis trichodes (J. Gay) Schischk. 687* Lepyrodiclis holosteoides (C.A. Mey.) Fenzl ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 318 Lepyrodiclis stellarioides Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 319 *Leucopoa karatavica (Bunge) V. Krecz. & Bobr. 577 Leucopoa olgae (Regel) Krecz. & Bobrov 577 Leymus dasystachys (Trin.) Pilg. 582* Leymus lanatus (Korsh.) Tzvelev 582 Leymus secalinus (Georgi) Tzvelev 582 *Ligia passerina (L.) Fass. 716* Ligularia alpigena Pojark. 182 Ligularia heterophylla Rupr. 182 Ligularia karataviensis (Lipsch.) Pojark. 183 Ligularia thomsonii (C.B. Clarke) Pojark. 183 *Ligusticum mucronatum (Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Leute 115* Limbarda salsoloides (Turcz.) Ikonn. 183 Limonium komarovii Ikonn.-Gal. 554 Limonium otolepis (Schrenk) Kuntze 555 Limonium reniforme (Girard) Lincz. 555 Limonium suffruticosum (L.) Kuntze 555

Limosella aquatica L. 704 Linaria badachschanica Junussov 537 Linaria bungei Kuprian. 538 Linaria popovii Kuprian. 538 *Linaria transiliensis Kuprian. 538* Lindelofa macrostyla (Bunge) Popov 236 Lindelofa olgae Brand 236 Lindelofa stylosa (Kar. & Kir.) Brand 236 *Linum atricalyx Juz. 500* Linum catharticum L. 500 Linum corymbulosum Rchb. 500 Linum macrorhizum Juz. 501 *Linum mesostylum Juz. 501* Linum olgae Juz. 501 Linum pallescens Bunge 501 Linum altaicum Ledeb. ex Juz. subsp. atricalyx (Juz.) Svetlova 500 *Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. 517* Lithospermum offcinale L. 237 *Littledalea alaica (Korsh.) Petrov ex Kom. 564* Litwinowia tenuissima (Pall.) Woronow ex Pavlov 278 Lloydia serotina (L.) Rchb. 497 Loliolum subulatum (Banks & Sol.) Eig 582 *Lolium cuneatum Nevski 584* Lolium multiforum Lam. 583 Lolium perenne L. 583 Lolium persicum Boiss. & Hohen. 583 Lolium temulentum L. 584 *Lolium temulentum subsp. cuneatum (Nevski) Tzvelev 584* Lomatocarpa albomarginata (Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Pimenov & Lavrova 108 Lomatogonium carinthiacum (Wulfen) A. Braun 435 *Lomatogonium carinthiacum (Wulfen) Rchb. 435 Lomatogonium tenellum (Rottb.) Á. Löve & D. Löve 430* Lomelosia olivieri (Coult.) Greuter & Burdet 302 *Lonicera alberti Regel 304* Lonicera korolkowii Stapf 302 Lonicera microphylla Willd. ex Schult. 303 Lonicera olgae Regel & Schmalh. 303 Lonicera semenovii Regel 303 Lonicera spinosa (Decne.) Jacq. ex Walp. 304 Lonicera stenantha Pojark. 304 Lonicera zaravschanica Pojark. 304 *Lophanthus lipskyanus Ikonn. Gal. & Nevski 463* Lophanthus ouroumitanensis (Franch.) Kochk. & Zuckerw. 463 *Lophanthus schtschurowskianus (Regel) Lipsky var. kulabensis Lipsky 463* Lophanthus subnivalis Lipsky 463 *Lophanthus tomentosus Regel 463 Lophochloa cristata (L.) Hyl. 598 Lotus confusus Serg. 411* Lotus krylovii Schischkin & Serg. 411 Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H. Raven subsp. stipulacea (Ohwi) P.H. Raven 513 Lychnis coriacea Moench 319 *Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. 319*

Lycium depressum Stocks 708 Lycium ruthenicum Murray 709 *Lycopsis orientalis L. 224* Lysimachia maritima (L.) Galasso, Banf & Soldano 631

#### **M**

*Macrotomia cana Tzvelev 225 Macrotomia euchroma (Royle) Pauls. 226 Malabaila dasycarpa (Regel & Schmalh.) Schischk. 113 Malacurus lanatus (Korsh.) Nevski 582 Malcolmia africana (L.) R. Br. var. trichocarpa (Boiss. & Buhse) Boiss. 290 Malcolmia hispida Litv. 288 Malcolmia stenopetala Bernh. ex Ledeb. 289 Malcolmia trichocarpa Boiss. & Buhse 290* Malva bucharica Iljin 506 Malva neglecta Wallr. 506 Marrubium anisodon C. Koch 464 Matricaria aurea (Loef.) Sch. Bip. 186 Matricaria discoidea DC. 186 Matthiola chorassanica Bunge ex Boiss. 279 *Matthiola integrifolia Kom. 279* Matthiola obovata Bunge 279 *Matthiola runcinata Regel 279* Mattiastrum bungei (Boiss.) Rech. f. & Riedl 237 Mattiastrum himalayense (Klotzsch) Brand 237 Mediasia macrophylla (Regel & Schmalh.) Pimenov 109 Medicago lupulina L. 411 *Medicago minima (L.) Bartalini 412* Medicago minima (L.) L. 412 Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal. 412 Medicago orthoceras (Kar. & Kir.) Trautv. 412 *Medicago polymorpha L. var. minima L. 412 Medicago polymorpha L. var. orbicularis L. 412* Megacarpaea gigantea Regel 279 *Melandrium apetalum (L.) Fenzl 330 Melandrium quadrilobum (Turcz.) Schischk. 327 Melandrium turkestanicum (Regel) Vved. 327* Melica altissima L 584 *Melica canescens (Regel) Lavr. 584 Melica inaequiglumis Boiss. 585* Melica jacquemontii Decne. var. canescens (Regel) M. Nobis & A. Nowak 584 *Melica jacquemontii subsp. canescens (Regel) Bor 584 Melica persica Kunth 584 Melica persica var. inaequiglumis (Boiss.) W. Hempel 585* Melica secunda Regel 585 Melica persica Kunth subsp. inaequiglumis (Boiss.) Bor 585 *Melilotoides badachschanica (Afan.) Soják 425 Melilotoides pamirica (Boriss.) Soják 425* Melilotus albus Medik. 413 Melilotus indicus (L.) All. 413 *Melilotus offcinalis (L.) Pall. var. albus (Medik.) Ohashi. & Tateishi 413*

*Melissa bicornis Klokov 464*

Melissa offcinalis L. 464 *Melissitus badachschanicus (Afan.) Ikonn. 425 Melissitus pamiricus (Boriss.) Golosk. 425 Meniocus linifolius (Steph.) DC. 251 Merendera robusta Bunge 335* Meristotropis bucharica (Regel) Kruganova 413 Mertensia dshagastanica Regel 240 Microcaryum turkestanicum Brand 240 *Microcerasus prostrata (Labill.) M. Roem. var. verrucosa (Franch.) Eremin & Juschev 678 Microcerasus prostrata (Labill.) M. Roem. var. tianschanica (Pojark.) Eremin & Juschev 665* Microgynoecium tibeticum Hook. f. 75 *Micromeria gontscharovii Vved. 458 Micromeria popovii (B. Fedtsch. & Gontsch.) Vved. 458 Microthlaspi perfoliatum (L.) F.K. Mey. 296 Milium sanguinale (L.) Roxb. 572 Mimosa farcta Banks & Sol. 421* Minuartia bifora (L.) Schinz & Thell. 319 Minuartia hybrida (Vill.) Schischk. 320 Minuartia kryloviana Schischk. 320 Minuartia meyeri (Boiss.) Bornm. 320 Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern 321 *Modestia darwasica (C. Winkl.) Charadze & Tamamsch. 131* Moluccella fedtschenkoana (Kudr.) Ryding 464 Moluccella olgae (Regel) Ryding 465 Morina coulteriana Royle 305 Morina persica L. 305 Morus alba L. 507 Morus nigra L. 507 *Muscari bucharicum Regel 121* Muscari leucostomum Woronow ex Czerniak. 121 *Myagrum rugosum L. 285 Myagrum sativum L. 256* Myosotis alpestris F.W. Schmidt 240 Myosotis asiatica (Vestergr.) Schischk. & Serg. 241 Myosotis caespitosa K.F. Schultz 241 *Myosotis micrantha Pall. ex Lehm. 241* Myosotis stricta Link ex Roem. & Schult. 241 *Myosotis alpestris F.W. Schmidt subsp. asiatica Vestergr. 241 Myricaria alopecuroides Schrenk 711* Myricaria bracteata Royle 711 *Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv. var. alopecuroides (Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Maxim. 711* Myricaria squamosa Desv. 711 *Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv. var. squamosa (Desv.) Maxim. 711* Myriophyllum spicatum L. 441

