Pluteus aurantiorugosus ( Trog ) Sacc . and Coprinus patouillardii Quél . – new records of macrofungi for Romania

The paper gives a new contribution to the knowledge of macrofungi from Romania. Pluteus aurantiorugosus (Trog) Sacc. is considered a rare macrofungus throughout Europe and this is the first report of this species in Romania. Coprinus patouillardii Quél. is a coprinoid species which is rarely mentioned, probably due to its small size, being usually overlooked. The species was uncovered and identified during a larger research regarding the diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the areas near Bucharest, Romania.


INTRODUCTION
The paper contains some results of a larger research regarding the diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the areas near Bucharest.The scope of the research was to bring new information regarding some of these areas and to provide exclusive information on macrofungi diversity for some, up to present, unstudied areas.
In 2009 and 2011, during field trips in the areas surrounding the city of Bucharest, capital of Romania, we have collected some specimens of macrofungi.After careful analysis of the specimens collected, we have identified 2 taxa, namely Pluteus aurantiorugosus (Trog) Sacc.and Coprinus patouillardii Quél., which in the light of Romanian literature, are new records for Romanian mycota, thus the article provides new data on the Romanian's macrofungi biodiversity.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
The mycological material was gathered during field visits in the years 2009 and 2011.Identification was made using both written and online references (Citérin 1992(Citérin -1994;;Breitenbach, Kränzlin 1995;Uljé 2001;Kuo 2004;Roux 2006).Also in situ photographs have been taken using a Canon S3 IS camera.The material collected was brought to analysis in the laboratory.The examinations included macroscopic as well as microscopic aspects.The macroscopic consisted in the analysis of the color (cap, gills, spore-print, stem), consistency, morphology, taste, odor.
The microscopic features that were observed are referring to the morphology of the spores and other structures (pleurocystidia).The observations under the microscope made were using the methods of staining with Congo Red and mounting in aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide 5%.The dried material is in the author's collection.
The scientific names and synonyms have been updated according to the Index Fungorum database 2013 -Kirk (2013).

SPECIES DIAGNOSES
Pluteus aurantiorugosus (Trog) Sacc., in Bivona-Bernardi, Hedwigia, Beibl. 35 (7): 5 (1896) (Fig. 1) Macroscopic features.Cap: 2 to 5.5 cm diameter, shape convex to flat, becomes depressed and sometimes slightly umbonate with age; consistency may vary from dry to moist; texture is smooth to slightly granular; margin is straight; color is bright scarlet to orange when young with bright red towards the apex, fading to bright yellow in age.Stem: 3 to 6 cm long; 1 cm thick; equal; with lengthwise fibers; whitish to yellowish above, flushed with the cap color below; basal mycelium white or yellowish.Gills: free from the stem; close; whitish, turning pinkish with age.Towards the margin the gills appear to be somewhat yellowish due to the stem (see Fig. 1).Flesh: pale yellow.Odor and taste: not distinctive.
observations.Described first in 1896 as Agaricus aurantiorugosus, by Jakob Gabriel Trog in Hedwigia, Beibl.35 (7): 5, the species is present on the red list of fungi from many countries of Europe such as Czech Republic (Holec, Beran 2006), The Netherlands (Arnolds, van Ommering 1996), Sweden (Dahlberg et al. 2010), Denmark (Vesterholt 1998), Germany (Täglich et al., 2004), Hungary (Rimóczi et al. 1999) Macroscopic features.Cap of younger specimens of 5-8 mm height and 4 mm diameter, globose, subglobose, ellipsoid or cylindrical ellipsoid, covered in a pale brownish powdery veil, produces small conical scales in the center and somewhat hairy-floccose on the margins; at maturity, the cap becomes conical then convex to campanulate and plane up to 15(22) mm in diameter; color is at first whitebrownish, then whitish-grey, center pale cream colored; barely deliquescing.Stem: up to 50 mm height and 1 mm thick, white-translucent, fistulose, somewhat elastic but still snappable, surface smooth; cylindrical with clavate to bulbous base, up to 1.5 mm wide, white to light brownish, with white flocks, often forming a suggestion of a annular collar; surface of the stem is smooth, white-fibrillose when young.Gills: length -16-22 mm and width -1-1.5 mm free, white at first, then light grey with black edges (see Fig. 2).Odor and taste: odor absent and insignificant taste.
Pileipellis: made up of (sub)globose to ellipsoid elements, smooth to granular, up to 50 μm wide.Septa without clamp connections.
observations.The species differs, according to the literature, from Coprinopsis cordispora (T.Gibbs) P.M. Kirk ined.by a smaller cap diameter (5-10 mm for C. cordispora), smaller spores dimensions (for C. cordispora 7.3-11.6× 6.5-10.1 μm; Q = 0.95-1.25,av.Q = 1.05-1.20;av.L = 7.9-10.2,av.B = 7.1-9.4μm, with a relative heart shape -thus its scientific name) and the presence of pleurocystidia.According to some authors (Orton, Watling 1979), the difference between the two species is also given by habitat (C.patouillardii on silage, straw and soil mixed with old dung and C. cordispora on fresh dung).Arnolds (1982) accepted the taxa C. cordispora based on the presence or absence of pleurocystidia.In the same manner Michel Citérin accepted the two taxa based on the presence/absence of pleurocystidia but also on the spore's relative different 1995) consider the two species as synonyms, although, at this moment, the Index Fungorum database has not acknowledged this synonymy.Habitat.Saprotrophic fungi on compost heaps; solitary to gregarious; can appear all year when moisture is high, usually unnoticed due to its small size.

CONCLUSIONS
The discovery of two new records of macrofungi species for Romania, and also rare species throughout in Europe, indicating a great biodiversity that is yet to be discovered in this country moreover, the lack of specific studies in the given area.Given that one of the species is recorded as endangered in many European countries, this could also indicate that the Red List of Romanian Macrofungi species (Tănase, Pop 2005) might have new candidates.