Genetic and morphological differentiation between Melica ciliata L. and M. transsilvanica Schur (Poaceae) in Europe reveals the non-presence of M. ciliata in the Polish flora

Magdalena Szczepaniak, Elżbieta Cieślak

Abstract


A good knowledge of species delimitation is crucial for the biodiversity protection and the conservation of wild species. We studied the efficiency of AFLP markers and morphological characters to assist species determination for Melica ciliata L. and M. transsilvanica Schur within European range of distribution, including isolated and range-limit populations of "M. ciliata" (i.e. M. cf. ciliata) from the Polish Sudetes, where it is regarded as critically endangered. AFLP markers were found to be more effective then morphological characters (more or less continuous) in distinguishing the both studied species. AMOVA revealed very low genetic diversity within populations and high differentiation among populations of M. ciliata and M. transsilvanica (FST = 0.89 and 0.95, respectively). The species-diagnostic AFLP markers of M. transsilvanica shared with "M. ciliata" from the Sudetes were detected. On the other hand, no species-diagnostic genetic markers of M. ciliata or hybrid-diagnostic markers of M. × thuringiaca were found within "M. ciliata". PCoA and NJ showed an overlapping genetic diversity of "M. ciliata" and M. transsilvanica. Hierar­chical AMOVA supported the absence of a significant genotypic distinction between "M. ciliata" and M. transsilvanica. ANOVA showed that the length ratio of lower to upper glumes was the best morphological character to discriminate between M. ciliata and M. transsilvanica. Combined morphological and genetic data show that M. ciliata is not currently present in Poland as its putative Polish populations represent M. transsilvanica. A significant decrease in genetic varia­bility that could influence viability was not observed the in Sudetian populations of M. transsilvanica. However, the population size changes significantly as a result of plant succession. Correction of the northern limit of the continuous distribution of M. ciliata L. in Central Europe is presented.

Keywords


AFLP; genetic diversity; Melica ciliata; Melica transsilvanica; morphological variation; Europe

Full Text:

PDF

References


MacLeod N. Phylogenetic signals in morphometric data. In: MacLeod N, Forey PL, editors. Morphology, shape and phylogeny. London: Taylor & Francis; 2002. p. 100-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203165171.ch7

Hansen KT, Elven R, Brochmann C. Molecules and morphology in concert: tests of some hypotheses in arctic Potentilla (Rosaceae). Am J Bot. 2000;87(10):1466-1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2656873

Fjellheim S, Elven R, Brochmann C. Molecules and morphology in concert. II. The Festuca brachyphylla complex (Poaceae) in Svalbard. Am J Bot. 2001;88(5):869-882. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2657039

Depypere L, Chaerle P, Breyne P, Mijnsbrugge K, Goetghebeur P. A combined morphometric and AFLP based diversity study challenges the taxonomy of the European members of the complex Prunus L. section Prunus. Plant Syst Evol. 2009;279:219-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-009-0158-8

Hempel W. Taxonomische und chorologische Untersuchungen an Arten von Melica L. subgen. Melica. Feddes Repert. 1970;81:131-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19700810111

Hempel W. Die infragenerische Gliederung der Gattung Melica L. Haussknechtia. 2004;10:169-198.

Tyler T. Studies in the Melica ciliata – complex: 1. Distribution of allozyme variation within and among individuals, populations and geographic regions. Plant Syst Evol. 2004;248:1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-004-0169-4

Linnaeus C. Species plantarum. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii; 1753.

Schur PJF. Enumeratio plantarum Transsilvaniae. Wien: G. Braumüller; 1866.

Čelakovský L. Analytická květena Čech, Moravy a rakouského Slézska. 2nd ed. Praha: F. Tempský; 1887.

Szafer W. Rodzina Gramineae, trawy. In: Raciborski M, Szafer W, editors. Flora polska. Rośliny naczyniowe Polski i ziem ościennych. Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności; 1919. p. 230-365. (Paprotniki, iglaste i jednoliścienne; vol 1).

Hinkova C. Melica L. In: Jordanov D, editor. Flora na Narodna Republika Bulgaria. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; 1963. p. 358-363. (vol 1).

Papp C, Beldie AL. Genul 720. Melica L. In: Săvulescu T, editor. Flora Republicii Socialiste România. Bucharest: Academiei Republicii Socialiste România; 1972. p. 239-250. (vol 12).

Beldie AL. Flora României. Determinator ilustrat al plantelor vasculare. Bucureşti: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România; 1979. (vol 2).

Davis PH, editor. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. 9th ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1985.

Papp C. Monographie der europäischen Arten der Gattung Melica L. Bot Jahrb Syst. 1933;64:275-348.