#### **N**

Najas graminea Delile 441 *Najas major All. 442* Najas marina L. 442 Nanon erinaceum (Pall.) Bunge 75 Nanorrhinum ramosissimum (Wall.) Betsche 538 Nasturtium microphyllum (Boenn. ex Rchb.) Rchb. 280 *Neobotrydium botrys (L.) Mold. 73 Neocryptodiscus didymus (Regel) Hedge & Lamond 110 Neogaillonia asperuliformis (Lincz.) Lincz. 694 Neogaya simplex (L.) Meisn. var. albomarginata Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 108* Neopallasia pectinata (Pall.) Poljakov 186 *Neoplatytaenia pimpinelloides (Nevski) Geld. 114 Neotorularia humilis (C.A. Mey.) Hedge & J. Léonard 255* Neotorularia korolkowii (Regel & Schmalh.) Hedge & J. Léonard 280 Neotorularia sulphurea (Korsh.) Ikonn. 280 Neotrinia splendens (Trin.) M. Nobis, P.D. Gudkova & A. Nowak 585 Neottia camtschatea (L.) Rchb. f. 516 Neottia ovata (L.) Bluff & Fingerh. 517 Nepeta bracteata Benth. 465 Nepeta cataria L. 465 Nepeta daenensis Boiss. 468 *Nepeta erodiifolia Boiss. 461 Nepeta fedtschenkoi Pojark. 470* Nepeta foccosa Benth. 468 Nepeta formosa Kudrjasch. 468 *Nepeta globifera Bunge 465 Nepeta jacubi Lipsky 459 Nepeta knorringiana Pojark. 471 Nepeta korshinskyi Lipsky 459* Nepeta longibracteata Benth. 469 *Nepeta maracandia Bunge 470 Nepeta microcephala Pojark. 470 Nepeta newesskyi Lipsky 463* Nepeta nuda L. 469 Nepeta olgae Regel 469 *Nepeta ouroumitanensis Franch. 463* Nepeta pamirensis Franch. 470 *Nepeta pannonica L. 469* Nepeta podostachys Benth. 470 *Nepeta pseudofoccosa Pojark. 468* Nepeta pungens Benth. 470 Nepeta saturejoides Boiss. 471 *Nepeta sewerzowii Regel 456* Nepeta subhastata Regel 471 Nepeta ucranica L. 472 *Nepeta vakhanica Pojark. 468* Neslia apiculata Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall. 281 *Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. subsp. thracica (Velen.) Bornm. 281 Neuroloma asperrimum (B. Fedtsch.) Botsch. 282 Neuroloma darvasicum (Botsch. & Vved.) Botsch. 282 Neuroloma fruticulosum (Regel & Schmalh.) Botsch. 282 Neuroloma schugnanum (Lipsch.) Botsch. 283 Neuroloma turkestanicum (Korsh.) Botsch. 284 Neurotropis kotschyana (Boiss. & Hohen.) Czerep. 293 Nevskiella gracillima (Bunge) V. Krecz. & Vved. 565* Nicotiana rustica L. 709 Nigella bucharica Schipcz. 650 Nigella integrifolia Regel 650

Nitraria sibirica Pall. 508 *Noccaea cochleariformis (DC.) A. Löve & D. Löve 293* Nonea caspica (Willd.) G. Don 242 Nonea macropoda Popov 242

#### **O**

*Oberna behen (L.) Ikonn. 321* Oberna wallichiana Ikonn. 321 *Obione sibirica (L.) Fisch. 66 Obón & Alcaraz 300 Obón & Alcaraz 301* Odontites vulgaris Moench 519 Oedibasis apiculata (Kar. & Kir.) Koso-Pol. 109 Onobrychis baldshuanica Sirj. 414 Onobrychis chorassanica Boiss. 414 *Onobrychis chorassanica Bunge 414 Onobrychis darwasica Vass. 414* Onobrychis echidna Lipsky 414 Onobrychis grandis Lipsky 415 Onobrychis laxifora Baker 415 *Onobrychis laxifora subsp. schugnanica (B. Fedtsch.) Ali 415 Onobrychis laxifora var. schugnanica (B. Fedtsch.) Ali 415* Onobrychis pulchella Schrenk 415 *Onobrychis schugnanica B. Fedtsch. 415* Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. 416 Onopordum acanthium L. 187 Onopordum leptolepis DC. 187 Onosma albicaulis Popov 242 Onosma atrocyanea Franch. 243 Onosma baldshuanica Lipsky 243 Onosma barsczewskii Lipsky 243 Onosma dichroantha Boiss. 244 Onosma gmelinii Ledeb. 244 Onosma maracandica Zakirov 244 Onosma zerizamina Lipsky 245 *Ophiocarpus paulsenii (Freyn) Ikonn. 389* Ophioglossum bucharicum O. Fedtsch. & B. Fedtsch. 514 *Oreoblastus fabellatus (Regel) Suslova 288* Origanum tyttanthum Gontsch. 472 *Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile (K. Koch) Ietsw.e 472 Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. 526* Orobanche amoena C.A. Mey. 519 Orobanche camptolepis Boiss. & Reut. 519 Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm. 520 Orobanche grenieri F.W. Schultz 520 Orobanche kotschyi Reut. 520 *Orobanche orientalis Beck 526* Orobanche solenanthi Novopokr. & Pissjauk. 521 Oryza sativa L. 586 Ostrowskia magnifca Regel 300 *Otostegia fedtschenkoana Kudr. 464 Otostegia olgae (Regel) Korsh. 465* Oxalis corniculata L. 527 *Oxyglottis flicaulis (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Nevski 384 Oxyglottis tribuloides (Delile) Nevski 396*

*Oxygraphis glacialis (Fisch. ex DC.) Bunge 654* Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill 616 *Oxyria elatior R. Br. ex Meissn. 616 Oxytropis beketovii Krassn. 380* Oxytropis bella B. Fedtsch. 416 Oxytropis capusii Franch. 416 *Oxytropis chiliophylla Royle 418* Oxytropis chionobia Bunge 417 *Oxytropis glabra DC. var. pamirica B. Fedtsch. ex O. Fedtsch. 417* Oxytropis guntensis B. Fedtsch. 417 Oxytropis hirsutiuscula Freyn 417 Oxytropis humifusa Kar. & Kir. 418 *Oxytropis lapponica var. humifusa (Kar. & Kir.) Baker 418* Oxytropis michelsonii B. Fedtsch. 418 Oxytropis microphylla (Pall.) DC. 418 Oxytropis pamiroalaica Abdusal. 419 Oxytropis platysema Schrenk 419 Oxytropis rosea Bunge 420 Oxytropis savellanica Boiss. 420 *Oxytropis savellanica Bunge 420* Oxytropis tachtensis Franch. 420 Oxytropis trichosphaera Freyn 421

#### **P**

*Pachypleurum mucronatum (Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Schischk. 115 Pachypleurum gayoides (Regel & Schmalh.) Schischk. 97* Pachypterygium brevipes Bunge 281 *Pachypterygium densiforum Bunge 281* Pachypterygium multicaule (Kar. & Kir.) Bunge 281 Paeonia intermedia C.A. Mey. 527 *Panicum crus-galli L. subsp. colonum (L.) Makino & Nemoto 573 Papaver angrenicum Pazij 532* Papaver croceum Ledeb. 532 Papaver dubium L. 532 Papaver involucratum Popov 533 *Papaver litwinowii Fedde ex Bornm. 532* Papaver pavoninum C.A. Mey. 533 *Pappophorum squarrosum Banks & Sol. 563 Paracaryum bungei (Boiss.) Brand 237 Paracaryum himalayense (Klotzsch) Clarke 237 Paracolpodium leucolepis (Nevski) Tzvelev 570* Paracynoglossum geometricum (Baker & C.H. Wright) R.R. Mill 245 *Paracynoglossum glochidiatum (Wall. ex Benth.) Popov ex Czuk. 245 Paraeremostachys desertorum (Regel) Adyl., R. Kam. & Machmedov 457 Paramicrorhynchus procumbens (Roxb.) Kirp. 181* Paraquilegia caespitosa (Boiss. & Hohen.) J.R. Drumm. & Hutch. 650 Paraquilegia unifora (Aitch. & Hemsl.) J.R. Drumm. & Hutch. 651 Parentucellia favifora (Boiss.) Nevski 521

