Contribution to the Knowledge of Fungi of the Kampinos National Park (Central Poland): Part 4 – With Particular Emphasis on the Species Occurring on Windthrown Trees

is paper presents 18 species of fungi that are new to the Kampinos National Park and their buffer zone. Seventeen of these species were found during studies on wind-damaged areas aer the forest was damaged in 2017. One species new to Poland has been described and illustrated (Odonticium septocystidiatum). A few of the species recorded (Ciliolarina cfr. laricina, Daldinia petriniae, Pseudovalsa umbonata, Spongipellis litschaueri) are very rare in Poland and hitherto mentioned from single localities in the country. Two species from the Polish red list of macrofungi were recorded in the Kampinos National Park for the first time – namely, Punctularia strigosozonata (E) and Trichaptum biforme (R). e current number of macromycete taxa known from Kampinos National Park has reached a total of 1,630.


Introduction
Natural disturbances (e.g., fires, flooding, windstorms, and insect outbreaks), especially large-area canopy damage, play a crucial role in forest dynamics, inter alia, as an essential driver of biological diversity. Moreover, the success of the demographic expansion of a wide range of species from all taxonomic groups is strongly dependent on natural disturbances (e.g., Dobrowolska, 2010;Pickett & White, 1985;Willig & Presley, 2018). However, knowledge about the role of disturbances in the regeneration of forest ecosystems is still incomplete (Obidziński, 2001;Szwagrzyk, 2000;Szwagrzyk et al., 2018). e importance of disturbances for biodiversity, including species diversity, was confirmed by studies of mycobiota in the areas damaged by fire, where many species new to Kampinos National Park (KNP) in central Poland were found (Gierczyk et al., 2017;. Studies of various groups of spore organisms (fungi, lichens, and bryophytes) on windthrown trees have provided new data on the diversity and ecology of these organisms in KNP (Zaniewski & Fojcik, 2020;Zaniewski et al., 2019). e occurrence of strong winds in Poland has been increasing in recent decades (Lorenc, 2012). Windstorms have caused numerous disturbances and catastrophic destruction of managed forest stands (e.g., Chojnacka-Ożga & Ożga, 2018a;Taszarek & Gromadzki, 2017;Zajączkowski, 1991). Disturbances of forests also occurred a few times in KNP due to strong winds, for example, in 1964example, in , 1972example, in , 1980example, in , 1993example, in , 1994example, in , 2004example, in , and 2017example, in (Andrzejewska, 2003Hryniewiecki, 2004;Lorenc, 2012;Lubański, 2003;Tyburski, 2015Tyburski, , 2019Tyburski & Przybylski, 2016). Recently, two strong winds have damaged a few fragments of forests in the KNP at the beginning of the summer of 2017. is windthrow incident enabled a study on postdisturbance mycobiota of the Park, with particular emphasis on the fungi occurring on different parts of windthrown trees. In the first year of study (2018), 62 species of fungi were found on 30 trees belonging to three genera (Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris, Quercus petreae, Q. × rosacea) (Zaniewski et al., 2019). e aim of this paper is to present the species of fungi new to KNP found in the areas of the windthrow during the first two years of study (2018)(2019). Additionally, one interesting species of fungus new to the Park buffer zone has been included.

Location and Description of Research Plots
e study was carried out on two plots located in the Rózin and Grabina Protective Subdistricts/Forest Subdistricts (in Kampinos Protective District/Forest District) ( Figure 1). e Grabina plot is located in the partial protection area in forest compartments No. 125a and 125c. e 84-year-old damaged stand was dominated by Scots pine Pinus sylvestris with singly-occurring common aspen Populus tremula and two birch species: silver birch Betula pendula and downy birch B. pubescens ( Figure 2). As a result of the windfall, a canopy gap (0.6 ha) of an almost circular shape was created, with a completely damaged stand. e trees in the damaged pine stand were planted on ridges and deep furrows, which are still visible today (Forest ecosystem protection operate, 2002).
e Rózin plot is also located in the partial protection area in forest compartments No. 258a and 258b. e damaged stand was approximately 104 years old and comprised planted trees. e stand consisted of a 90% share of two oak taxa: sessile oak Quercus petraea and Q. × rosacea with a 10% share of silver birch and sparse Scots pine trees ( Figure 3) (Forest ecosystem protection operate, 2002). e windfall plot occupies an area of approximately 5 ha in the shape of an irregular and broken streak. e stand was only partially destroyed. e examined oaks belonged to the sessile oak species or represented hybrids of sessile oak and pedunculate oak (Q. robur), characterized by a predominance of sessile oak traits, i.e., Q. × rosacea.

