New to Poland species of the broadly defined genus Coprinus ( Basidiomycota , Agaricomycotina )

The paper presents a list of 19 coprinoid fungi, found in Poland, which have not been reported earlier from this area: Coprinellus bisporiger, C. dilectus, C. heterothrix, C. radicellus, Coprinopsis annulopora, C. bellulus, C. candidolanata, C. cinereofloccosa, C. coniophora, C. goudensis, C. idae, C. iocularis, C. krieglsteineri, C. pachyderma, C. phlyctidospora, C. rugosobispora, C. scobicola, C. spilospora, Coprinus palmeranus. Illustrations and short descriptions of the species, based on the specimens examined and literature data, are given.


Material and methods
The material was studied according to standard methods used in the taxonomy of fungi [16].The microscopic structures were examined using dried material mounted in Congo Red (1% solution in 10% ammonia) or 10% ammonia and using fresh material mounted in water, with the aid of Bresser Science TRM 301 microscope.Descriptions and illustrations of all species were given based on the examined specimens (for multiple collections, the one used for description is specified) and data extracted from the literature (the literature data are cited in brackets).Drawings of microcharacters were made from microphotographs taken with Nikon Coolpix 950 digital camera.All measurements were made directly through the microscope under an oil immersion objective (×100).The spore dimensions were established from measurements of 100 randomly selected, well-formed spores (the deformed or atrophied spores were excluded from analysis).The 95% population limits for the mean were calculated and the lower and upper values are given.For basidia and cystidia the extreme size values were presented.For these structures dimensions were obtained after measuring of 25-30 elements.The collected material was deposited in the private herbarium of Błażej Gierczyk.Names were given according to Vesterholt [17][18][19], Uljé [20] and MycoBank [21].Information about the species distribution was given according to Vesterholt [17][18][19], Uljé [20], Orton and Watling [22], Doveri [23], Enderle [24], Legon and Henrici [25], Červenka [26], Nagy et al. [11], Nagy and Gorliczai [27], Keirle et al. [28], Házi et al. [29].Unless mentioned otherwise, the literature dimensions of microscopic elements were given after Uljé [20].