*Parietaria jaxartica N. Pavl. 719* Parietaria judaica L. 719 *Parietaria serbica Pančić 719* Parietaria lusitanica L. subsp. serbica (Pančić) P.W. Ball 719 Parnassia laxmannii Pall. ex Schult. 333 Parrya asperrima (B. Fedtsch.) Popov 282 *Parrya bellidifolia Danguy 274* Parrya darvasica Botsch. & Vved. 282 *Parrya fabellata Regel 288* Parrya fruticulosa Regel & Schmalh. 282 *Parrya pamirica Botsch. & Vved. 275* Parrya pinnatifda Kar. et Kir. 283 Parrya runcinata (Regel & Schmalh.) N. Busch 283 Parrya schugnana Lipsch. 283 *Parrya subscapigera Botsch. & Vved. 275 Parrya surculosa N. Busch 284* Parrya turkestanica (Korsh.) N. Busch. 284 *Paspalum digitaria Poir. 586* Paspalum distichum L. 586 *Paspalum sanguinale (L.) Lam. 572 Passerina vesiculosa Fisch. & C.A. May. 713 Pastinaca dasycarpa Regel & Schmalh. 113* Pedicularis amoenifora Vved. 521 Pedicularis cheilanthifolia Schrenk 522 Pedicularis dolichorrhiza Schrenk 522 Pedicularis grigorjevii Ivanina 522 Pedicularis inconspicua Vved. 523 Pedicularis korolkowii Regel 523 Pedicularis krylovii Bonati 523 Pedicularis ludwigii Regel 524 Pedicularis oederi Vahl 524 Pedicularis olgae Regel 524 Pedicularis peduncularis Popov 525 Pedicularis rhinanthoides Schrenk 525 Pedicularis uliginosa Bunge 525 Peganum harmala L. 508  *Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. 600* Pennisetum orientale L.C. Rich. 586 Pentanema albertoregelia (C. Winkl.) Gorschk. 187 Pentanema divaricatum Cass. 188 *Pentaphylloides parvifolia (Fisch. ex Lehm.) Sojak 674 Pentaphylloides phyllocalyx (Juz.) Soják 668* Perovskia abrotanoides Kar. 472 Perovskia angustifolia Kudrjasch. 473 Perovskia virgata Kudrjasch. 473 Persicaria maculata (Raf.) Gray 617 Persicaria vivipara (L.) Ronse Decr. 617 *Petilium eduardii (Regel) Vved. 493* Petrorhagia alpina (Hablitz) P.W. Ball & Heywood 321 Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood 322 *Peucedanum polyanthum Korovin 109 Peucedanum hissaricum Korovin 107 Peucedanum mogoltavicum Korovine 104 Phaca salsula Pall. 422 Phaecasium pulchrum (L.) Rchb. 157* Phaeonychium surculosum Botsch. 284

Phalaris arundinacea L. 587 Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Pers.) Pomel 526 Phelipanche libanotica (Schweinf.) Soják 526 *Phelipanche orientalis (G. Beck) Soják 526* Phleum alpinum L. 587 Phleum paniculatum Huds. 587 Phlomis bucharica Regel 473 *Phlomis canescens Regel 475 Phlomis hissarica Regele 475* Phlomis hypoleuca Vved. 474 Phlomis salicifolia Regel 474 Phlomis thapsoides Bunge 474 Phlomoides arctifolia (Popov) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. 475 Phlomoides baldschuanica (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. 475 Phlomoides canescens (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. 475 Phlomoides hissarica (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. 476 Phlomoides kaufmanniana (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. 476 Phlomoides labiosa (Bunge) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. 477 Phlomoides lehmanniana (Bunge) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. 477 Phlomoides schugnanica (Popov) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. 477 Phlomoides seravschanica (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. 478 Phlomoides speciosa (Rupr.) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. 478 Phlomoides tadshikistanica (B. Fedtsch.) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. 478 Phlomoides fetisowii (Regel) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. 476 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. 588 Physalis angulata L. 709 *Physalis hermanni Dunal 709 Phyteuma regelii Trautv. 300* Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. 188 Picris nuristanica Bornm. 188 Pilopleura tordyloides Pimenov 109 Pilosella procera (Fr.) F.W. Schultz & Sch. Bip. 189 Pimpinella puberula (DC.) Boiss. 110 Piptatherum alpestre (Grig.) Roshev. 588 *Piptatherum kokanicum (Regel) Nevski 590* Piptatherum latifolium Roshev. 588 Piptatherum microcarpum (Pilg.) Tzvelev 589 Piptatherum pamiralaicum (Grig.) Roshev. 589 Piptatherum platyanthum Nevski 589 Piptatherum songaricum (Trin. & Rupr.) Roshev. 590 *Piptatherum tianschanicum (Drobow & Vved.) Roshev. ex V.A. Nikitin. 590 Piptatherum vicarium Grig 589 Pirea olgae Regel & Schmalh. 280* Pistacia vera L. 89

*Pisum arvense L. 421* Plantago arachnoidea Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 539 Plantago coronopus L. 539 Plantago griffthii Decne. 539 Plantago lagocephala Bunge 540 Plantago maritima L. 540 Plantago minuta Pall. 540 *Plantago salsa Pall. 540 Plantago gentianoides Sm. subsp. griffthsii (Decne.) Rech. f. 539* Platanus orientalis L. 547 Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco 345 *Platytaenia heterodonta Korovin 114 Platytaenia pimpinelloides Nevski 114 Platytaenia tordyloides Korovin 118* Pleconax conoidea (L.) Šourková 322 Pleioneura griffthiana (Boiss.) Rech. f. 322 *Pleurogyne brachyanthera C.B. Clarke 436 Pleurogyne carinthiaca (Wulfen) Griseb. 435* Pleurogynella brachyanthera (C.B. Clarke) Ikonn. 436 Plocama asperuliformis (Lincz.) M. Backlund & Thulin 694 *Pneumonanthe algida (Pall.) F.W. Schmidt 431* Poa alpina L. 590 Poa bulbosa L. 590 *Poa contracta Ovcz. & Czuk. 591 Poa karatavica Bunge 577* Poa lipskyi Roshev. 591 Poa nemoralis L. 591 Poa pratensis L. 591 *Poa pseudodisjecta Ovcz. 591* Poa relaxa Ovcz. 594 Poa supina Schrad. 594 *Poa versicolor Besser. subsp. relaxa (Ovcz.) Tzvelev 594* Polychrysum tadshikorum (Kudr.) Kovalevsk. 189 Polygala comosa Schkuhr 614 *Polygala hybrida DC. 614* Polygonatum roseum (Ledeb.) Kunth 122 Polygonatum sewerzowii Regel 122 Polygonum aviculare L. 617 Polygonum coriarium Grig. 618 *Polygonum maculatum Rafn. 617* Polygonum mezianum H. Gross 618 Polygonum molliiforme Boiss. 618 *Polygonum pamiricum Korsh. 620 Polygonum pamiroalaicum Kom. 619* Polygonum paronychioides C.A. Mey. 619 *Polygonum persicaria L. 617* Polygonum polycnemoides Jaub. & Spach 619 Polygonum serpyllaceum Jaub. & Spach 619 Polygonum sibiricum Laxm. var. thomsonii Meisn. 620 Polygonum songaricum Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 620 *Polygonum viviparum L. 617 Polygonum kudrjaschevii Vassilkovsk. 619 Polypogon demissus Steud. 594*

Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud. 594 Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. 595 Populus alba L. 697 *Populus bachofenii Wierzb. ex Rochel 697 Populus densa Kom. 698* Populus pamirica Kom. 698 Populus pruinosa Schrenk 698 Populus talassica Kom. 698 Populus tremula L. 699 Portulaca oleracea L. 624 *Potamogeton amblyphyllus C.A. Mey. 626* Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber 624 Potamogeton gramineus L. 624 Potamogeton nodosus Poir. 625 Potamogeton perfoliatus L. 625 Potamogeton pusillus L. 625 *Potamogeton fliformis Pers. 626 Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. 624 Potamogeton pamiricus Baagøe 626 Potamogeton panormitanus Biv. 625 Potamogeton pectinatus L. 627* Potentilla agrimonioides M. Bieb. 669 *Potentilla agrimonioides var. malacotricha (Juz.) Soják 669* Potentilla algida Soják 670 Potentilla anserina L. 670 Potentilla arnavatensis (Th. Wolf) Th. Wolf ex Juz. 670 *Potentilla asiatica (Th. Wolf) Juz. 671* Potentilla bifora Willd. ex Schltdl. 671 Potentilla chrysantha (Zoll. & Moritzi) Trevir. 671 Potentilla conferta Bunge 671 Potentilla crantzii (Crantz) Beck ex Fritsch 672 *Potentilla desertorum Bunge 670* Potentilla fabellata Regel & Schmalh. 672 *Potentilla gelida C.A. Mey. 672* Potentilla hololeuca Boiss. ex Lehm. 672 Potentilla kulabensis Th. Wolf 673 *Potentilla malacotricha Juz. 669* Potentilla mollissima Lehm. 673 *Potentilla orientalis Juz. 683* Potentilla pamiroalaica Juz. 673 Potentilla parvifolia Fisch. ex Lehm. 674 Potentilla reptans L. 674 *Potentilla sericata Th. Wolf 670* Potentilla supina L. 674 Potentilla tephroleuca Th. Wolf 675 Potentilla vvedenskyi Botsch. 675 *Poterium polygamum Desf. 682* Prangos bucharica B. Fedtsch. 110 Prangos didyma (Regel) Pimenov & V.N. Tikhom. 110 Prangos fedtschenkoi (Regel & Schmalh.) Korovin 111 Prangos pabularia Lindl. 111 Primula algida Adams 631 Primula baldshuanica B. Fedtsch. 631 Primula geranophylla Kovalevsk. 632 Primula kaufmanniana Regel 632 Primula macrophylla D. Don 633 Primula minkwitziae W.W. Sm. 633