Methods
Field studies were conducted between May and October 2018 and 2019. irty windthrown trees, with 10 trees of each species (oak, birch, and pine), were subjected to a detailed study on windfall plots. Fungal species composition was investigated in 12 parts of each tree comprising tree pit, soil of lower side root disc, roots of lower side root disc, soil of upper root disc, roots of upper root disc, trunk bottom (0-1 m high), lower trunk (1 m -half of the trunk height), upper trunk (half of the trunk height -base of the crown), thick branches of lower crown, thin branches of lower crown, thick branches of upper crown, and thin branches of upper crown. Branches up to approximately 7 cm in diameter were considered thin, and those higher than this value as thick. e collected specimens were identified using standard mycotaxonomical methods (Clemençon, 2009). Specimens were identified using the following monographs: Daldinia (Stadler et al., 2014), Mycena, Phloeomana (Aronsen & Laessøe, 2016), pyrenomycetes (Ellis & Ellis, 1997;Wergen, 2018), Odonticium, Phanerochaete, Punctularia (Bernicchia & Gorión, 2010), Ganoderma, Spongipellis, and Trichaptum (Bernicchia, 2005;Ryvarden et al., 2017;Tomšovský, 2012). e nomenclature of basidiomycetous fungi was used according to Funga Nordica (Knudsen & Vesterholt, 2012) and the above-mentioned monographs and  for ascomycetes according to MycoBank Database (http://www.mycobank.org/). Plant names are according to Mirek et al. (2002). reat categories of fungal species in Poland are according to the "Red list of the macrofungi in Poland" (RL) (Wojewoda & Ławrynowicz, 2006). Forest compartment numbers were obtained from the Forest Data Bank (https://www.bdl.lasy.gov.pl/). Dried specimens were deposited in the fungarium of the Department Forest Protection of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences -SGGW (WAML) and the private fungaria of B. Gierczyk (BGF) and T. Ślusarczyk (TSH). Each number represents a different collection.

Results -List of the Species
In the course of the study, a total of 185 taxa were collected (identified to the level of species, forms, varieties, and -in a few cases, of genera) (unpubl. data), including 18 species new to the KNP and its buffer zone, which are presented below.

Discussion
In Poland, strong winds and even hurricanes have disturbed forest ecosystems on numerous occasions in recent years (Chojnacka-Ożga & Ożga, 2018a, 2018bSierota et al., 2019;Taszarek & Gromadzki, 2017). However, no mycological or phytopathological studies have been conducted in such areas in the country. Field research in KNP in the years 2018-2019 resulted in interesting mycological findings with 18 novel taxa for KNP: 10 Ascomycota and eight Basidiomycota. One species (Ganoderma adspersum) was found on a dying horse chestnut tree in the Park buffer zone. Seventeen of them were found during the studies on wind-damaged areas aer the gale, which took place in 2017. Among them, one species (Odonticium septocystidiatum) has not been reported previously from Poland. Some have been recorded very rarely in Poland, hitherto known from a few localities (Ciliolarina cfr. laricina, Daldinia petriniae, Pseudovalsa umbonata, and Spongipellis litschaueri). Two species, Punctularia strigosozonata and Trichaptum biforme, are placed in endangered and rare threat categories in the "Red list of the macrofungi in Poland, " respectively (Wojewoda & Ławrynowicz, 2006). While the former species is very rare and threatened in Poland, the second one is known from many localities (Kujawa, 2020); we recommend that it should not be included in the "Red list of the macrofungi. " Seven species new to KNP were found on Acta Mycologica / 2021 / Volume 56 / Article 5610 Publisher: Polish Botanical Society windthrow-oaks (Dendrostoma leiphaemia, Mycena hiemalis, Nemania serpens, P. umbonata, Rosellinia aquila, Tubeufia cerea, and Trichaptum biforme), five on windthrow-birches (D. petriniae, Diatrypella favacea, M. hiemalis, Phanerochaete magnoliae, and T. biforme), four on windthrow-pines (Ciliolarina cfr. laricina, Mycena smithiana, Sarea resinae, and Sphaeropsis sapinea), and one on windthrow-aspen (P. strigosozonata). One of the listed species (Sarea resinae) was recently found on a spruce trunk in the wind-destroyed forest stands of "Szast" Protective Forest (Pisz FD) (Szczepkowski, unpbl. data). Some of the species (e.g., M. smithiana, S. sapinea, and T. biforme) have also been found in forests damaged by fire, industrial emissions, and other factors (Kałucka, 2009;Kowalski, 1988;Kowalski & Zych, 2002a. In contrast, they have also been reported from well-preserved forests and managed forests without large natural disturbances. Eight ascomycetes (Ciliolarina cfr. laricina, Daldinia petriniae, Dendrostoma leiphaemia, Diatrypella favacea, N. serpens, P. umbonata, R. aquila, and S. sapinea) and eight basidiomycetous (G. adspersum, Mycena hiemalis, M. smithiana, O. septocystidiatum, Phanerochate magnoliaae, Punctularia strigosozonata, S. litschaueri, and T. biforme) fungi new to KNP are saprophytes or occasional pathogens. ey were associated with branches and trunks of windthrow trees and other woody remnants. Fallen twigs and small branches are typically dominated by Ascomycota and corticoid Basidiomycota, which may develop from latent propagules (Boddy & Heilmann-Clausen, 2008). One species, G. adspersum, was found on the trunk of a dying tree in the Park buffer zone. Moreover, one species collected (S. resinae) is resinicolous fungus species and another species (T. cerea) is growing on stromata of pyrenomycetous fungi. e last species was also reported on wood and bark lying on the ground and on herbaceous substrates, but it could possibly grow on the mycelium of other ascomycetes (Sánchez & Bianchinotti, 2010).
e current results increase the number of taxa reported from KNP (without including phytopathogenic microfungi) to 1,630 (1,408 Basidiomycota and 222 Ascomycota) Marciszewska et al., 2020). e studies on wind-damaged areas of KNP will be continued in the coming years, and the results and analyses of the succession of fungal biota will be published.