Solar radiation affects bloat potential of wheat forage

Dariusz Piotr Malinowski, William E. Pinchak, Dipti Pitta, Byeng R. Min

Abstract


Frothy bloat is a serious digestive disorder in cattle (Bos taurus L.) grazing winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) pastures in the Southern Great Plains of the USA. Wheat plant metabolism may be one of the factors involved in bloat occurrence. In a series of experiments conducted during 2004–2007, we evaluated the effects of solar radiation intensity (ambient, 100% vs. reduced, 25%), a short-time (24 h vs. 48 h) exposure to solar radiation, and forage allowance (high, 18 kg vs. low, 6 kg DM/100 kg body weight) on seasonal concentration of phenolic compounds and foam strength (a measure of bloat potential) of wheat forage ‘Cutter’. Reduced solar radiation decreased total phenolic concentration and increased foam strength when compared to ambient solar radiation. Forage allowance interacted with solar radiation and short-term exposure treatments in determining phenolic concentrations; however, the effects were inconsistent during and among growing seasons. Concentration of phenolic compounds responded rapidly to sudden changes in weather patterns (passing cold fronts) that were usually associated with significant decrease in solar radiation intensity and temperature. Solar radiation intensity was positively correlated with total phenolic concentration and explained 62% to 72% of the variation in total phenolic concentration. Correlation between temperature and total phenolic concentration varied among growing seasons and explained 9–17% of the variation in total phenolic concentration. Results suggest that phenolic concentration in wheat forage is correlated with solar radiation. The decrease in phenolic concentration and resulting increase of bloat potential are especially pronounced during sudden changes in weather patterns during winter.

Keywords


bloat; phenolics; solar radiation; Triticum; wheat

Full Text:

PDF

References


Pinchak WE, Worral WD, Caldwell SP, Hunt LJ, Worral HJ, Conoly M. Interrelationships of forage and steer growth dynamics on wheat pasture. Journal of Range Management. 1996;49:126–130. https://doi.org/10.2307/4002681

Virgona JM, Gummer FAJ, Angus JA. Effects of grazing on wheat growth, development, yield, water use and nitrogen use. Aust J Agric Res. 2006;57:1307–1319. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR06085

Tian LH, Bell LW, Shen YY, Whish JPM. Dual-purpose use of winter wheat in Western China: cutting time and nitrogen application effects on phenology, forage production, and grain yield. Crop Pasture Sci. 2012;63:520–528. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP12101

Arzadun MJ, Arroquy JI, Laborde HE, Brevedan RE. Grazing pressure on beef and grain production of dual-purpose wheat in Argentina. Agron J. 2003;95:1157–1162. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.1157

Rodríguez A, Trapp JN, Walker OL, Bernardo DJ. A wheat grazing system model for the United States Southern Plains. I. Model description and performance. Agric Syst. 1990,33:41–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-521X(90)90069-3

Arif M, Khan MA, Akbar H, Sajjad, Ali S. Prospects of wheat as a dual purpose crop and its impact on weeds. Pakistani Journal of Weed Science Research. 2006;12:13–17.

Ryan J, Pala M, Masri S, Singh M, Harris H. Rainfed wheat-based rotations under Mediterranean conditions: crop sequences, nitrogen fertilization, and stubble grazing in relation to grain and straw quality. Eur J Agron. 2008;28:112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2007.05.008

Kim KS, Anderson JD, Newell MA, Grogan SM, Byrne PF, Baenziger PS, et al. Genetic diversity of Great Plains hard winter wheat germplasm for forage. Crop Sci. 2016;56:2297–2305. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2015.08.0519

Hossain I, Epplin FM, Krenzer EG Jr. Planting date influence on dual-purpose winter wheat forage yield, grain yield, and test weight. Agron J. 2003;95:179–1188. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.1179

Bartley EE, Barr GW, Mickelsen R. Bloat in cattle. XVII. Wheat pasture bloat and its prevention with poloxalene. J Anim Sci. 1975;41:752–759. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1975.413752x

Cole HH, Boda JM. Continued progress toward controlling bloat. A review. J Dairy Sci. 1960;43:1585–1614. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(60)90379-9

Aerts RJ, Barry TN, McNabb WC. Polyphenols and agriculture: beneficial effects of proanthocyanidins in forages. Agricultural Ecosystems and Environment. 1999;75:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00062-6

Morris CA, Cockrem FRM, Carruthers VR, McIntosh JT, Cullen NG. Response to divergent selection for bloat susceptibility in dairy cows. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 1991;34:75–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1991.10417795

Nagaraja TG, Newbold CJ, van Nevel CJ, Meyer DI. Manipulation of ruminal fermentation. In: Hobson PN, Stewart CS, editors. The rumen microbial ecosystem. New York, NY: Blackie Academic; 1997. p. 523–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1453-7_13

Min BR, Pinchak WE, Hernandez C, Hume ME. Grazing activity and ruminal bacterial population associated with frothy bloat in steers grazing winter wheat. Professional Animal Scientist. 2013;29:179–187. https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30217-5

Pitta DW, Pinchak WE, Indugu N, Vecchiarelli B, Sinha R, Fulford JD. Metagenomic analysis of the rumen microbiome of steers with wheat-induced frothy bloat. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:689. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00689

Horn GW. Growing cattle on winter wheat pasture: management and herd health considerations. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2006;22:335–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2006.03.008

Lean IJ, Golder HM, Hall MB. Feeding, evaluating, and controlling rumen function. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2014;30:539–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.07.003