Hultén E, Fries M. Atlas of North European vascular plants: North of the Tropic of Cancer. Königstein: Koeltz Scientific Books; 1986.

Fiek E. Flora von Schlesien preussischen und österreichischen Anteils, enthaltend die wildwachsenden, verwilderten und angebauten Phanerogamen und Gefäss-Cryptogamen. Breslau: J. U. Kern’s Verlag; 1881.

Schube T. Die Verbreitung der Gefässpflanzen in Schlesien preussischen und österreichischen Anteils. Breslau: Druck von R. Nischowsky; 1903.

Schube T. Flora von Schlesien, preussischen und österreichischen Anteils. Breslau: Korn; 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9731

Schube T. Ergebnisse der Durchforschung der schlesischen Gefässpflanzenwelt im Jahre 1909. Jahresber Schles Ges Vaterl Cult. 1910;87:49-73.

Schalow E. Ergebnisse der Durchforschung der schlesischen Gefässpflanzenwelt im Jahre 1934. Jahresber Schles Ges Vaterl Cult. 1935;107:55-70.

Limpricht W. Kalkpflanzen des Bober-Katzbachgebirges und seiner Vorlagen. Bot Jahrb Syst. 1944;73:375-417.

Szczęśniak E. Preliminary report on Melica sect. Beckeria (Poaceae) in the Lower Silesia. In: Frey L, editor. Studies on grasses in Poland. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences; 2001. p. 153-160.

Podpěra J. Květena Moravy ve vztazích systematických a geobotanických. Fasc. 6/3. Prace Morav Prir Spolecn. 1928;5:1-782.

Berdau F. Flora Cracoviensis. Cracoviae: Typis C. R. Universitatis Jagiellonicae; 1859.

Rostafiński J. Florae Polonicae prodromus. Verh K K Zool-Bot Ges Wien. 1873;22:81-208.

Zapałowicz H. Krytyczny przegląd roślinności Galicyi. Kraków: Nakładem Akademii Umiejętności; 1906. (vol 1).

Brandza D. Prodromul Floreĭ române saŭ enumeraţiunea plantelor pănă astă-di cunoscute în Moldova şi Valachia. Bucureşti: Tipografia Academieĭ Române; 1879.

Roževic RJ. Melica L. Perlovnik. In: Fedčenko BA, editor. Flora jugo-vostoka Evropejskoj časti SSSR. Leningrad: Izdanie Glavnogo Botaničeskogo Sada; 1928. p. 171-174. (vol 2).

Fabiszewski J. O roślinności ciepłolubnej na bazaltach Góry Krzyżowej koło Strzegomia. Chrońmy Przyr Ojcz. 1963;19:16-21.

Krawiecowa A, Pulina M. Wzgórze Miłek w Górach Kacza­wskich. Chrońmy Przyr Ojcz. 1963;19:22-27.

Koszela M, Sarosiek J. Kamieniołom w Nowych Rochowicach koło Bolkowa na Dolnym Śląsku. Chrońmy Przyr Ojcz. 1985;41:64-70.

Kwiatkowski P. Szata roślinna projektowanego rezerwatu leśnego „Wąwóz Lipy” na Pogórzu Kaczawskim (Sudety Zachodnie). Chrońmy Przyr Ojcz. 1995;52:167-184.

Kwiatkowski P. The distribution of selected threatened grass species (Poaceae) in the Sudety Mts. (Poland). Fragm Flor Geobot. 1997;42:275-293.

Szczęśniak E. Dębowa Góra koło Dobromierza (Książański Park Krajobrazowy) – interesujący obiekt florystyczny. Chrońmy Przyr Ojcz. 1996;52:89-92.

Szczęśniak E. Murawy ze związku Alysso-Sedion Oberd. et Th. Müll. 1961 na Pogórzu Wałbrzysko-Bolkowskim. Bad Fizj Pol Zach ser Botanika. 1998;47:177-193.

Szczęśniak E. Sudeckie murawy naskalne siedlisk naturalnych i antropogenicznych – zróżnicowanie, sukcesja i ochrona. Przegl Przyr. 1999;10:59-68.

Zarzycki K. Lista wymierających i zagrożonych roślin naczyniowych Polski. In: Zarzycki K, Wojewoda W, editors. Lista roślin wymierających i zagrożonych w Polsce. Warszawa: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN; 1986. p. 11-27.

Szczęśniak E. Melica ciliata L. Perłówka orzęsiona. In: Kaźmierczakowa R, Zarzycki K, editors. Polska czerwona księga roślin. Paprotniki i rośliny kwiatowe. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences; 2001. p. 449-451.