Primula olgae Regel 634 Primula pamirica Fed. 634 *Primula turkeviczii V.V. Byalt 632* Primula lactifora Turkev. 632 Primula nivalis Pall. var. farinosa Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 633 *Primula turkestanica E.A. White 633 Prunella hispida Benth. 479* Prunella vulgaris L. 479 Prunus avium (L.) L. 675 Prunus spinosissima (Bunge) Franch. 678 Prunus verrucosa Franch. 678 *Prunus bucharica (Korsh.) B. Fedtsch. ex Rehder 664 Psammogeton setifolium Boiss. 97* Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski 595 Psathyrostachys kronenburgii (Hack.) Nevski 595 Pseudoclausia kuramensis Ovcz. & Junussov 284 Pseudoclausia turkestanica (Lipsky) A.V. Vassil. 285 Pseudohandelia umbellifera (Boiss.) Tzvelev 189 *Pseudolysimachion porphyrianum (Pavl.) Holub 545 Pseudolysimachion spurium (L.) Rauschert 546* Pseudosaponaria pilosa (Huds.) Ikonn. 311 Pseudosedum condensatum Boriss. 340 Pseudosedum fedtschenkoanum Boriss. 340 Pseudosedum ferganense Boriss. 340 *Pseudosophora alopecuroides (L.) Sweet 422 Psilonema dasycarpum (Stephan ex Willd.) C.A. Mey. 250 Psilurus aristatus (L.) Duval-Jouve 596* Psilurus incurvus (Gouan) Schinz & Thell. 596 *Psorelea drupacea Bunge 403 Psychrogeton alexeenkoi Krasch. 161* Psychrogeton amorphoglossus (Boiss.) Novopokr. 190 Psychrogeton andryaloides DC. 190 *Psychrogeton cabulicus Boiss. 163 Psychrogeton leucophyllus (Bunge) Novopokr. 190 Psychrogeton poncinsii (Franch.) Ling & J.L. Chen 165 Psychrogeton primuloides (Popov) Grierson 165* Psylliostachys leptostachya Roshk. 556 Psylliostachys × myosuroides (Regel) Roshkova 556 Psylliostachys suworowii Roshk. 556 Pterocephalus afghanicus Boiss. 305 *Pterocephalus sarawschanicus Lipsky 305* Ptilagrostis malyschevii Tzvelev 596 *Ptilagrostis subsessilifora (Rupr.) Roshev. 610 Puccinellia akbaitalensis Ovcz. & Czuk. 597* Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. 596 *Puccinellia glauca (Regel) Krecz. ex Drobov 596* Puccinellia hackeliana (Krecz.) Krecz. ex Drobov 597 Puccinellia humilis Litv. ex V. Krecz. 597 Puccinellia pamirica (Roshev.) Krecz. ex Ovcz. & Czukav. 597 Puccinellia schischkinii Tzvelev 598 Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Gaertn. 190 Pulicaria salviifolia Bunge 191 *Pulicaria uliginosa Stef. ex DC. 190* Pulsatilla campanella Fisch. ex Krylov 651 Punica granatum L. 503

Pycreus favidus (Retz.) T. Koyama 360 *Pycreus globosus (All.) Rchb. 360 Pyrethrum djilgense (Franch.) Tzvelev 193* Pyrethrum karelinii Krasch. 191 Pyrethrum leontopodium (C. Winkl.) Tzvelev 191 Pyrethrum pyrethroides (Kar. & Kir.) B. Fedtsch. ex Krasch. 192 Pyrethrum semenovii (Herder) C.G.A. Winkl. ex O. Fedtsch. & B. Fedtsch. 192 *Pyrethrum transiliense (Herder) Regel & Schmalh. 213* Pyrola rotundifolia L. 635

#### **R**

Ranunculus alajensis Ostenf. 651 Ranunculus albertii Regel & Schmalh. 652 Ranunculus arvensis L. 652 Ranunculus aureopetalus Kom. 652 Ranunculus badachschanicus Ovcz. & Kochk. 653 Ranunculus baldshuanicus Regel ex Kom. 653 *Ranunculus brevirostris Edgew. 653* Ranunculus distans D. Don 653 Ranunculus kamchaticus DC. 654 *Ranunculus laetus Wall. 653 Ranunculus leptorrhynchus Aitch. & Hemsl. 657* Ranunculus longicaulis Ledeb. ex A. Spreng. 654 Ranunculus muricatus L. 654 Ranunculus natans C.A. Mey. 655 Ranunculus paucidentatus Schrenk 655 Ranunculus pinnatisectus Popov 655 Ranunculus popovii Ovcz. 656 Ranunculus pseudohirculus Schrenk 656 *Ranunculus pulchellus C.A. Mey. var. pseudohirculus (Schrenk) Trautv. 656* Ranunculus rubrocalyx Regel ex Kom. 656 Ranunculus rufosepalus Franch. 657 *Ranunculus sarmentosus Adams 649* Ranunculus sceleratus L. 657 *Ranunculus sciatrophus Ovcz. 652* Ranunculus sewerzowii Regel 657 Ranunculus subrigescens Ovcz. 658 *Ranunculus sulphureus Sol. var. albertii Maxim. 652* Ranunculus tenuilobus Regel ex Kom. 658 *Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz 643* Ranunculus trautvetterianus C. Regel ex Ovcz. 658 Ranunculus turkestanicus Franch. 659 *Ranunculus altaicus Laxm. 645 Ranunculus longicaulis Ledeb. ex A. Spreng. var. pseudohirculus (Schrenk) Gubanov 656 Ranunculus pulchellus C.A. Mey. var. longicaulis Trautv. 654* Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. 285 Reaumuria alternifolia (Labill.) Britten 711 Reaumuria kaschgarica Rupr. 712 Reaumuria soongarica (Pall.) Maxim. 712 *Reaumuria turkestanica Gorschk. 711* Reseda bucharica Litv. 662

*Reseda hemithamnoides Czerniak. 662* Reseda lutea L. 662 *Restella alberti (Regel) Pobed. 716 Rhagadiolus angulosus (Jaub. & Spach) Kupicha 168* Rhamnus coriacea Brouss. ex Schult. 662 Rhamnus minuta Grubov 663 *Rhaponticum integrifolium C. Winkl. 207 Rhaponticum lyratum C. Winkl. ex Iljin 207* Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo 192 Rheum fedtschenkoi Maxim. ex Regel 621 *Rheum lobatum Litv. ex Losinsk. 621* Rheum macrocarpum Losinsk. 621 Rheum maximowiczii Losinsk. 621 *Rheum nuratavicum Titov 621* Rheum reticulatum Losinsk. 622 Rheum wittrockii C.E. Lundstr. 622 *Rheum ferganense Titov 621* Rhinactinidia limoniifolia (Less.) Novopokr. ex Botsch. 193 Rhinactinidia popovii (Botsch.) Botsch. 193 *Rhinanthus songaricus (Sterneck) B. Fedtsch. 526* Rhinanthus borbasii (Dörf.) Soó subsp. songaricus Soó 526 *Rhinopetalum bucharicum (Regel) Losinsk.Phy 492* Rhodiola coccinea (Royle) Boriss. 341 *Rhodiola gelida Schrenk 341* Rhodiola gelida Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 341 Rhodiola heterodonta (Hook. f. & Thomson) Boriss. 341 Rhus coriaria L. 89 Ribes heterotrichum C.A. Mey. 440 Ribes meyeri Maxim. 440 *Ribes orientale Desf. var. schugnanicum B. Fedtsch. 441* Ribes trilobum Meyen 441 *Ribes villosum Wall. ex Roxb. 441 Ribes orientale Desf. var. heterotrichum (C.A. Mey.) Jancz. 440* Richteria djilgense (Franch.) K. Bremer & Humphries 193 Ricinus communis L. 377 Rindera tetraspis Pall. 245 *Robinia halodendron Pall. 404 Robinia jubata Pall. 398* Rochelia bungei Trautv. 246 Rochelia cardiosepala Bunge 246 Rochelia leiocarpa Ledeb. 247 Rochelia peduncularis Boiss. 247 *Rochelia retorta (Pall.) Lipsky 246* Rochelia disperma (L. f.) K. Koch subsp. retorta (Pall.) Kotejowa 246 *Roegneria leptoura Nevski 574* Roemeria refracta DC. 533 Rosa bellicosa Nevski 678 Rosa berberifolia Pall. 679 Rosa ecae Aitch. 679 Rosa fedtschenkoana Regel 679 Rosa gallica L. 680