Hall JW, Majak W. Effect of time of grazing or cutting and feeding on the incidence of alfalfa bloat in cattle. Can J Anim Sci. 1995;75:271–273. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-041

Malinowski DP, Pitta DW, Pinchak WE, Min B, Emendack Y. Effect of N fertilization on diurnal phenolic concentration and foam strength in forage of hard red wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Cutter. Crop Pasture Sci. 2011;62:656–665. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP11078

Flythe M, Kagan I. Antimicrobial effect of red clover (Trifolium pratense) phenolic extract on the ruminal hyper ammonia-producing bacterium, Clostridium sticklandii. Curr Microbiol. 2011;61:125–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-010-9586-5

Branine ME, Gaylean ML. Influence of grain and monensin supplementation on ruminal fermentation, intake, digester kinetics, and incidence and severity of frothy bloat in steers grazing winter wheat pasture. J Anim Sci. 1990;68:1139–1150. https://doi.org/10.2527/1990.6841139x

Min BR, Pinchak WE, Fulford JD, Puchala R. Effect of feed additives on in vitro and in vivo rumen characteristics and frothy bloat dynamics in steers grazing wheat pasture. Animal Feed Science Technology. 2005;123–124:615–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.04.050

Min BR, Pinchak WE, Fulford JD, Puchala R. Wheat pasture bloat dynamics, in vitro ruminal gas production and potential bloat mitigation with condensed tannins. J Anim Sci. 2005;83:1322–1331.

Malinowski DP, Kramp BA, Min BR, Baker J, Pinchak WE, Rudd JC. Physiological and morphological traits for selection of dual-use wheat with improved forage production. In: Schwartz RC, Baumhardt RL, Bell JM, editors. Proceedings of the Southern Conservation Systems Conference; 2006 Jun 26–28; Amarillo, TX, USA. Bushland, TX: USDA–ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory; 2006. p. 246–247.

MacKown CT, Carver BR, Edwards TJ. Occurrence of condensed tannins in wheat and feasibility for reducing pasture bloat. Crop Sci. 2008;48:2470–2480. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2008.01.0020

Alexieva V, Sergiev I, Mapelli S, Karanov E. The effect of drought and ultraviolet radiation on growth and stress markers in pea and wheat. Plant Cell Environ. 2001;24:1337–1344. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00778.x

Olenichenko NA, Ossipov VI, Zagoskina NV. Effect of cold hardening on the phenolic complex of winter wheat leaves. Russ J Plant Physiol. 2006;53:495–500. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443706040108

Mpofu A, Beta T, Sapirstein HD. Effects of genotype, environment and genotype/environment interaction on the antioxidant properties of wheat. In: Yu L, editor. Wheat antioxidants. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons; 2008. p. 24–41.

Oskoueian E, Abdullah N, Oskoueian A. Effects of flavonoids on rumen fermentation activity, methane production, and microbial population. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:349129. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/349129

Jung HJG. Inhibition of structural carbohydrate fermentation by forage phenolics. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1985;36:74–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740360204

Waterman PG, Mole S. Methods in ecology: analysis of phenolic plant metabolites. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishers; 1994.

Jones WT, Lyttleton JW. Bloat in cattle. XXIX. The foaming properties of clover proteins. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 1969;12:31–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1969.10427075

Okine EK, Mathison GW, Hardin RT. Relationships between passage rates of rumen fluid and particulate matter and foam production in rumen contents of cattle fed on different diets ad lib. Br J Nutr. 1989;61:387–395. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19890125

McDougall EI. Studies on ruminant saliva. 1. The composition of sheep’s saliva. Biochemistry Journal. 1948;43:99–109. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0430099

SAS Institute Inc. Base SAS 9.3 procedures guide: statistical procedures. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.; 2011.

Malinowski, DP, Pinchak WE, Min BR, Rudd JC, Baker J. Phenolic compounds affect bloat potential of wheat forage. Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management. 2015;1(1):2015-0146. https://doi.org/10.2134/cftm2015.0146

Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2002;5:218–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5266(02)00256-X

Hakala K, Jauhiainen L, Koskela T, Käyhkö P, Vorne V. Sensitivity of crops to increased ultraviolet radiation in northern growing conditions. J Agron Crop Sci. 2002;188:8–18. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00536.x

Ambasht NK, Agrawal M. Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and tropospheric ozone on physiological and biochemical characteristics of field grown wheat. Biol Plant. 2003;47:625–628. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOP.0000041076.95209.c3

Shamloo M, Babawale EA, Furtado A, Henry RJ, Eck PK, Jones PJH. Effects of genotype and temperature on accumulation of plant secondary metabolites in Canadian and Australian wheat grown under controlled environments. Sci Rep. 2017;7:9133. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09681-5

Hutzler P, Fischbach R, Heller W, Jungblut TP, Reuber S, Schmitz R, et al. Tissue localization of phenolic compounds in plants by confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Exp Bot. 1998;49:953–965. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/49.323.953

Karimi E, Jaafar HZE, Ghasemzadeh A, Ibrahim MH. Light intensity effects on production and antioxidant activity of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in leaves, stems and roots of three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth. Aust J Crop Sci. 2013;7:1016–1023.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.1754

Journal ISSN:
  • 2300-357X (online)
  • 0065-0951 (print; ceased since 2016)
This is an Open Access journal, which distributes its content under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, provided that the content is properly cited.
The journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and aims to follow the COPE’s principles.
The journal publisher is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.
The journal content is indexed in Similarity Check, the Crossref initiative to prevent scholarly and professional plagiarism.
Publisher
Polish Botanical Society