Results and discussion
Coprinellus bisporiger (Buller ex P.D. Orton) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo; Fig. 1 DESCRIPTION AND ICONOGRAPHY.[20]: 52, Fig. 34; [22]: 97-98, 144-145, Fig. 200; [30]: 76, Tab.262, Fig. 93.34; [31]: 185-186.MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC FEATURES [COLL.(i)].Basidiomata mediumsized.Pileus first ellipsoid, up to 10 mm high, then convex, 15-25 mm in diameter, pale brown to ochre brown.Stipe up to 70 × 2.5 mm, white.Veil absent.Spores ellipsoid to ovoid, 10-14 × 7.0-8.5 μm (lit.10.5-13.5 × 6.5-8.5 μm) with rounded ends and distinctly eccentric germ-pore.Basidia 2-spored, 15-30 × 7-10 μm (lit.16-32 × 7-9 μm).Hymenial cystidia subglobose to ovoid.Cheilocystidia 30-55 × [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] [20], they may be absent in some collections).SPECIMEN EXAMINED.Bieszczady Mts, Bieszczadzki National Park, slopes of Tarnica Mt. near the tourist trail, ATPOL: GG-60, a dozen of basidiocarps on wet twigs lying in helocrene spring in spruce forest, 05.09.2011, leg. A. Kujawa, det.B. Gierczyk (specimen: BGF/BdPN/110905/0002).DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND REMARKS.This is very rare species, previously known only from Great Britain and Germany.It grows on very wet sticks and twigs, i.e. lying in streams or helocrene springs.It is characterized by the presence of spherocystis on the cap, presence of pileo-and caulocystidia and large, ellipsoid spores with eccentric germ pore.Some authors (Heinemann and Josserand [35]; Orton and Watling [22]) report the germ pore as central.It is the effect of truncate spore apex in some collections, which looks like a pore (see [34] for details). .Basidiomata mediumsized, expanded pileus up to 20 mm, first conical, brown then flat to convex, greyish.Veil white, scare, as minute flocci.Stipe whitish, up to 50 × 1.5 mm, with slightly bulbous base.Spores ovoid, with rounded apexes, 9.0-11.0× 5.0-6.0 μm (lit.8.0-12.0× 5.0-6.0 μm), dark red-brown.Germ pore eccentric to central.Basidia 4-spored, 18-28 × 6-10 μm (lit.16 DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND REMARKS.This is rather common species, known from many European countries (e.g. the Netherlands, Great Britain, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden) and North America, growing subfasciculate (rarely solitary) on naked soil or among grasses, in woodlands, on paths and edges of rides.It differs from the other species of section Setulosi with caps covered by diverticulate veil, the shape of pileocystidia (Coprinellus hiascens produce tapering setae on the pileus), shape of cheilocystidia (C.minutisporus and C. velatopruinatus have subglobose to utriform cheilocystidia) and shape of veil elements and spores (veil of C. allovelus is composed from broader, sparsely diverticulated hyphae, its spores are more elongated).SPECIMEN EXAMINED.Biebrzański National Park, Grzędy protective unit, "Czerwone Bagno" bog, ATPOL: FB-68, few basidiocarps on moose dung, in mixed forest, 29.08.2012,leg.G. Domian, det.B. Gierczyk, (specimen: BG/BGF/GD/120910/0005). DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND REMARKS.This is recently described species, originally found on old cow dung in Sweden, but also known from other localities in Sweden and Norway.It is the first finding of this species outside these two countries.It is very similar to two other Coprinellus species: C. brevisetulosus and C. pellucidus.The first has pleurocystidia and somewhat larger spores, while the second produces smaller, narrower spores and smaller, more gracile basidiocarps.DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND REMARKS.This is recently described species, until now known only from Germany, Hungary, Switzerland and Slovakia, growing on dung and manure.It is similar to two other Coprinopsis species, C. cinerea and C. macrocephala, but it is much firmer and stouter than these fungi (see Tab. 1).The photos presented by Breitenbach and Kränzlin [36] as Coprinus macrocephalus present probably the Coprinopsis annulopora specimens [24].The typical Coprinopsis macrocephala produces smaller basidiocarps and bigger, subcylindrical spores [20].The annuliform germ pore is observed also in some collections of C. cinerea, however not all authors notice it.This character is mentioned by Doveri [23], but omitted by e.g.Uljé [20] or Breitenbach and Kränzlin [36].According to our observation, the annulus at germ pores of C. cinerea is less distinct and occurs only in some collections, not in all spores.These collars tend to detach from spores and to float in the mounting medium during microscope examination, especially when the samples have been prepared from dried material.It is not observed in C. annulopora, which produces persistent collars on all spores.According to Enderle [24] the mycelium shows the intersterility with that of C. cinerea.This author has mentioned also some differences in the germ pore annulus, observed in SEM technique, but he did not show the microphographs.Molecular studies by Nagy et al. [11] have also proved the difference between these two species.Although the material from Poland was in poor state because only the mature, partially autolysed basidiocarps were found, the macro-and microcharacters permits its unambiguous determination.
Coprinopsis candidolanata (     DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND REMARKS.This is rather rare but widespread species, until now known from the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Germany, France and Great Britain.In occurs in bundles, on wood of deciduous trees, most common on and around stumps.This species resembles Coprinellus disseminatus.From this species it differs in the absence of pileocystidia, presence of abundant, mealy veil as well as size and shape of the spores.Coprinopsis idae (Uljé) Noordel.; Fig. 17    DESCRIPTION AND ICONOGRAPHY.[20]: 102, Fig. 114; [38]: 485-486, Fig. 3. MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC FEATURES.Basidiomata medium-sized, pileus up to 30 mm when expanded, first conical, then convex to plane, covered with white, powdery veil, becoming grey with age.Stipe white, up to 50 × 1.5 mm.Spores 6.0-9.0 × 5.0-6.0 μm (lit.DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND REMARKS.This is very rare species, previously known only from Belgium, Canada and the Netherlands.Until now it was found only on three localities, twice on woody debris and once on charcoal.Diverticulate veil, two-spored basidia and warty spores make this species easy to recognize.According to some authors (e.g.Ludwig [31]) it is only 2-spored variant of Coprinopsis phlyctidospora.Here we follow the concept of Uljé [20] and consider it as a separate taxon.The spores dimensions of these two species are practically the same.If Coprinopsis rugosobispora will be the form of the C. phlyctidospora with 2-spored basidia, one could expect the spores produced by this species will be distinctly larger.There was also molecular data, confirming that they are separate species [43].