Rosa kokanica (Regel) Regel ex Juz. 680 Rosa korschinskiana Boulenger 680 Rosa maracandica Bunge 681 Rosa ovczinnikovii Kochk. 681 Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev 598 Rosularia alpestris (Kar. & Kir.) Boriss. 342 Rosularia glabra (Regel & Winkl.) A. Berger 342 Rosularia lutea Boriss. 342 Rosularia platyphylla (Schrenk) A. Berger 343 Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne 503 Rubia chitralensis Ehrend. 695 Rubia tibetica Hook. f. 695 Rubus caesius L. 681 Rubus praecox Bertol. 682 Rumex crispus L. 622 *Rumex halacsyi Rech. 623* Rumex paulsenianus Rech. f. 623 Rumex syriacus Meisn. 623 Rumex dentatus L. subsp. halacsyi (Rech.) Rech. f. 623 Russowia sogdiana (Bunge) B. Fedtsch. 194

#### **S**

Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. 598 Saccharum spontaneum L. 599 Sagina apetala Ard. 323 *Sagina ciliata Fries 323* Sagittaria trifolia L. 62 *Salicornia caspica Pall. 74* Salicornia europaea L. 78 Salix babylonica L. 699 Salix coesia Vill. 699 Salix pycnostachya Andersson 700 Salix schugnanica Goerz 700 *Salsola australis R. Br. 78* Salsola drobovii Botsch. 78 Salsola kali L. 78 Salsola leptoclada Gand. 79 Salsola paulsenii Litv. 79 *Salsola pellucida Litv. 79 Salsola pestifera A. Nels. 78 Salsola ruthenica Iljin 78 Salsola turcomanica Litv. 72* Salsola vvedenskyi Iljin & Popov 79 *Salsola carinatiformis Kinzik. 79 Salsola transoxana Iljin 71* Salvia bucharica Popov 479 *Salvia deserta Schang. 481* Salvia glabricaulis Pobed. 479 Salvia komarovii Pobed. 480 *Salvia kotschyi Boiss. 480* Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. 480 Salvia margaritae Botsch. 480 Salvia nemorosa L. 481 Salvia schmalhausenii Regel 481 Salvia sclarea L. 481 Sanguisorba minor subsp. magnolii (Spach) Briq. 682

*Saponaria griffthiana Boiss. 322 Satureja popovii B. Fedtsch. & Gontsch. 458* Saussurea elegans Ledeb. 194 Saussurea famintziniana Krassn. 194 Saussurea glacialis Herder 195 Saussurea kabadiana Rassulova & B.A. Sharipova 195 Saussurea leucophylla Schrenk 195 Saussurea ovata Benth. 196 Saussurea pseudosalsa Lipsch. 196 Saussurea salsa (Pall. ex Pall.) Spreng. 196 Saussurea sordida Kar. & Kir. 197 Saxifraga cernua L. 702 Saxifraga hirculus L. 703 Saxifraga oppositifolia L. 703 Saxifraga sibirica L. 703 Saxifraga stenophylla Royle 704 *Scabiosa afghanica Aitch. & Hemsl. 305* Scabiosa alpestris Kar. & Kir. 306 *Scabiosa olivieri Coult. 302* Scabiosa songarica Schrenk 306 *Scaligeria korshinskyi Korovin 98 Scaligeria oedibasioides Kameline 98 Scaligeria hirtula Lipsky 98 Scaligeria polycarpa Korovine 98* Scandix pecten-veneris L. 111 Scandix stellata Banks & Sol. 112 *Scandix fedtschenkoana Koso-Pol. 112 Scariola orientalis (Poiss.) Soják 179* Schischkinia albispina (Bunge) Iljin 197 Schismus arabicus Nees 599 Schmalhausenia nidulans (Regel) Petr. 197 Schoenoplectiella juncoides (Roxb.) Lye 361 Schoenoplectiella laterifora (J.F. Gmel.) Lye 361 Schoenoplectiella mucronata (L.) J. Jung & H.K. Choi 361 *Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla 361 Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla 361 Schoenoplectus oryzetorum (Steud.) V. Krecz. 361 Schoenoplectus setaceus (L.) Palla 359* Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) Palla 362 Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla 362 *Schoenoplectus triquetriformis V. Krecz. 363 Schoenoxiphium hissaricum Pissjauk. 360* Schoenus nigricans L. 362 *Schraderia bucharica (Popov) Nevski 479* Schrenkia golickeana B. Fedtsch. 112 Schrenkia vaginata (Ledeb.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 112 *Schrenkia mogoltavica O. Politova 112* Schtschurowskia meifolia Regel & Schmalh. 113 Schulzia albifora (Kar. & Kir.) Popov 113 *Schumannia karelinii (Bunge) Korov. 101 Scilla bucharica Dessjat. 121 Scilla puschkinioides Regel 121* Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják 363 *Scirpus argyrolepis Meinsh. 357 Scirpus dichotomus L. 358*

*Scirpus juncoides Roxb. 361 Scirpus lateriforus J.F. Gmel. 361 Scirpus mucronatus L. 361 Scirpus setaceus L. 359 Scirpus tabernaemontani C.C. Gmel. 362 Scirpus triqueter L. 362* Scirpus triquetriformis (V. Krecz.) T.V. Egorova 363 Scleranthus annuus L. 323 Sclerochloa dura (L.) P. Beauv. 599 Scorzonera bracteosa C. Winkl. 198 Scorzonera circumfexa Krasch. & Lipsch. 198 Scorzonera hissarica C. Winkl. 198 Scorzonera inconspicua Lipsch. 199 Scorzonera parvifora Jacq. 199 Scorzonera pubescens DC. 199 *Scorzonera pusilla Pall. 209* Scorzonera subacaulis (Regel) Lipsch. 200 Scorzonera tragopogonoides Regel & Schmalh. 200 Scrophularia fedtschenkoi Gorschk. 704 Scrophularia heucheriifora Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 705 Scrophularia pamirica Ivanina 705 Scrophularia pamiro-alaica Gorschk. 705 Scrophularia scabiosifolia Benth. 706 Scrophularia tadshicorum Gontsch. 706 Scutellaria adenostegia Briq. 482 Scutellaria andrachnoides Vved. 482 Scutellaria baldshuanica Nevski ex Juz. 482 *Scutellaria bucharica Juz. 482 Scutellaria darvasica Juz. 484* Scutellaria glabrata Vved. 483 Scutellaria hissarica B. Fedtsch. 483 *Scutellaria hissarica B. Fedtsch. subsp. schugnanica (B. Fedtsch.) Popov 487* Scutellaria immaculata Nevski ex Juz. 483 Scutellaria intermedia Popov 484 Scutellaria iskanderi Juz. 484 Scutellaria jodudiana B. Fedtsch. 484 *Scutellaria macrodontha Nevski ex Juz. 485* Scutellaria megalodonta Juz. 485 Scutellaria mesostegia Juz. 485 Scutellaria ocellata Juz. 485 Scutellaria oligodonta Juz. 486 Scutellaria orbicularis Bunge 486 Scutellaria przewalskii Juz. 486 Scutellaria rubromaculata Juz. & Vved. 487 Scutellaria schugnanica B. Fedtsch. 487 Scutellaria striatella Gontsch. 487 Scutellaria zaprjagaevii Kochk. & Zhogoleva 488 Secale cereale L. 600 *Sedum aetnense Tineo. subsp. tetramerum (Trautv.) Breistr. e 344* Sedum bucharicum Boriss. 343 Sedum ewersii Ledeb. 343 Sedum tetramerum Trautv. 344 *Selonia sogdiana Regel 726* Semenovia dasycarpa (Regel & Schmalh.) Korovin 113 Semenovia heterodonta Manden. 114 Semenovia pamirica (Lipsky) Manden. 114 Semenovia pimpinelloides (Nevski) Manden. 114 Semenovia transiliensis Regel & Herder 115 Senecio erucifolius L. 200 Senecio franchetii C. Winkl. 201 Senecio jacobea L. 201 Senecio olgae Regel & Schmalh. 202 Senecio paulsenii O. Hoffm. 202 Senecio renardii C. Winkl. 202 Senecio saposhnikovii Krasch. & Schipcz. 203 Senecio subdentatus (Bunge) Ledeb. 203 Senecio thianschanicus Regel & Schmalh. 201 Sergia regelii (Trautv.) Fed. 300 Seriphidium skorniakovii (C. Winkl.) K. Bremer & Humphries ex K. Bremer & Humphries 203 Serratula algida Iljin 204 Serratula lyratifolia Schrenk 204 Serratula procumbens Regel 204 Serratula sogdiana Bunge 205 Sesamum indicum L. 534 Seseli mucronatum (Schrenk) Pimenov & Sdobnina 115 *Seseli squarrosum Schischk. 116 Seseli tschuense Nikitina 116* Seseli valentinae Schrenk 116 *Seseli macrophyllum Regel & Schmalh. 109* Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. 600 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 600 Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. 601 *Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. 600 Sewerzowia turkestanica Regel & Schmalh. 393 Shibateranthis longistipitata (Regel) Nakai 649* Sibbaldia olgae Juz. & Ovcz. 682 Sibbaldia tetrandra Bunge 683 Sibbaldianthe bifurca (L.) Kurtto & T. Erikss. subsp. orientalis (Juz.) Kurtto & T. Erikss. 683 Sideritis montana L. 488 *Silene bogdanii Ovcz. 326* Silene brahuica Boiss. 324 Silene conformifolia Preobr. ex Schischk. 324 Silene glaucescens Schischk. 324 Silene graminifolia Otth 325 *Silene incurvifolia Kar. & Kir. subsp. nodosa Ovcz. 325* Silene kuschakewiczii Regel & Schmalh. s. l. 325 Silene longicalycina Kom. 326 Silene microphylla Boiss. 326 Silene neoladyginae Lazkov 325 Silene nevskii Schischk. 326 *Silene pamirensis (H. Winkl.) Preobr. 326* Silene quadriloba Turcz. ex Kar. & Kir. 327 *Silene samarkandensis Preobr. subsp. conformifolia Preobr. 324* Silene sarawschanica Regel & Schmalh. 323 Silene schugnanica B. Fedtsch. 327 *Silene tianschanica Schischk. 325* Silene turkestanica Regel 327 *Silene wallichiana Klotzsch 321*