Zarzycki K, Szeląg Z. Red list of the vascular plants in Poland. In: Mirek Z, Zarzycki K, Wojewoda W, Szeląg Z, editors. Red list of plants and fungi in Poland. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences; 2006. p. 11-20.

Rauschert S. Die Arten von Melica sect. Beckeria (Bernh.) Asch. in Mitteldeutschland. Ber Deutsch Bot Ges. 1963;76:235-243.

Szczepaniak M, Cieślak E. Genetic variation and structure in natural populations of Melica ciliata and M. transsilvanica (Poaceae) as indicated by AFLP markers. Biodiv Res Conserv. 2006;3-4:39-43.

Szczepaniak M, Cieślak E. Low level of genetic variation within Melica transsilvanica populations from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland and the Pieniny Mts. revealed by AFLPs analysis. Acta Soc Bot Pol. 2007;76(4):321-331.

Szczęśniak E. Morphological variability of Melica transsilvanica in the Lower Silesia. In: Frey L, editor. Problems of grass biology. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences; 2003. p. 265-269.

Kwiatkowski P. Current state, separateness and dyna­mics of vascular flora of the Góry Kaczawskie (Kaczawa Mountains) and Pogórze Kaczawskie (Kaczawa Plateau). I. Distribution atlas of vascular plants. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences; 2006.

Szczepaniak M, Cieślak E. Czy Melica ciliata występuje we florze Polski? In: Frey L, editor. VII Ogólnopolskie Spotkanie Naukowe „Biologia traw”; 2006 November 16-17; Kraków, Poland. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences; 2006. p. 24.

Szczepaniak M, Cieślak E. Zmienność genetyczna na granicy zasięgu geograficznego na przykładzie Melica ciliata L. i Melica transsilvanica Schur. In: Mirek Z, Cieślak E, Paszko B, Paul W, Ronikier M, editors. Rzadkie, ginące i reliktowe gatunki roślin i grzybów. Problemy zagrożenia i ochrony różnorodności flory Polski. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences; 2006. p. 145.

Szczęśniak E. Melica transsilvanica (Poaceae) in Poland. In: Frey L, editor. Biological issues in grasses. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences; 2007. p. 21-35.

Ellstrand NC, Elam DR. Population genetic consequences of small population size: implications for plant conservation. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1993;24:217-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.001245

Kwiatkowski P. Notatki florystyczne z Gór Kaczawskich i ich Pogórza (Sudety Zachodnie). Cz. 2. Fragm Flor Geobot. 2002;9:55-65.

Nybom H. Comparison of different nuclear DNA markers for estimating intraspecific genetic diversity in plants. Mol Ecol. 2004;13:1143-1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02141.x

Honnay O, Jacquemyn H. Susceptibility of common and rare plant species to the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation. Conserv Biol. 2007;21:823-831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00646.x

Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, Reijans M, van de Lee T, Hornes M, et al. AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res. 1995;23:4407-4414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/23.21.4407

Ronikier M, CieśLak E, Korbecka G. High genetic differentiation in the alpine plant Campanula alpina Jacq. (Campanulaceae): evidence for glacial survival in several Carpathian regions and long-term isolation between the Carpathians and the Alps. Mol Ecol. 2008;17:1763-1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03664.x

Bonin A, Bellemain E, Bronken Eidesen P, Pompanon F, Brochmann C, Taberlet P. How to track and assess genotyping errors in population genetics studies. Mol Ecol. 2004;13:3261-3273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02346.x

Lynch M, Milligan BG. Analysis of population genetic structure with RAPD markers. Mol Ecol. 1994;3:91-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00109.x

Vekemans X, Beauwens T, Lemaire M, Roldan-Ruiz I. Data from amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers show indication of size homoplasy and of a relationship between degree of homoplasy and fragment size. Mol Ecol. 2002;11:139-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01415.x

Zhivotovsky LA. Estimating population structure in diploids with multilocus dominant DNA markers. Mol Ecol. 1999;8:907-913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00620.x

Nei M. Molecular evolutionary genetics. New York: Columbia University Press; 1987.

Nei M. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. PNAS. 1979;76:5269-5273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.10.5269

van de Peer Y, De Wachter R. TREECON for Windows: a software package for the construction and drawing of evolutionary trees for the Microsoft Windows environment. Bioinformatics. 1994;10:569-570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/10.5.569

Schluter PM, Harris SA. Analysis of multilocus fingerprinting data sets containing missing data. Mol Ecol Notes. 2006;6:569-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01225.x

STATISTICA for Windows. Computer program manual [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2010 Aug 24]; Available from: http://www.statsoft.com

Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S. Arlequin ver. 3.0: An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinform. 2005;1:47-50.

Stace CA. Plant taxonomy and biosystematics. 2nd ed. New York: Chapman and Hall; 1989.