Coprinopsis goudensis
Coprinopsis scobicola (P.D.       DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND REMARKS.This species has been described from USA (Washington), in open grassy maple wood, on clay soil by Bogart [33] as the fungus of "bears and striking resemblance to C. comatus in its overall appearance.It differs mainly in its much smaller stature and the much smaller size of the spores and basidia".Until now in Europe it was found only in Italy, on sands, in grasslands [45,46].

Conclusions
Over the last decade the number of Coprinus species known from Poland has doubled.Till 2003 only 50 species were mentioned from this territory [12], comparing to over 150  species known from Europe.In 2011, after publication of the first papers of Gierczyk et al. [13,14], the number of Coprinus species in Polish biota has risen to 83.In the current paper we present descriptions, ecological notes and localities of further 19 species of coprinoid fungi, hitherto not mentioned from Poland.In the consequence, the number of Coprinus species representatives in Polish biota has now reached 102.Among the species, found in years 2010-2013, 9 have been found at one locality while only 4 at least three localities.This indicates the rarity of all of the species described.
The fungi mentioned in this paper inhabit various substrates.Eight of them (Coprinellus bisporiger, C. dilectus, Coprinopsis coniophora, C. goudensis, C. krieglsteineri, C. phlyctidospora, C. rugosobispora, C. scobicola) grow on woody material: tree logs, sticks, shavings and sawdust.The other nine species grow on soil and among litter (Coprinellus heterothrix, Coprinopsis bellulus, C. cinereofloccosa, C. idae, C. pachyderma, C. rugosobispora, C. spilospora, C. iocularis, Coprinus palmeranus) while three species are coprophilous (Coprinellus radicellus, Coprinopsis annulopora, C. candidolanata).Although the knowledge about the biota of the coprinoid fungi of Poland has significantly increased in recent years, further studies are required as the occurrence of other several dozen of species is expected within this area.
HABITAT AND REMARKS.This is very rare species, previously known from the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany.It grows subfasciculate on wood of deciduous trees.Among the representatives of section Alachuani with a thin-walled veil elements it is distinguished by its habitat on wood and medium-sized, ellipsoid to ovoid spores.Coprinopsis urticicola produces somewhat narrower spores and distinctly narrower pleurocystidia.
Pleurocystidia absent.Veil elements globose, up to 45 μm wide, smooth or covered with scattered granules soluble in HCl.Clamp-connections present.SPECIMEN EXAMINED.Skawina village near Kraków city, Tyniecka street, DF-78, one basidiocarp on soil, on lawn, under Taxus baccata shrub, 12.07.2011,leg.W. Czerniawski, det.B. Gierczyk (specimen: BGF/BF/WCz/110712/0002). DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND REMARKS.This is very rare species, previously known only from the Netherlands, where it was found on several localities.It grows solitary or in small groups on soil, on lawns.Unique spores shape makes it very easy to recognize.Forest Experimental Station of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences -SGGW in Rogów (LZD), Rogów forest district, Strzelna forest range, compartment No. 152, ATPOL: DD-69, a dozen of basidiocarps on soil on the roadside of dirt road in larch forest, 26.09.2011, leg. A. Szczepkowski, det.B.