Silene uralensis (Rupr.) Bocquet subsp. apetala (L.) Bocquet 330 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 205 Sisymbrium altissimum L. 285 Sisymbrium brassiciforme C.A. Mey. 286 *Sisymbrium ferganense Korsh. 286 Sisymbrium flifolium Willd. 278 Sisymbrium heterophyllum Popov 263 Sisymbrium humile C.A. Mey. 255* Sisymbrium irio L. 286 *Sisymbrium iscandericum Kom. 286* Sisymbrium loeselii L. 286 *Sisymbrium sophia L. 263* Sisymbrium subspinescens Bunge 287 *Sisymbrium sulphureum Korsh. 280 Sisymbrium wallichii Hook. f. & Thomson 262 Sium sisaroideum DC. 116* Sium sisarum L. 116 Smelowskia calycina (Stephan) C.A. Mey. 287 Smelowskia sisymbrioides (Regel & Herder) Lipsky ex Paulsen 287 *Solanum americanum Mill. 710* Solanum nigrum L. 710 Solenanthus circinatus Ledeb. 247 Solenanthus karateginus Lipsky 248 Solenanthus plantaginifolius Lipsky 248 *Solenanthus turkestanicus (Regel & Smirn.) Kusn. 233* Solidago kuhistanica Juz. 205 Solms-laubachia fabellata (Regel) J.P. Yue, Al-Shehbaz & H. Sun 288 Sonchus asper L. 206 Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. 206 Sonchus palustris L. 206 Sonchus transcaspicus Nevski 207 *Sophiopsis sisymbrioides (Regel & Herder) O.E. Schulz 287* Sophora alopecuroides L. 422 Sophora pachycarpa C.A. Mey. 422 Sorbus persica Hedl. 683 Sorbus tianschanica Rupr. 684 Sorbus turkestanica (Franch.) Hedl. 684 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 601 *Sparganium asiaticum Graebn. 717 Sparganium carinatum Falc. 717* Sparganium stoloniferum (Buch.-Ham. ex Graebn.) Buch.-Ham. ex Juz. 717 *Spathipappus griffthii (Clarke) Tzvel. 213 Spergularia marginata (DC.) Kitt. 330 Spergularia maritima (All.) Chiov. 330* Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl 330 Spergularia microsperma Asch. 330 Sphaerophysa salsula (Pall.) DC. 422 Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. 710 Spinacia turkestanica Iljin 80 Spiraea baldshuanica B. Fedtsch. 684 Spiraea pilosa Franch. 685 Spiraea tianschanica Pojark. 685

Stachys betonicifora Rupr. 488

*Stellaria alsinoides Boiss. & Buhse 332* Stellaria brachypetala Bunge 331 *Stellaria fontana Popov 331* Stellaria media (L.) Vill. 331 Stellaria turkestanica Schischk. 331 *Stellera alberti Regel 716* Stemmacantha integrifolia (C. Winkl.) Dittrich 207 Stemmacantha lyrata (Iljin) Dittrich 207 *Stenophragma thalianum (L.) Čelak. 252 Steptorhamphus crambifolius Bunge 179 Stilpnophleum anthoxanthoides (Munro) Nevski 568 Stilpnophleum anthoxanthoides (Regel) Nevski 568* Stipa arabica Trin. & Rupr. 601 Stipa badachschanica Roshev. 602 Stipa × brevicallosa M. Nobis 602 Stipa bungeana Trin. 602 Stipa capillata L. 603 *Stipa caragana Trin. 557 Stipa caspia K. Koch 601* Stipa caucasica Schmalh. 603 *Stipa caucasica Schmalh. subsp. drobovii Tzvelev 604 Stipa caucasica Schmalh. subsp. glareosa (P.A. Smirn.) Tzvelev 604* Stipa caucasica Schmalh. subsp. nikolai M. Nobis, A. Nobis & A. Nowak 603 Stipa drobovii (Tzvelev) Czerep. 604 Stipa drobovii (Tzvelev) Czerep. var. iskanderkulica (Tzvelev) M. Nobis & A. Nowak 604 Stipa glareosa P.A. Smirn. 604 Stipa gracilis Roshev. 605 Stipa hohenackeriana Trin. & Rupr. 605 *Stipa iskanderkulica (Tzvelev) Czerep. 604 Stipa jagnobica Ovcz. & Czuk. 609* Stipa kirghisorum P.A. Smirn. 605 Stipa krylovii Roshev. 606 Stipa lessingiana Trin. & Rupr. 606 Stipa lingua Junge 606 Stipa lipskyi Roshev. 607 Stipa macroglossa P.A. Smirn. 607 Stipa magnifca A. Junge 607 Stipa margelanica P.A. Smirn. 608 Stipa orientalis Trin. 608 Stipa ovczinnikovii Roshev. 608 Stipa regeliana Hack. 609 Stipa richteriana Kar. & Kir. subsp. jagnobica (Ovcz. & Czuk.) Tzvelev 609 Stipa sareptana A. Beck. 609 *Stipa sibirica (L.) Lam. 557 Stipa splendens Trin. 585* Stipa subsessilifora (Rupr.) Roshev. 610 *Stipa szovitsiana Trin. 601* Stipa × tadzhikistanica M. Nobis 610 Stipa tianschanica Roshev. 610 Stipa zalesskii Wilensky 611 Stipa zeravshanica M. Nobis 611 Stizolophus balsamita (Lam.) K. Koch 208 Strigosella africana (L.) Botsch. 288

Strigosella hispida (Litv.) Botsch. 288 Strigosella scorpioides (Bunge) Botsch. 289 Strigosella stenopetala (Bernh. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Botsch. 289 Strigosella tenuissima (Botsch.) Botsch. 289 Strigosella trichocarpa (Boiss. & Buhse) Botsch. 290 Strigosella turkestanica (Litv.) Botsch. 290 *Stroganowia paniculata Regel & Schmalh. 277* Stubendorffa aptera Lipsky 290 Stubendorffa orientalis Schrenk 291 Stuckenia amblyphylla (C.A. Mey.) Holub 626 Stuckenia fliformis (Pers.) Börner 626 Stuckenia pamirica (Baagøe) Z. Kaplan 626 Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner 627 Suaeda acuminata (C.A. Mey.) Moq. 80 *Suaeda corniculata (C.A. Mey.) Bunge var. olufsenii (Pauls.) G.L. Chu 80* Suaeda olufsenii Paulsen 80 Swertia gracilifora Gontsch. 436 Swertia juzepczukii Pissjauk. 436 Swertia lactea Bunge 437 Swertia marginata Schrenk 437 Symphyotrichum graminifolium (Spreng.) G.L. Nesom 208 Symphyotrichum salignum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom 208 Symphytum asperum Lepech. 248