Tutin TG. Melica L. In: Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges NA, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM, et al., editors. Flora Europaea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1980. p. 178-179. (vol 5).

Tzvelev NN. Grasses of the Soviet Union. Part 1. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema; 1984.

Szafer W, Kulczyński S, Pawłowski S. Rośliny polskie. Opisy i klucze do oznaczania wszystkich gatunków roślin naczyniowych rosnących w Polsce bądź dziko, bądź też zdziczałych lub częściej hodowanych. 6th ed. Warszawa: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN; 1988.

Rothmaler W. Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. 8th ed. Jena: G. Fischer Verlag; 1994. (vol 4).

Conert HJ, editor. Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Monocotyledones 1 (2). Berlin: Parey Buchverlag; 1998. (Gustav Hegi Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa).

Rutkowski L. Klucz do oznaczania roślin naczyniowych Polski niżowej. 2nd ed. Warszawa: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN; 2004.

Royston JP. An extension of Shapiro and Wilk’s W test for normality to large samples. J Appl Statist. 1982;31:115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2347973

Sneath PH, Sokal RR. Numerical taxonomy. San Francisco: WH Freeman and Company; 1973.

Sokal RR, Rolf FJ. Biometry. New York: WH Freeman and Company; 1981.

El-Rabey HA, Badr A, Schäfer-Pregl R, Martin W, Salamini F. Speciation and species separation in Hordeum L. (Poaceae) resolved by discontinuous molecular markers. Plant Biol. 2002;4:567-575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-35435

Freeland JR. Molecular ecology. Chichester: Wiley and Sons; 2005.

Hamrick JL, Godt MJW. Allozyme diversity in plant species. In: Brown AHD, Clegg MT, Kahler AL, Weir BS, editors. Plant population genetics, breeding and genetic resources. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates; 1989. p. 43-63.

Szczepaniak M, Cieślak E. Genetic diversity of Melica transsilvanica Schur (Poaceae) at its northern range limit. Acta Biol Cracov Ser Bot. 2009;51(1):71-82.

Ramakrishnan AP, Meyer SE, Waters J, Stevens MR, Coleman CE, Fairbanks DJ. Correlation between molecular markers and adaptively significant genetic variation in Bromus tectorum (Poaceae), an inbreedingannual grass. Am J Bot. 2004;91:797-803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.6.797

Larson SR, Cartier E, Mccracken CL, Dyer D. Mode of reproduction and amplified fragment length polymorphism varia­tion in purple needlegrass (Nassella pulchra): utilization of natural germplasm sources. Mol Ecol. 2001;10:1165-1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01267.x

Lamote V, Deloose M, Vanbockstaele E, Roldanruiz I. Evaluation of AFLP markers to reveal genetic diversity in. Aquat Bot. 2005;83:296-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.05.013

Rhymer JM, Simberloff D. Extinction by hybridization and introgression. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1996;27:83-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83

Arnold ML. Natural hybridization and evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1997.

Knížetová L. Příspěvek k rozlišení druhů Melica cilia­ta L. a M. transsilvanica Schur. Zpravy Čes Bot Spol. 1969;4:118-119.

Dostál J. Nová květena ČSSR. Praha: Akademia; 1989.

Hendrych R. Verbreitungskarten einiger Samenpflanzen der Tschechoslowakei. Acta Univ Carol Biol. 1968;4:301-319.

Procházka F. Černý a červený seznam cévnatých rostlin České republiky (stav v roce 2000). Příroda. 2001;18:1-166.

Haeupler H, Schönfelder P, editors. Bildatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1988.

Schönfelder P, Bresinsky A, editors. Verbreitungsatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Bayerns. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer; 1990.

Benkert D, Fukarek F, Korsch H, editors. Verbreitungsatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Ostdeutschlands. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag; 1996.

Ludwig G, Schnittler M. Rote Liste gefährdeter Pflanzen Deutschlands. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn: Bundesamt für Naturschutz; 1996. (vol 28).

Zając A, Zając M. Distribution atlas of vascular plants in Poland. Kraków: Laboratory of Computer Chorology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University; 2001.

Zàngheri P. Flora italica. Pteridophyta – Spermatophyta. Padova: CEDAM; 1976. (vol 1).




DOI: https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2011.041

Journal ISSN:
  • 2083-9480 (online)
  • 0001-6977 (print; ceased since 2016)
This is an Open Access journal, which distributes its content under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, provided that the content is properly cited.
The journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and aims to follow the COPE’s principles.
The journal publisher is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.
The journal content is indexed in Similarity Check, the Crossref initiative to prevent scholarly and professional plagiarism.
Publisher
Polish Botanical Society