#### **T**

*Taeniatherum asperum (Simonk.) Nevski 611* Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski subsp. asper (Simonk.) Melderis 611 *Taeniatherum crinitum (Schreb.) Nevski 612* Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski subsp. crinitum (Schreb.) Melderis 612 Takhtajaniantha pusilla (Pall.) Nazarova 209 Tamarix forida Bunge 712 Tamarix hispida Willd. 713 *Tamarix pentandra Pall. 713* Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. 713 Tanacetopsis czukavinae Kovalevsk. & Junussov 209 Tanacetopsis mucronata (Regel & Schmalh.) Kovalevsk. 209 Tanacetopsis pamiralaica (Kovalevsk.) Kovalevsk. 212 Tanacetopsis santoana (Krasch., Popov & Vved.) Kovalevsk. 212 Tanacetopsis submarginata (Kovalevsk.) Kovalevsk. 212 Tanacetum griffthii (C.B. Clarke) Muradyan 213 Tanacetum transiliense Herder 213 *Taphrospermum altaicum C.A. Mey. 269* Taraxacum badachschanicum Schischk. 213 Taraxacum erostre Zakirov 214 Taraxacum leucanthum (Ledeb.) Ledeb. 214 Taraxacum lilacinum Krasn. ex Schischk. 214 Taraxacum murgabicum Vainberg 215 Tauscheria lasiocarpa Fisch. ex DC. 291

*Tauscheria oblonga Vassilcz. 291 Teloxys botrys (L.) W.A. Weber 73 Tetracme adpressa Rech. f. 292* Tetracme bucharica O.E. Schulz 291 Tetracme pamirica Vassilcz. 292 Tetracme quadricornis (Steph. ex Willd.) Bunge 292 *Tetracmidion bucharicum Korsch. 291* Tetradiclis tenella (Ehrenb.) Litv. 508 *Tetrataenium olgae (Regel & Schmalh.) Manden. 106* Thalictrum alpinum L. 659 Thalictrum foetidum L. 659 Thalictrum isopyroides C.A. Mey. 660 Thalictrum kuhistanicum Ovcz. & Kochk. 660 Thalictrum sultanabadense Stapf 660 Thermopsis dolichocarpa V. Nikit. 423 Thermopsis turkestanica Gand. 423 *Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br. subsp. turkestanica (Gand.) Gubanov 423* Thesium alatavicum Kar. & Kir. 701 Thlaspi arvense L. 292 *Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L. 256 Thlaspi carneum Banks & Soland. 249* Thlaspi ceratocarpum N. Busch 293 Thlaspi cochleariforme DC. 293 Thlaspi kotschyanum Boiss. & Hohen. 293 Thlaspi perfoliatum L. 296 *Thlaspidium thlaspi (Lipskyi) Rassulova 395 Thuja orientalis L.e 345* Thymelaea passerina (L.) Coss. & Germ. 716 *Thymus aschurbajevii Klokov 489 Thymus bucharicus Klokov 489 Thymus cuneatus Klokov 489* Thymus diminutus Klokov 489 Thymus seravschanicus Klokov 489 Thymus marschallianus Willd. 489 *Tithymalus cyrtophyllus Prokh. 372 Tithymalus falcatus (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke 373 Tithymalus helioscopia (L.) Prokh. 373 Tithymalus inderiensis (Less.) Prokh. 374 Tithymalus jaxarticus Prokh. 374 Tithymalus pamiricus Prokh. 375 Tithymalus polytimeticus Prokh. 374 Tithymalus sarawschanicus (Regel) Prokh. 375 Tithymalus sogdiana (Popov) Prokh. 376 Tithymalus szovitsii (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Prokh. 376 Tithymalus tranzschelii Prokh. 376* Torilis leptophylla (L.) Rchb. f. 116 Torilis nodosa (L.) Geartn. 117 *Torilis xanthotricha Stankov 116 Torularia humilis (C.A. Mey.) O.E. Schulz 255 Torularia sulphurea (Korsh.) O.E. Schulz 280* Trachomitum lancifolium (Russanov) Pobed. 118 Trachomitum scabrum (Russanov) Pobed. 119 *Trachomitum venetum (L.) Woodson var. lancifolium Hara 118 Trachomitum venetum (L.) Woodson var. scabrum Kitam. 119 Trachynia distachya (L.) Link 564*

*Tragacantha chodsha-bakirganica (B. Kom.) Rassulova 378 Tragacantha dissecta (B. Fedtsch. & Ivanova) Boriss. 378* Tragopogon alaicus S.A. Nikitin 215 Tragopogon conduplicatus S.A. Nikitin 215 *Tragopogon krascheninnikovii S.A. Nikitin 216* Tragopogon serawschanicus S.A. Nikitin 216 Tragopogon turkestanicus S.A. Nikitin ex Pavlov 216 Tragopogon vvedenskyi Popov ex Popov 217 Tragopogon porrifolius L. subsp. longirostris (Sch. Bip.) Greuter 216 Tragus racemosus (L.) All. 612 *Tretorhiza kaufmanniana (Regel & Schmalh.) Soják 431 Tretorhiza olivieri (Griseb.) Soják 432 Tretorhiza tianschanica (Rupr.) Soják 433* Tribulus terrestris L. 729 Trichodesma incanum (Bunge) DC. 249, 732 Trichodesma incanum (Bunge) DC. var. glabrescens (Czuk.) M. Nobis & A. Nowak 249 Trifolium fragiferum L. 423 Trifolium lappaceum L. 424 *Trifolium melilotus L. 413* Trifolium pratense L. 424 Trifolium repens L. 424 *Trifolium ukrainicum Opperm. ex Wissjul. 424 Triglochin komarovii Lipsch. & Pavl. 451* Triglochin maritima L. 450 *Triglochin maritimum L. 450 Triglochin palustre L. 451* Triglochin palustris L. 451 Trigonella badachschanica Afan. 425 Trigonella geminifora Bunge 425 *Trigonella komarovii Lipsky 389 Trigonella monantha C.A. Mey. subsp. geminifora (Bunge) Rech. fl. 425 Trigonella orthoceras Kar. & Kir. 412* Trigonella pamirica Boriss. 425 Trigonella verae Sirj. 426 Tripleurospermum disciforme (C.A. Mey.) Sch. Bip. 217 *Trisetaria cavanillesii (Trin.) Maire 612 Trisetaria cristata (L.) Kerguélen 598* Trisetaria loefingiana (Linn.) Paunero 612 *Trisetum cavanillesii Trin. eographical element: M 612* Triticum aestivum L. 613 Trollius altaicus C.A. Mey. 661 Trollius komarovii Pachom. 661 Trollius lilacinus Bunge 661 Tulipa biforiformis Vved. 497 Tulipa dasystemon (Regel) Regel 497 Tulipa hissarica Popov & Vved. 498 Tulipa linifolia Regel 498 Tulipa maximowiczii Regel 498 Tulipa praestans H.B. May 499 Tulipa tubergeniana Hoog 499 Tulipa turkestanica (Regel) Regel 499 Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. 117 Tussilago farfara L. 217

Tylosperma lignosa (Willd. ex Schltdl.) Botsch. 685

*Typha angustata Bory & Chaub. 717* Typha angustifolia L. 717 Typha domingensis Pers. 717 Typha latifolia L. 718 Typha laxmannii Lepech. 718 Typha minima Funck 718 Tytthostemma alsinoides (Boiss. & Buhse) Nevski 332

#### **U**

Uechtritzia kokanica (Regel & Schmalh.) Pobed. 218 Ulmus pumila L. 719 Ungernia tadshicorum Vved. ex Artjush. 89 *Uranodactylus silaifolius Gilli 296* Urtica cannabina L. 720 Urtica dioica L. 720 Utricularia minor L. 492

#### **V**

Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert 332 *Valantia pedemontana Bellardi 689* Valeriana fedtschenkoi Coincy 306 Valeriana fcariifolia Boiss. 307 Valeriana minuta Wendelbo 307 *Valeriana locusta (L.) Laterr. var. coronata L. 308* Valerianella coronata (L.) DC. 308 Valerianella dactylophylla Boiss. & Hohen. 308 Valerianella oxyrhyncha Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 308 *Varasia prostrata (Haenke) Soják 432 Varasia squarrosa (Ledeb.) Soják 433* Velezia rigida L. 332 *Vella tenuissima Pall. 278 Verbascum bactrianum Bunge 707* Verbascum blattaria L. 706 Verbascum erianthum Benth. 707 *Verbascum polystachyum Kar. & Kir. 707* Verbascum songaricum Schrenk 707 Verbena offcinalis L. 720 Veronica alpina L. 541 Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. 541 Veronica anagalloides Guss. 541 Veronica arguteserrata Regel & Schmalh. 542 Veronica beccabunga L. 542 Veronica biloba Schreb. ex L. 542 Veronica bucharica B. Fedtsch. 543 Veronica campylopoda Boiss. 543 Veronica cardiocarpa (Kar. & Kir.) Walp. 544 *Veronica didyma Ten. 545 Veronica ferganica M. Pop 547* Veronica intercedens Bornm. 544 Veronica persica Poir. 544 Veronica polita Fr. 545 Veronica porphyriana Pavlov 545 Veronica reuterana Boiss. 546 *Veronica spicata L. subsp. porphyriana (Pavl.) A. Jelen 545*

Veronica spuria L. 546 Veronica verna L. 546 Veronica rubrifolia Boiss. 547 *Veronicastrum alpinum Fourr. 541 Vexibia alopecuroides (L.) Yakovl. 422 Vexibia pachycarpa (C.A.Mey.) Yakovl. 422* Vicia angustifolia L. 426 Vicia kokanica Regel & Schmalh. 426 *Vicia megalosperma M. Bieb. 427* Vicia michauxii Spreng. 427 Vicia peregrina L. 427 *Vicia peregrina subsp. megalosperma (M. Bieb.) Ponert 427* Vicia tenuifolia Roth 427 Vicia villosa Roth 428 *Vicia cracca L. subsp. tenuifolia (Roth) Gaudin 427 Vicia peregrina L. subsp. michauxii (Spreng.) Ponert 427 Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. 426* Vinca erecta Regel & Schmalh. 119 Vincetoxicum darvasicum B. Fedtsch. 120 Viola alaica Vved. 721 Viola altaica Ker-Gawl. 721 Viola majchurensis Pissjauk. 721 Viola occulta Lehm. 722 *Viola oxycentra Juz. 721* Viola rupestris F.W. Schmidt 722 Viola tianschanica Maxim. 722 Viola tricolor L. 723 *Viola turkestanica Regel & Schmalh. 721 Viola turkestanica var. rupestris Juz. 721* Vitex agnus-castus L. 490 *Vitis vitifolia Boiss. 723* Vulpia ciliata Dumort. 613 Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel. 613

#### **W**

*Wahlenbergia clematidea Schrenk 299 Wakilia afghanica Gilli 284* Waldheimia glabra (Decne.) Regel 218 Waldheimia stoliczkae (C.B. Clarke) Ostenf. 218 Wikstroemia alberti (Regel) Domke 716 Winklera silaifolia Korsh. 296

Vulpia persica (Boiss. & Buhse) Krecz. & Bobrov 614

#### **X**

*Xanthium italicum Moretti 219* Xanthium spinosum L. 219 Xanthium orientale L. subsp. italicum (Moretti) Greuter 219 *Xanthobrychis chorassanica (Bunge) Galushko 414 Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small 527* Xeranthemum longepapposum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 219 Xylanthemum pamiricum (O. Hoffm.) Tzvelev 220 *Xyridion sogdianum (Bunge) Nevski 444*

#### **Y**

*Youngia diversifolia (Ledeb.) Ledeb. 156 Youngia tenuicaulis (Babc. & Stebbins) Czerep. 155*

#### **Z**

Zea mays L. 614 Zeravschania regeliana Korovin 117 *Zerna inermis (Leyss.) Lindm. 565 Zerna turkestanica (Drob.) Nevski 567* Ziziphora interrupta Juz. 490 Ziziphora pamiroalaica Juz. 490 *Ziziphora pulchella Pavlov 490 Ziziphora pungens Bunge 470* Ziziphora tenuior L. 491 *Ziziphora tomentosa Juz. 490* Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 663 Zoegea baldschuanica C. Winkl. 220 Zosima korovinii Pimenov 118 *Zosima pimpinelloides (Nevski) M. Hiroe 114 Zosima tordyloides Korov. 109* Zygophyllum atriplicoides Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 729 *Zygophyllum eurypterum Boiss. & Buhse subsp. gontscharovii (Boriss.) Hadidi 730 Zygophyllum fabago L. var. oxianum (Boriss.) Kitam. 731* Zygophyllum ferganense (Drobow) Boriss. 730 Zygophyllum gontscharovii Boriss 730 Zygophyllum miniatum Cham. 730 Zygophyllum obliquum Popov 731 Zygophyllum oxianum Boriss. 731 *Zygophyllum rosovii Bunge 731* Zygophyllum rosowii Bunge 731 *Zygophyllum xanthoxylon (Bunge) Maxim. var. ferganense* 

*Drobow 730* 

### **About the Publishers**

#### **Polish Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden Center for Biodiversity Conservation in Powsin**

The PAS Botanical Garden – Center for Biological Diversity Conservation was offcially founded in 1974 as an independent research unit of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

The Botanical Garden is a research institution dealing with plants in various topics like foristics, taxonomy, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, biotechnology, ecology and horticultural sciences. One of the main objective of the PAS BG is the *ex situ* conservation of threatened plant diversity of Poland. It is a unique institution bringing together experts from various botanical disciplines for conducting comprehensive and multidisciplinary research on biological phenomena and processes. The main scientifc activities of our employees cover issues related to the genetic aspects of plant diversity conservation, which helps to applicate and develop new measures and strategies for maintaining foristic diversity. Traditional collections (of live plants) located in the Garden and cryogenic collections in the Seed Bank run by the unit are a unique source of research samples on a global scale. At the same time, they allow implementation of *ex situ* protection, like restitution of extinct species in the wild. In addition to scientifc surveys, the Garden is deeply involved in the popularization of science, dissemination of botanical knowledge in the society. Geographically, our main study areas are located in Central Europe, Middle Asia and paddy felds across the world. A new direction of research implemented in 2017 is an exploration program of the unique and extremely rich fora of Central Asia, especially in Tajikistan and the Pamir Mountains. Currently, we work on establishing the permanent research station in this region to enhance the studies on ethnobotany, applied botany and conservation botany.

#### **Polish Botanical Society**

Founded in 1922, the Polish Botanical Society (PBS) is a membership society whose mission is to promote plant sciences, along with mycology, lichenology, phycology and aerobiology, with the aim of advancing the development of the natural sciences, fostering botanical knowledge as well as combining scientifc activities with cultural and economic demands. Since 1923, the society has published peer reviewed journals from all felds of botany. In addition, the PBS is the publisher of the monographic series, which includes extensive dissertations and monographic works, as well as other compact publications. The publisher's profle of interest includes issues related to the latest scientifc achievements in the feld of broadly defned botanical sciences (such as ecology, evolution, physiology, biotechnology, biodiversity, systematics, development and anatomy of plants, paleobotany, ethnobotany, phytogeography and molecular taxonomy) on all levels of organization of surrounding us nature i.e. from ecosystem to molecules.


**ARKADIUSZ NOWAK** born in 1971 in Bolesławiec. He is a professor of botany, vegetation ecologist and environmentalist by education. The most important topics of his research are related to conservation botany, phytosociology, distribution and ecology of vascular plants, studies on distributional patterns of endemic plant species in Middle Asia, restoration ecology, paddy f elds vegetation. Currently he is a professor of the PAS Botanical Garden – Center for Biodiversity Conservation in Powsin and at the Opole University. He started the exploration of Middle Asia in 2006 with the main aim to explore the vegetation diversity in this mountainous country. Sylwia is his wife and he has two kids, Paweł (20) and Ania (15).

**MARCIN NOBIS** born in 1977 in Pionki. He is a professor of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, taxonomist and ecologist. He is the author of over 230 scientif c papers, and the most important topics of his studies are related to taxonomy and phylogeny of vascular plants, phytogeography, conservation botany and vegetation ecology. Currently he is a Head of the Department of Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Paleobotany and Curator of the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany of the Jagiellonian University (KRA). He started the exploration of Central Asian f ora and ve-getation in 2007 with the main aims focusing on the taxonomy of vascular plants (mainly Poaceae and Campanulaceae), endemism and conservation of the mountain f ora, as well as syntaxonomy of vegetation.

**THE PAMIR-ALAI MOUNTAINS** are extremely diverse in terms of climate, landscape and habitat conditions. With one of the largest altitudinal amplitudes in the world, long gradients of precipitation and temperatures, different soil substrates and a diverse geology, the Pamir-Alai promotes a great number of plant species and diverse vegetation types. Currently almost 4300 vascular plant species have been reported from the area. Almost 1500 are endemics belonging to 60 families and 188 genera. The Pamir-Alai vegetation is fairly diverse and can be generally divided into 21 types: mesophilous deciduous forests, riverside forests, river-bed forests, xerothermophilous shrubs, subalpine coniferous forests, river-bed shrubs, meadows and pastures, segetal vegetation, alpine meadows and swards, steppes and so-called semi-savannas, xerothermophilous swards, xerothermophilous dwarf shrubs, desert and semi-desert vegetation, fen-spring vegetation, tallherbs, littoral vegetation, aquatic vegetation, scree and sliding rock vegetation, rock vegetation and salt-marsh vegetation. Our photographic guide includes vivid photographs of 1864 species, as well as their distribution map, systematic position, biological and ecological features. The book is assigned for professional botanists and amateurs, students, plant lovers and tourists visiting Middle Asia or wanting to broadened their knowledge on the extraordinary f ora of this region. As the f ora of Tajikistan still remains underinvestigated, it is hardly possible to f nd photographs of the presented species in similar publications or on the web.